USCA11 Case: 23-11119 Document: 76-1 Date Filed: 10/16/2024 Page: 1 of 13

[PUBLISH] In the United States Court of Appeals For the Eleventh Circuit

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No. 23-11119 ____________________

FANE LOZMAN, Plaintiff-Appellant, versus CITY OF RIVIERA BEACH, FLORIDA,

Defendant-Appellee.

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Appeal from the United States District Court for the Southern District of Florida D.C. Docket No. 9:22-cv-80118-DMM ____________________ USCA11 Case: 23-11119 Document: 76-1 Date Filed: 10/16/2024 Page: 2 of 13

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Before WILLIAM PRYOR, Chief Judge, and LUCK and HULL, Circuit Judges. WILLIAM PRYOR, Chief Judge: This appeal requires us to decide whether a property owner’s complaint that a city’s comprehensive plan and ordinance caused a taking of his property is ripe for judicial review. Fane Loz- man owns a parcel of submerged land and upland in the City of Riviera Beach, Florida. After the city enacted a comprehensive plan and ordinance that restricted development, Lozman sued Riviera Beach on the ground that the city deprived his parcel of all benefi- cial economic use or value without just compensation. See 42 U.S.C. § 1983. The district court granted summary judgment for Riviera Beach. Yet Lozman has not applied for a permit, variance, or rezoning from Riviera Beach to understand the “nature and ex- tent” of permitted development on his land. Because Lozman has not received a final, written denial of an application for the devel- opment of his land from Riviera Beach, his claim is not ripe for judicial review. So we vacate and remand with instructions to dis- miss his complaint without prejudice for lack of subject-matter ju- risdiction. I. BACKGROUND In 2014, Fane Lozman purchased property in the City of Riv- iera Beach, Florida. A title defect prevents Lozman from establish- ing the dimensions of his property. But the district court approxi- mated that he owns 7.75 acres total—7.55 acres of submerged land USCA11 Case: 23-11119 Document: 76-1 Date Filed: 10/16/2024 Page: 3 of 13

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within the Lake Worth Lagoon and 0.20 acres of upland. Only a sliver of Lozman’s property is above water. More than 20 years before Lozman purchased his parcel, the City of Riviera Beach adopted a comprehensive plan governing de- velopment in the city. The 1991 comprehensive plan created a “Spe- cial Preservation Future Land Use” designation which “preclude[d] any development of [s]ubmerged [l]ands . . . to the maximum ex- tent permissible by law.” But the comprehensive plan was amended in 2010 to permit the development of “[p]rivate residential fishing or viewing platforms and docks for non-motorized boats.” The sole exception to the plan’s development restrictions is the “savings clause,” which provides that the plan “shall not be construed nor implemented to impair or preclude judicially determined vested rights to develop or alter submerged lands.” In 2021, the plan was amended to create a density restriction for savings clause proper- ties, only allowing “a density of one unit per 20 acres” for those properties that meet the exception. Lozman’s property has retained the “Special Preservation Future Land Use” designation under the comprehensive plan since 1991. But when Lozman purchased his parcel in 2014, the property bore an inconsistent zoning designation that allowed the develop- ment of single-family homes. This discrepancy persisted until July 8, 2020, when Riviera Beach adopted Ordinance 4147 to create a matching special preservation zoning district. The ordinance’s re- strictions on development mirror the comprehensive plan’s limita- tions for special preservation zones. The ordinance allows the USCA11 Case: 23-11119 Document: 76-1 Date Filed: 10/16/2024 Page: 4 of 13

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development of residential fishing and viewing platforms and docks. And the only exception is for those properties with “judi- cially determined vested rights to develop or alter submerged lands.” But because the ordinance pre-dated the 2021 plan amend- ment, the ordinance’s “savings clause” does not include the density restriction. Lozman says that when he purchased the parcel, he “ex- pected that it could be developed for use as single-family residential lots.” Lozman purchased the property in 2014 for $24,000. But he produced an appraisal valuing the property at $49,833,500 as of Oc- tober 7, 2020. This valuation depends on Lozman maximizing the property’s “highest and best use”—bulkheading and filling the sub- merged water to create “up to eight one-acre parcels.” The ap- praisal was also “based on the hypothetical condition that permits could be granted for bulkhead and fill.” But Lozman has not yet acquired—or applied for—federal or state permits to develop his property. Indeed, Lozman has en- dured federal and state enforcement actions for the unauthorized development of his parcel. When Lozman secured a floating home on his property with concrete blocks, both the United States Army Corps of Engineers and the Florida Department of Environmental Protection instituted enforcement actions against him for unau- thorized modification of the Lagoon. Lozman does not contest that a federal navigational servi- tude prohibits the development of his submerged property without a permit from the Corps. The Rivers and Harbors Appropriation USCA11 Case: 23-11119 Document: 76-1 Date Filed: 10/16/2024 Page: 5 of 13

