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[DO NOT PUBLISH] In the United States Court of Appeals For the Eleventh Circuit ____________________ No. 23-13063 Non-Argument Calendar ____________________ JOHN DOE, Plaintiff-Appellant, versus FLORIDA GULF COAST UNIVERSITY BOARD OF TRUSTEES,

Defendant-Appellee.

____________________ Appeal from the United States District Court for the Middle District of Florida D.C. Docket No. 2:23-cv-00245-SPC-KCD ____________________ USCA11 Case: 23-13063 Document: 36-1 Date Filed: 09/18/2024 Page: 2 of 10

2 Opinion of the Court 23-13063

Before LUCK, BRASHER, and ABUDU, Circuit Judges.

PER CURIAM: John Doe, a male former student at Florida Gulf Coast Uni- versity, appeals the district court’s denial of his motion to pursue this action anonymously up to the point of trial. Because we can- not say the district court abused its discretion, we affirm.

FACTUAL BACKGROUND AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY We, like the district court, largely draw the relevant facts from the complaint. This action arises out of a Title IX proceeding initiated by Jane Roe. Doe and Roe, who both attended the Uni- versity, dated from about January to June 2019. After their rela- tionship ended, the two continued to occasionally speak to each other, and, on at least one occasion before the incident relevant here, had sex.

In the Title IX proceeding, Roe alleged that Doe sexually harassed her on October 6, 2019 by having sex with her when she was too intoxicated to consent. After an investigation and hearing held by school officials, Doe was found responsible for sexual har- assment. Doe was immediately suspended and placed on discipli- nary probation for a period following his suspension. He appealed the decision internally, and it was upheld. Doe then unsuccessfully sought a writ of certiorari from the Circuit Court of the Twentieth Judicial Circuit in and for Lee County, Florida.

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23-13063 Opinion of the Court 3 Following the administrative process, Doe filed this lawsuit, asserting that the University violated his due process rights, Title IX, and its contract with Doe. In short, Doe claimed that the school deprived him of several procedural rights during the Title IX pro- ceeding and that the school officials involved “acted with gender bias in coming to their decision against” him. To support his claims, Doe attached to his complaint several text messages he ex- changed with Roe. Relevant here, some of these messages reflect that both Doe and Roe drank on multiple occasions (they were un- der 21), at least occasionally used marijuana, and that Roe had “lots of anxiety” and took medication for it. Some messages also relate to an incident in which Roe told Doe she believed she had con- tracted a sexually transmitted infection and that Doe should get tested for one as well. Doe maintains he never had an infection.

Doe moved to proceed anonymously, asserting that three factors weighed in his favor. First, because the University was a public one, he was “challenging government activity.” Second, he’d have to disclose information of the “utmost intimacy” because his complaint and the evidence attached discussed his and Roe’s sexual encounters, Roe’s potential infection, Roe’s mental health and medication, Doe and Roe’s alcohol and drug use, and the sex- ual harassment determination against Doe. Revealing the sexual harassment determination against him, in particular, he argued, would cause him embarrassment and harm from potential employ- ers seeing this information. And third, Doe would have to “admit to illegal conduct” by presenting text messages that showed he drank and did drugs.

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4 Opinion of the Court 23-13063 The district court denied the motion. First, the court found that the government-activity factor did not weigh in favor of grant- ing anonymity because the University was not “the ‘government’ in the traditional sense.” Second, Doe and Roe’s sexual history, information about Roe’s potential infection, and Doe’s sexual har- assment determination were not information of the “utmost inti- macy.” Third, Roe—not Doe—potentially had an infection, and the confidentiality of any sensitive medical history could be main- tained through a protective order. Finally, while Doe feared crim- inal prosecution, there was no indication one was forthcoming and the statute of limitations had already run on Doe’s alcohol and drug use.

Doe appealed the district court’s denial. We have appellate jurisdiction under the collateral order doctrine. Plaintiff B v. Fran- cis, 631 F.3d 1310, 1314 (11th Cir. 2011).

