USCA11 Case: 24-11022 Document: 28-1 Date Filed: 11/13/2024 Page: 1 of 12

[DO NOT PUBLISH] In the United States Court of Appeals For the Eleventh Circuit

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No. 24-11022 Non-Argument Calendar ____________________

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, Plaintiff-Appellee, versus HECTOR LIND, JR., a.k.a. Chase,

Defendant-Appellant. ____________________

Appeal from the United States District Court for the Southern District of Florida D.C. Docket No. 1:23-cr-20301-RKA-1 ____________________ USCA11 Case: 24-11022 Document: 28-1 Date Filed: 11/13/2024 Page: 2 of 12

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Before JORDAN, ROSENBAUM, and ABUDU, Circuit Judges. PER CURIAM: Hector Lind, Jr., appeals his 262-month sentence for entice- ment of a minor and receipt of child pornography. On appeal, he argues that the district court procedurally erred at sentencing in several respects, including in its application of U.S.S.G. § 2G2.1(b)(4). The government moves to dismiss Lind’s appeal, ar- guing that he waived his right to appeal his sentence. In response, Lind argues that he is permitted to appeal because the government breached the parties’ plea agreement. After careful consideration, we conclude that Lind entered into an appeal waiver knowingly and voluntarily; his challenges fall within the scope of that waiver; and the government did not breach the plea agreement. Accord- ingly, we dismiss Lind’s appeal. I. FACTUAL BACKGROUND & PROCEDURAL HISTORY In 2023, Lind was charged with: (1) production of child por- nography, 18 U.S.C. § 2251(a) and (e) (“Count One”); (2) entice- ment of a minor, 18 U.S.C. § 2422(b) (“Count Two”); and (3) re- ceipt of child pornography, 18 U.S.C. § 2252(a)(2) and (b)(1) (“Count Three”). Lind and the government later entered into a written plea agreement, in which Lind agreed to plead guilty to Count Two and Count Three and the government agreed to dismiss Count One. The agreement also informed Lind, among other things, that the district court had the authority to impose any sentence up to the statutory maximum authorized by law; and that Lind could not USCA11 Case: 24-11022 Document: 28-1 Date Filed: 11/13/2024 Page: 3 of 12

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withdraw his plea solely because of the sentence he received. The plea agreement also informed Lind that Count Two had a manda- tory minimum sentence of ten years’ imprisonment and a maxi- mum of life imprisonment and that Count Three had a mandatory minimum sentence of five years’ imprisonment, and a maximum term of 20 years’ imprisonment. The plea agreement stated that the government “reserve[d] the right to inform the [district c]ourt . . . of all facts pertinent to the sentencing process, including all relevant information concern- ing the offenses committed, whether charged or not, as well as con- cerning” Lind and his background and to “make any recommenda- tion as to the quality and quantity of punishment.” In other words, the plea agreement bound the government only to the “express terms” of the promises it made “contained in th[e] agreement.” The government also agreed, subject to certain conditions, to rec- ommend that Lind receive a three-level reduction in his offense level for his acceptance of responsibility. Lind acknowledged that he was aware that his sentence had not been determined and that any prediction he had been given was not binding, nor was any recommendation by the government binding on the district court. Lind acknowledged that he had the right to appeal his sen- tence and he agreed that he was knowingly waiving: all rights . . . to appeal any sentence imposed, includ- ing any restitution order, or to appeal the manner in which the sentence was imposed, unless the sentence exceeds the maximum permitted by statute, or is the result of an upward departure and/or an upward USCA11 Case: 24-11022 Document: 28-1 Date Filed: 11/13/2024 Page: 4 of 12

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variance from the advisory guideline range that the [district c]ourt establishes at sentencing.

The agreement also explained that Lind would be released from the appeal waiver if the government appealed his sentence. The agreement stated that, by signing the agreement, Lind was con- firming that he had discussed the appeal waiver with his attorney and that he had made the waiver knowingly and voluntarily. The plea agreement also provided that there were no other agreements, promises, representations, or understandings between the parties. Lind, his counsel, and the government signed the plea agreement. Lind appeared before a magistrate judge at a change-of-plea hearing in December 2023. Lind was placed under oath and ad- vised that he could be subject to prosecution for perjury for making a false statement under oath, which he stated that he understood. Lind then testified that he was 24, was close to finishing his associ- ate degree, had no trouble reading and writing, and was otherwise thinking clearly. The magistrate judge concluded that he was alert and competent to proceed. The magistrate judge explained that Lind was waiving his rights to challenge his conviction and could challenge his sentence on appeal only under the exceptions laid out in the plea agreement. Lind confirmed he had read the plea agree- ment and had no questions about it. The magistrate judge then reviewed the agreement’s terms with Lind and Lind again con- firmed that he understood them. The magistrate judge then specifically addressed the appeal waiver. The magistrate judge asked whether Lind had discussed USCA11 Case: 24-11022 Document: 28-1 Date Filed: 11/13/2024 Page: 5 of 12