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Act of 1899 prohibits the excavation, filling, or modification of the channel of any “navigable water” of the United States without the permission of the Corps. See 33 U.S.C. § 403. Because the Lake Worth Lagoon is a “navigable water,” Lozman’s submerged parcel is subject to the Rivers and Harbors Act. The United States pursued an enforcement action against Lozman in June 2021 for building structures in the Lagoon without authorization in violation of the Rivers and Harbors Act. The dis- trict court stayed that proceeding while Lozman sought a permit from the Corps. But Lozman did not provide the information re- quested by the agency’s order, so the Corps never issued a permit. The district court granted the Corps’s motion for summary judg- ment, and the resolution of that enforcement action is pending ap- peal. The Florida Department of Environmental Protection insti- tuted a similar action against Lozman in December 2020, alleging that the concrete blocks constituted an unauthorized filling of sur- face waters within the Lagoon. A Florida state court ordered the removal of the structures, and they were removed less than a month later. In June 2022, the state court entered a consent judg- ment ordering Lozman not to fill or deposit any material on the property until he obtained a permit or exemption from the Depart- ment. But Lozman has not yet obtained such a permit or exemp- tion from the Department. Nor has Lozman applied for any other federal or state per- mit to develop his land. Lozman says that he intends to put his USCA11 Case: 23-11119 Document: 76-1 Date Filed: 10/16/2024 Page: 6 of 13

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“replacement floating home” on a “dock on [his] property.” But he has never applied for a permit for a dock—a permitted use under Ordinance 4147—from the Corps or the Department of Environ- mental Protection. Nor has Lozman proposed any plans to develop his property to Riviera Beach. Lozman argues that “the denial of such permits is not the only way that a land-use plan can be ‘applied’ to a particular land- owner.” Instead, Lozman asserts that “Riviera Beach will not allow him to live on his property, provide electrical service to it, [or] per- mit the construction of a fence around it.” Riviera Beach revoked Lozman’s temporary electricity permit “due to [his] failure to iden- tify any proposed use for the property.” It also denied Lozman’s ap- plication for a fence “due to a refusal by [Lozman] to provide [re- quired] application material.” Lozman has not established any causal connection between Ordinance 4147 and the denial of his permits other than their sequential timing. Lozman brought this lawsuit alleging that the comprehen- sive plan and ordinance deprived him of all economically beneficial or productive use of his parcel. See Lucas v. S.C. Coastal Council, 505 U.S. 1003, 1015 (1992). The district court granted summary judg- ment for Riviera Beach because Lozman did not have any right to fill his submerged land under federal and state law; he was not de- nied all economically productive or beneficial uses of his land; and he did not plead a ripe Penn Central regulatory taking claim. USCA11 Case: 23-11119 Document: 76-1 Date Filed: 10/16/2024 Page: 7 of 13

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II. STANDARD OF REVIEW “We review de novo questions concerning our subject matter jurisdiction, including standing and ripeness.” Elend v. Basham, 471 F.3d 1199, 1204 (11th Cir. 2006) (emphasis added). III. DISCUSSION The foundation for the exercise of federal courts’ jurisdic- tion is Article III of the Constitution, which provides that the judi- cial power “shall extend” to certain “Cases” and “Controversies.” U.S. CONST. art. III, § 2. As a result, “‘[f]ederal courts are courts of limited jurisdiction’” and “‘possess only that power authorized by the Constitution and statute.’” United States v. Rivera, 613 F.3d 1046, 1049 (11th Cir. 2010) (alteration adopted) (quoting Kokkonen v. Guardian Life Ins. Co. of Am., 511 U.S. 375, 377 (1994)). Article III “restricts the ability of courts to review cases and controversies that are not ripe.” Carver Middle Sch. Gay-Straight All. v. Sch. Bd. of Lake Cnty., 842 F.3d 1324, 1329 (11th Cir. 2016). “The ripeness doctrine keeps federal courts from deciding cases prematurely and protects them from engaging in speculation or wasting their resources through the review of potential or ab- stract disputes.” Rivera, 613 F.3d at 1050 (alternation adopted) (ci- tations and internal quotation marks omitted). “A claim is not ripe for adjudication if it rests upon contingent future events that may not occur as anticipated, or indeed may not occur at all.” Id. (cita- tion and internal quotation marks omitted). “Even when a ripeness question in a particular case is prudential, [a court] may raise it on [its] own motion, and cannot be bound by the wishes of the USCA11 Case: 23-11119 Document: 76-1 Date Filed: 10/16/2024 Page: 8 of 13