STANDARD OF REVIEW We review for an abuse of discretion a district court’s denial of a motion to proceed anonymously. In re Chiquita Brands Int’l, Inc., 965 F.3d 1238, 1246 (11th Cir. 2020). “This is an ‘extremely limited and highly deferential’ standard of review,” id. (quoting In re Clerici, 481 F.3d 1324, 1331 (11th Cir. 2007)), that gives the dis- trict court “a zone of choice within which” it can “go either way,” id. (quoting United States v. Frazier, 387 F.3d 1244, 1259 (11th Cir. 2004) (en banc)). “We must affirm the district court’s choice ‘unless we find that the district court has made a clear error of judgment, USCA11 Case: 23-13063 Document: 36-1 Date Filed: 09/18/2024 Page: 5 of 10

23-13063 Opinion of the Court 5 or has applied the wrong legal standard.’” Id. (quoting Frazier, 387 F.3d at 1259).

DISCUSSION A complaint “must name all the parties” to a lawsuit. Fed. R. Civ. P. 10(a). This rule “creates a strong presumption in favor of parties[] proceeding in their own names.” Plaintiff B, 631 F.3d at 1315. But the rule isn’t “absolute,” and a party can proceed anon- ymously if he “establish[es] ‘a substantial privacy right which out- weighs the customary and constitutionally-embedded presump- tion of openness in judicial proceedings.’” Chiquita Brands, 965 F.3d at 1247 (quoting Plaintiff B, 631 F.3d at 1315–16).

We have laid out several considerations relevant to deter- mining whether a district court should allow a litigant to proceed anonymously. “[T]he ‘first step’” of the analysis is to consider “whether the party seeking anonymity (1) is challenging govern- ment activity; (2) would be compelled, absent anonymity, to dis- close information of utmost intimacy; or (3) would be compelled, absent anonymity, to admit an intent to engage in illegal conduct and thus risk criminal prosecution.” Id. (quoting Plaintiff B, 631 F.3d at 1316). “The ‘information of utmost intimacy’ standard” generally relates to topics like “abortion” as well as “prayer and personal religious beliefs.” Plaintiff B, 631 F.3d at 1316. “On the other hand, courts have often denied the protection of anonymity in cases where plaintiffs allege sexual assault, even when revealing the plaintiff’s identity may cause her to ‘suffer some personal USCA11 Case: 23-13063 Document: 36-1 Date Filed: 09/18/2024 Page: 6 of 10

6 Opinion of the Court 23-13063 embarrassment.’” Id. (quoting Doe v. Frank, 951 F.2d 320, 324 (11th Cir. 1992)).

Beyond the first step, courts must “carefully review all the circumstances of a given case and then decide whether the custom- ary practice of disclosing the plaintiff’s identity should yield to the plaintiff’s privacy concerns.” Frank, 951 F.2d at 323. We have con- sidered, for example, whether “the party seeking anonymity is a minor,” whether the person “faces a real threat of physical harm absent anonymity,” Chiquita Brands, 965 F.3d at 1247, and whether the movant would face “social stigma” if forced to proceed under the movant’s true name, see Frank, 951 F.2d at 324. Ultimately, the inquiry “is a totality-of-the-circumstances” one. Chiquita Brands, 965 F.3d at 1247 n.5.

We begin with the district court’s analysis of the first and third step-one factors. As to the first factor—whether Doe chal- lenges government activity—the district court did not abuse its dis- cretion in concluding that, even though Doe’s lawsuit was against a public entity (the University), this did not necessarily weigh in favor of anonymity. See Frank, 951 F.2d at 324 (“[T]he fact that Doe is suing the Postal Service does not weigh in favor of granting Doe’s request for anonymity.”). While Doe contends the district court wrongly read his motion as arguing the first step-one factor alone was dispositive, we find no indication of that in the district court’s order.

We also see no error in how the district court addressed Doe’s concerns over an alleged fear of prosecution, the third USCA11 Case: 23-13063 Document: 36-1 Date Filed: 09/18/2024 Page: 7 of 10

23-13063 Opinion of the Court 7 step-one factor. The district court found that any statute of limita- tions related to Doe’s drug and alcohol use had already run by the time of its order, and Doe doesn’t challenge that determination. If Doe cannot be prosecuted, it follows that he will not, as the third factor requires, “risk criminal prosecution” by revealing his iden- tity. Plaintiff B, 631 F.3d at 1316. And as it relates to his sexual har- assment determination, Doe’s lawsuit will not force him to admit an intent to engage in illegal conduct. To the contrary, Doe alleges that the University reached the wrong result because it violated his constitutional rights and refused to follow its established proce- dures for handling sexual harassment allegations.

