USCA11 Case: 22-10578 Document: 45-1 Date Filed: 05/25/2023 Page: 1 of 7

[DO NOT PUBLISH] In the United States Court of Appeals For the Eleventh Circuit ____________________ No. 22-10578 Non-Argument Calendar ____________________ UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, Plaintiff-Appellee, versus CHRISTOPHER ALEXANDER NERIUS,

Defendant-Appellant.

____________________ Appeal from the United States District Court for the Southern District of Florida D.C. Docket No. 9:21-cr-80053-RAR-1 ____________________ USCA11 Case: 22-10578 Document: 45-1 Date Filed: 05/25/2023 Page: 2 of 7

2 Opinion of the Court 22-10578

Before WILSON, ROSENBAUM, and LUCK, Circuit Judges.

PER CURIAM: Christopher Nerius appeals his 84-month sentence for pos- session with intent to distribute cocaine. See 21 U.S.C. § 841(a)(1) and (b)(1)(C). At sentencing, the district court classified Nerius as a “career offender” under the Sentencing Guidelines, see U.S.S.G.

§ 4B1.1, based on prior Florida convictions for selling cocaine, see Fla. Stat. § 893.13, and for robbery, see Fla. Stat. § 812.13. Chal- lenging this designation on appeal, Nerius argues that the prior drug convictions are not predicate “controlled substance of- fense[s]” under the career-offender guideline because § 893.13 lacks a mens rea element and includes drugs that are not considered con- trolled substances under federal law. He also contends that the robbery conviction does not qualify as a predicate “crime of vio- lence” because § 812.13 does not categorically have intentional force as an element. Because Nerius’s arguments are either fore- closed by binding precedent or insufficient to establish plain error, we affirm.

We ordinarily review de novo a district court’s decision to classify a defendant as a career offender under § 4B1.1. United States v. Whitson, 597 F.3d 1218, 1220 (11th Cir. 2010). But we review for plain error issues raised for the first time on appeal.

United States v. Morel, 63 F.4th 913, 917 (11th Cir. 2023). “Under plain-error review, we can reverse only if the error is plain, affects substantial rights, and seriously affects the fairness, integrity, or USCA11 Case: 22-10578 Document: 45-1 Date Filed: 05/25/2023 Page: 3 of 7

22-10578 Opinion of the Court 3 public reputation of the judicial proceeding.” Id. (quotation marks omitted).

A defendant is classified as a “career offender” under the guidelines if, among other things, he “has at least two prior felony convictions of either a crime of violence or a controlled substance offense.” U.S.S.G. § 4B1.1(a). A “controlled substance offense” in- cludes a state or federal felony offense “that prohibits . . . the pos- session of a controlled substance (or a counterfeit substance) with intent to manufacture, import, export, distribute, or dispense.” Id. § 4B1.2(b). A “crime of violence” includes a state or federal felony offense that “has as an element the use, attempted use, or threat- ened use of physical force against the person of another.” Id. § 4B1.2(a)(1).

Here, Nerius has not shown that the district court erred in classifying him as a career offender. We start with his drug convic- tions under Fla. Stat. § 893.13(1)(a), which makes it unlawful to “sell, manufacture, or deliver, or possess with intent to sell, manu- facture, or deliver, a controlled substance.” Fla. Stat. § 893.13(1)(a). “[K]nowledge of the illicit nature of a controlled substance is not an element” of this offense. Id. § 893.101(2).

Nerius contends that § 893.13(1) is not categorically a “con- trolled substance offense” under the career-offender guideline be- cause it does not require proof of mens rea as to the illicit nature of the controlled substance. As he acknowledges, though, we have “squarely held that the definition of ‘controlled substance offense’ in § 4B1.2 does not require that a predicate state drug offense USCA11 Case: 22-10578 Document: 45-1 Date Filed: 05/25/2023 Page: 4 of 7

4 Opinion of the Court 22-10578 include an element of mens rea with respect to the illicit nature of the controlled substance.” United States v. Pridgeon, 853 F.3d 1192, 1198 (11th Cir. 2017) (reaffirming United States v. Smith, 775 F.3d 1262, 1267 (11th Cir. 2014)). Thus, we do not refer to “statu- tory federal analogues in considering § 893.13 because . . . the sen- tencing guidelines did not define ‘controlled substance offense’ by reference to those analogues and the sentencing guidelines defini- tion [i]s unambiguous.” Pridgeon, 853 F.3d at 1198. So Nerius’s § 893.13 drug convictions qualify under § 4B1.2 despite the lack of a mens rea element. See Smith, 775 F.3d at 1267.