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parties.” Reno v. Cath. Soc. Servs., Inc., 509 U.S. 43, 57 n.18 (1993) (citation and internal quotation marks omitted). The Supreme Court has held that a takings claim challeng- ing the application of a land-use regulation is not ripe for judicial review “until the government entity charged with implementing the regulation[] has reached a final decision regarding the applica- tion of the regulation[] to the property at issue.” See Williamson Cnty. Reg’l Plan. Comm’n v. Hamilton Bank of Johnson City, 473 U.S. 172, 186 (1985), overruled on other grounds by Knick v. Twp. of Scott, 588 U.S. 180 (2019); accord S. Grande View Dev. Co. v. City of Alabas- ter, 1 F.4th 1299, 1305–06 (11th Cir. 2021). “[A] landowner may not establish a taking before a land-use authority has the opportunity, using its own reasonable procedures, to decide and explain the reach of a challenged regulation.” Palazzolo v. Rhode Island, 533 U.S. 606, 620 (2001). Because precedents “uniformly reflect an insistence on knowing the nature and extent of permitted development be- fore adjudicating the constitutionality of the regulations that pur- port to limit it,” a claim under Lucas requires a final decision on the “extent of permitted development” on the land in question. 505 U.S. at 1011 (citation and internal quotation marks omitted). Neither the comprehensive plan nor the ordinance here con- stitutes a “final decision” sufficient to satisfy the ripeness require- ment. Until a local government decides how it intends to apply a broad, locality-wide “regulation to a specific piece of property owned by the [owner],” there is not a “final decision.” See S. Grande View, 1 F.4th at 1307 (discussing Williamson County, 473 U.S. 172, USCA11 Case: 23-11119 Document: 76-1 Date Filed: 10/16/2024 Page: 9 of 13

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and Eide v. Sarasota County, 908 F.2d 716 (11th Cir. 1990)). Because Lozman has not applied for a permit, variance, or rezoning from either the comprehensive plan or ordinance, he has not received a final decision from Riviera Beach on how either regulation would apply to the development of his parcel. We have consistently held that a comprehensive plan is not a “final decision” sufficient to satisfy the ripeness requirement. When a landowner challenged a comprehensive plan without re- questing a rezoning, in Eide v. Sarasota County, we held that, before “challeng[ing] the County’s application of the sector plan to his property, [the landowner] must first demonstrate that the sector plan has been applied to his property.” 908 F.2d at 724. We reached a similar conclusion in Reahard v. Lee County, when we held that the landowners’ takings claim “could not have ripened, if ever, until” the landowners received a final decision from the board of com- missioners on their variance application. 30 F.3d 1412, 1415–16 (11th Cir. 1994). The same reasoning applies here. The comprehensive plan alone cannot constitute a final decision on Lozman’s property. That the comprehensive plan includes a material exception permit- ting development underscores that the plan alone is not a final de- cision precluding the development of Lozman’s property. Because he has not applied for a permit, variance, or rezoning from Riviera Beach on the application of the comprehensive plan to his prop- erty, Lozman has not yet received a final decision on the compre- hensive plan’s application to his property. USCA11 Case: 23-11119 Document: 76-1 Date Filed: 10/16/2024 Page: 10 of 13

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An ordinance is rarely a “final decision.” Ordinarily “no ‘final decision’ [exists] until an aggrieved landowner has applied for at least one variance to a contested zoning ordinance.” Reahard, 30 F.3d at 1415 (citing Williamson Cnty., 473 U.S. at 186). But we have sometimes considered a “targeted” zoning ordinance a final deci- sion. S. Grande View, 1 F.4th at 1306–08. When a city enacted a spe- cific ordinance that “targeted precisely and only” the developer’s property, we held in South Grande View that the developer’s claim was ripe despite his failure to apply for a variance. Id. (emphasis added). Because “there was no ambiguity as to how a general plan would be applied to a specific project—the zoning ordinance itself was the [c]ity’s final decision on the matter.” Id. at 1307. Unlike in South Grande View, the ordinance here was not a “targeted” ordinance that “precisely and only” targeted Lozman’s property. Id. (emphasis added). Riviera Beach adopted the ordi- nance to cure the inconsistent land designation between the com- prehensive plan and zoning ordinance. The ordinance applied to properties across Riviera Beach. And the application of the ordi- nance—and its exception—to Lozman’s property remains un- known because he has not sought a permit to develop his land. Be- cause Riviera Beach’s ordinance was a “general plan . . . that only coincidentally ended up affecting a discrete portion” of Lozman’s property, the ordinance was not a final decision on his parcel. Id. at 1306–07. Nor would it have been futile for Lozman to seek a final de- cision from Riviera Beach. Although we have sometimes exempted USCA11 Case: 23-11119 Document: 76-1 Date Filed: 10/16/2024 Page: 11 of 13