Moving to the second factor and the other relevant circum- stance—like potential social stigma—we cannot say that the district court abused its discretion. As to Doe and Roe’s sexual history, and any accompanying information related to Roe’s potential infection, we have recognized that “courts have often denied the protection of anonymity in cases where plaintiffs allege sexual assault, even when revealing the plaintiff’s identity may cause her to ‘suffer some personal embarrassment.’” Plaintiff B, 631 F.3d at 1316 (quot- ing Frank, 951 F.2d at 324). And here, Doe contends that his com- plaint and supporting materials reveal—at most, in his view—con- sensual encounters, so the district court did not make a clear error in judgment when finding this information did not warrant grant- ing the motion. See id. We also can’t say that the district court abused its discretion in determining that the information about Roe did not compel USCA11 Case: 23-13063 Document: 36-1 Date Filed: 09/18/2024 Page: 8 of 10

8 Opinion of the Court 23-13063 granting anonymity. The information related to her is similar to the information Doe relies on as to himself, which we’ve already determined did not require granting the motion. And we’ve never held that medical information alone establishes grounds for ano- nymity. See id.; see also Doe v. Blue Cross & Blue Shield United of Wis., 112 F.3d 869, 872 (7th Cir. 1997) (“[T]he fact that a case involves a medical issue is not a sufficient reason for allowing the use of a fic- titious name, even though many people are understandably secre- tive about their medical problems.”).

Next, to the extent Doe argues that information about his alcohol and drug use is of the utmost intimacy, that position finds no support in our precedent, and this information isn’t anything like what we have previously held falls into this category. See Plain- tiff B, 631 F.3d at 1316; Frank, 951 F.2d at 324 n.6 (rejecting argu- ment that alcoholism is information of the utmost intimacy).

Doe also hasn’t demonstrated the district court abused its discretion when it found that any alleged social stigma Doe will face didn’t outweigh the presumption that his proceeding should be a public one. Put simply, he does not cite any evidence of these harms, and instead only asserts in briefing that they are “near[ly] certain[]” to occur. Compare Doe v. Stegall, 653 F.2d 180, 182 n.6 (5th Cir. Unit A Aug. 1981) (noting that the plaintiffs “offered several documentary exhibits to bolster their assertions that they might be subjected to retaliatory harassment or violence if their identities were publicly revealed”); S. Methodist Univ. Ass’n of Women Law Stu- dents v. Wynne & Jaffe, 599 F.2d 707, 711, 713 (5th Cir. 1979) USCA11 Case: 23-13063 Document: 36-1 Date Filed: 09/18/2024 Page: 9 of 10

23-13063 Opinion of the Court 9 (affirming denial of motion to proceed anonymously even where three plaintiffs submitted affidavits in support of the alleged harms).

Finally, Doe tries to rely on his “age and status” as a college student to support his argument that his motion should have been granted. Our precedent has considered “whether the plaintiffs were minors.” Plaintiff B, 631 F.3d at 1316. But Doe is not a minor, and he wasn’t a minor at any time relevant to this lawsuit. So this, like Doe’s other arguments, does not demonstrate the district court abused its discretion. We are satisfied that the district court ade- quately considered the totality of the circumstances and made a de- termination well within the zone of choices available to it.

Doe ends by cautioning that affirming the district court would “likely result in no Title IX litigant being able to proceed anonymously,” citing a case from the First Circuit he believes sup- ports reversal here. But we agree with the First Circuit “that the confidentiality of a Title IX disciplinary proceeding may some- times—but not always—furnish grounds for finding an exceptional case warranting pseudonymity.” Doe v. Mass. Inst. of Tech., 46 F.4th 61, 74 (1st Cir. 2022) (emphasis added). As shown here, the district courts in our circuit are more than capable of balancing plaintiffs’ privacy interests against the constitutional right to access judicial proceedings and exercising their broad discretion to grant anonym- ity in appropriate cases.

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10 Opinion of the Court 23-13063 CONCLUSION The district court thoroughly reviewed the circumstances presented to it and made no clear error in judgment when denying Doe’s motion. The order denying the motion to proceed anony- mously is therefore AFFIRMED.