Nerius believes that our precedent on this point is wrong, but we are bound to apply Pridgeon and Smith. That’s because “a prior panel’s holding is binding on all subsequent panels unless and until it is overruled or undermined to the point of abrogation by the Supreme Court or by this [C]ourt sitting en banc.” United States v. Archer, 531 F.3d 1347, 1352 (11th Cir. 2008).

Nerius also contends that the district court erred by failing to apply a federal definition for the term “controlled substance,” which is undefined in the guidelines. In his view, a state statute “can only qualify as a predicate offense if it also necessarily involved a federally-controlled substance and defines controlled substances the same as, or more narrowly than, the federal definition,” as de- rived from the federal drug schedules. Because Florida law prohib- its the possession of controlled substances that “are not on the fed- eral schedule,” he reasons, the statute is overbroad and fails the cat- egorical approach.

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22-10578 Opinion of the Court 5 We review this argument for plain error because it was not raised below. See Morel, 63 F.4th at 917. Nerius cannot establish plain error. As he notes, there is a circuit split on this issue. Com- pare, e.g., United States v. Bautista, 989 F.3d 698, 702 (9th Cir. 2021) (holding that the term “controlled substance” in § 4B1.2(b) refers to a controlled substance under federal law, not state law), with United States v. Lewis, 58 F.4th 764, 768–69 (3d Cir. 2023) (holding “that drugs regulated by state (but not federal) law are still con- trolled substances” for purposes of § 4B1.2). We have not directly resolved this issue.

Under our precedent, “where neither the Supreme Court nor this Court has ever resolved an issue, and other circuits are split on it, there can be no plain error in regard to that issue.” United States v. Aguillard, 217 F.3d 1319, 1321 (11th Cir. 2000). Because other circuits are split on the definition of “controlled substance” under § 4B1.2, and neither this Court nor the Supreme Court has directly spoken on the matter, Nerius cannot show plain error.

Finally, Nerius argues that his robbery conviction under Fla. Stat. § 812.13 does not qualify as a predicate “crime of violence” because the offense can be committed without the use, attempted use, or threatened use of intentional force. Again, though, this ar- gument is foreclosed by binding precedent, as he concedes.

Florida law defines robbery as “the taking of money or other property . . . from the person or custody of another, . . . when in the course of the taking there is the use of force, violence, assault, or putting in fear.” Fla. Stat. § 812.13(1). This statute requires USCA11 Case: 22-10578 Document: 45-1 Date Filed: 05/25/2023 Page: 6 of 7

6 Opinion of the Court 22-10578 “resistance by the victim that is overcome by the physical force of the offender.” Robinson v. State, 692 So. 2d 883, 886 (Fla. 1997).

In United States v. Lockley, we held that a conviction under § 812.13(1) qualified as a “crime of violence” for purposes of the career-offender guideline because it has as an element the “use, at- tempted use, or threatened use of physical force against the person of another.” 632 F.3d 1238, 1245 (11th Cir 2011) (quoting U.S.S.G.

§ 4B1.2(a)(1)); see also Stokeling v. United States, 139 S. Ct. 544, 554–55 (2019) (holding that Florida robbery under § 812.13(1) qual- ifies as a violent felony under the Armed Career Criminal Act’s el- ements clause). We noted that the statute required the use of force, violence, a threat of imminent force or violence coupled with ap- parent ability, or some act that puts the victim in fear of death or great bodily harm. Lockley, 632 F.3d at 1245. And we reasoned that it was “inconceivable that any act which causes the victim to fear death or great bodily harm would not involve the use or threatened use of physical force.” Id. Nerius maintains that the panel in Lockley misapplied the categorical approach and failed to consider Leocal v. Ashcroft, 543 U.S. 1 (2004). But as he concedes, our prior-panel-precedent rule admits no exception for “overlooked or misinterpreted Supreme Court precedent.” United States v. Fritts, 841 F.3d 937, 942 (11th Cir. 2016) (reaffirming Lockley). So we conclude that his Florida robbery conviction qualifies as a “crime of violence.”

Because Nerius has at least two prior convictions for a “con- trolled substance offense” or a “crime of violence,” the district USCA11 Case: 22-10578 Document: 45-1 Date Filed: 05/25/2023 Page: 7 of 7

22-10578 Opinion of the Court 7 court properly classified him as a career offender under § 4B1.1.

We affirm his sentence.

AFFIRMED.