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landowners from seeking a final decision where “it would [have] be[en] futile for the plaintiff to pursue a final decision,” id. at 1308 n.12 (citation and internal quotation marks omitted), the futility ex- ception does not excuse Lozman’s failure to apply for a final deci- sion from Riviera Beach. The futility exception may excuse the “re- peated submission of development plans where the submission would be futile.” Eide, 908 F.2d at 726–27. For example, when a de- veloper failed to reapply to the same commission that had previ- ously denied his development permit, we held that the developer’s appeal would have been futile. See Resol. Tr. Corp. v. Town of High- land Beach, 18 F.3d 1536, 1547 (11th Cir. 1994). Because “no uncer- tainty exist[ed] regarding the level of development the [commis- sion] would permit,” we decided that “the reapplication [process] would not have served its intended purpose.” Id.; see also Corn v. City of Lauderdale Lakes, 816 F.2d 1514, 1515–16 (11th Cir. 1987) (holding that an application for an additional variance would have been futile, since the developer’s site plans were revoked and build- ing permit rejected after the city passed ordinances barring devel- opment). Unlike in Resolution Trust Corp., applying for a variance, re- zoning, or permit for development would not have required Loz- man to reapply to the same council that had previously denied his application. Riviera Beach has not received any application from Lozman to develop his land. Nor has it preemptively denied one. The electrical permit was revoked because Lozman failed to provide any proposed use for the property. In other words, Lozman’s fail- ure to submit development plans resulted in the denial of his USCA11 Case: 23-11119 Document: 76-1 Date Filed: 10/16/2024 Page: 12 of 13

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permit for electricity. Lozman’s application for development would not have been a “futile” repeated application. We have also held that the futility exception may exempt a plaintiff from applying for a variance when no viable variance is available. For example, in South Grande View, Alabama law permit- ted only variances that ensured that “the spirit of the ordinance shall be observed.” 1 F.4th at 1308 n.12 (citation and internal quo- tation marks omitted). Because the ordinance in South Grande View prohibited development on “precisely and only” the developer’s property, id. at 1307 (emphasis added), no variance permitting de- velopment could fall within “the spirit of the ordinance,” id. at 1308 n. 12 (internal quotation marks omitted). This appeal is distinguishable. Riviera Beach’s development code empowers a special magistrate to grant applications for vari- ances so long as the ordinance does not prohibit the use. RIVIERA BEACH, FLA., CODE § 31-42(d) (2014). And the ordinance here con- tains an exception permitting development. It would not have been futile for Lozman to pursue this exception to understand the nature and extent of permitted development for his Lucas claim. The permitted uses and exception in Ordinance 4147 amply support the necessity of a final decision from Riviera Beach before a court determines whether Lozman was denied “all economically beneficial or productive use of [his] land.” Lucas, 505 U.S. at 1015. The ordinance allows two forms of development for which Loz- man could have applied to understand the “nature and extent of [his] permitted development.” Id. at 1011. The regulations permit USCA11 Case: 23-11119 Document: 76-1 Date Filed: 10/16/2024 Page: 13 of 13

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“[p]rivate residential fishing or viewing platforms and docks for non-motorized boats.” And the ordinance’s “savings clause” ex- empts “judicially determined vested rights” from the limitations of the regulations. We have not held that a property owner who has not ap- plied for any permit, variance, or rezoning to develop his land may utilize the futility exception. And we will not do so here. Because Lozman has failed to apply for a permit to develop his land, we cannot know the extent of the economic damage, if any, caused by Riviera Beach’s comprehensive plan or ordinance. Lozman asks us to resolve his dispute prematurely. The ex- tent of permitted development is unknown. Lozman never applied for a permit for development from Riviera Beach. Because Lozman has never received a final, written denial of his application for the development of his land from Riviera Beach, his claim is not ripe for judicial review. IV. CONCLUSION We VACATE and REMAND the judgment with instructions to DISMISS Lozman’s complaint without prejudice for lack of sub- ject-matter jurisdiction.