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the plea agreement with his attorney, and Lind confirmed that he had. The magistrate judge explained the provision, noting that Lind was “giving up [his] appellate rights in this case as part of this plea agreement” and would be only permitted to appeal “if one of three things happen,” referencing the exceptions in the plea agree- ment. First, the magistrate judge explained, Lind could appeal if the government appealed; second, Lind could appeal if the district court sentenced him above the calculated guidelines range—unless he was sentenced to the mandatory minimum sentence. The mag- istrate judge did not address the other exception, but concluded by explaining that there was only “a very, very narrow line that [he] would have to appeal the sentence.” Lind stated that he under- stood and his attorney agreed as well. Accordingly, the magistrate judge found that Lind had made a “knowing, voluntary, and fully informed” waiver of his appellate rights. Satisfied that Lind’s guilty plea was knowing and voluntary, the magistrate judge prepared a report and recommendation rec- ommending that Lind’s guilty plea be accepted. That report and recommendation also explained that Lind had “waived his right to appeal the sentence unless the government files an appeal and/or his sentence exceeds the maximum permitted by statute and/or is the result of an upward departure or a variance from the guideline range that the Court establishes at sentencing.” It then explained that it had found Lind’s waiver knowing and voluntary. Neither Lind nor the government objected to the magistrate judge’s rec- ommendation, so the district court accepted Lind’s plea and set the case for sentencing. See 11th Cir. R. 3-1 (providing that, when a USCA11 Case: 24-11022 Document: 28-1 Date Filed: 11/13/2024 Page: 6 of 12

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party fails to object to a magistrate judge’s findings or recommen- dations in a report and recommendation, he “waives the right to challenge on appeal the district court's order based on unobjected- to factual and legal conclusions if the party was informed of the time period for objecting and the consequences on appeal for fail- ing to object”). In advance of sentencing, Lind made several objections, ar- guing that the probation office had miscalculated his guidelines range and had misapplied the Sentencing Guidelines. He also ar- gued for a downward departure and for a mandatory minimum ten-year total sentence. The government opposed Lind’s objec- tions and requests, contending, conversely, that a sentence within the guidelines range, calculated as 262 to 327 months, was appro- priate. At sentencing, the district court overruled Lind’s objections and determined—consistent with the probation office and govern- ment’s calculations—that Lind’s offense level was 39, his criminal history category was I, and his advisory guideline range was, ac- cordingly, 262 to 327 months’ imprisonment. The government re- quested a sentence at the low end of the guideline range, discussing the length of the online relationship between Lind and the victim, the number of other unidentified minor victims shown in messages recovered from Lind’s devices during the investigation, and Lind’s persistent conduct, even if he did not physically meet with the vic- tim. Lind raised several mitigating factors and argued generally for a lower sentence. The court discussed the 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a) USCA11 Case: 24-11022 Document: 28-1 Date Filed: 11/13/2024 Page: 7 of 12

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factors that it considered, including Lind’s history and characteris- tics and his offense conduct. Ultimately, the district court sen- tenced Lind to 262 months’ imprisonment, to be followed by 120 months of supervised release. The government moved to dis- miss Count One and the court granted that motion. Lind’s appeal followed. II. STANDARDS OF REVIEW We review the validity and scope of an appeal-waiver provi- sion de novo. King v. United States, 41 F.4th 1363, 1366 (11th Cir. 2022). Sentence appeal waivers are enforceable if they are made knowingly and voluntarily. Id. at 1367. To enforce a waiver, “[t]he government must show that either (1) the district court specifically questioned the defendant concerning the sentence appeal waiver during the Rule 11 colloquy, or (2) it is manifestly clear from the record that the defendant otherwise understood the full signifi- cance of the waiver.” United States v. Bushert, 997 F.2d 1343, 1351 (11th Cir. 1993); see also United States v. Boyd, 975 F.3d 1185, 1192 (11th Cir. 2020) (noting that the “touchstone for assessing” if a sen- tence appeal waiver was made knowingly and voluntarily “is whether ‘it was clearly conveyed to the defendant that he was giv- ing up his right to appeal under most circumstances’” (alterations adopted) (quoting Bushert, 997 F.2d at 1352-53)). “We have consist- ently enforced knowing and voluntary appeal waivers according to their terms.” United States v. Bascomb, 451 F.3d 1292, 1294 (11th Cir. 2006). “An appeal waiver includes the waiver of the right to appeal USCA11 Case: 24-11022 Document: 28-1 Date Filed: 11/13/2024 Page: 8 of 12

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difficult or debatable legal issues or even blatant error.” United States v. Grinard-Henry, 399 F.3d 1294, 1296 (11th Cir. 2005). An appeal waiver provision does not bar a defendant from arguing that the government breached the plea agreement. United States v. Hunter, 835 F.3d 1320, 1324 (11th Cir. 2016); see also United States v. Puentes-Hurtado, 794 F.3d 1278, 1284 (11th Cir. 2015) (citing United States v. Bowe, 257 F.3d 336, 342 (4th Cir. 2001) (“[A] party’s waiver of the right to seek appellate review is not enforceable where the opposing party breaches a plea agreement.”)). We gen- erally review de novo whether the government breached the plea agreement. Hunter, 835 F.3d at 1324. However, if a defendant fails to object to a breach of the plea agreement before the district court, we review the issue only for plain error. See United States v. Malone, 51 F.4th 1311, 1318-19 (11th Cir. 2022). “We find plain error when (1) an error has occurred, (2) the error was plain, and (3) it affected the defendant's substantial rights, and if those prongs are met, we then have discretion to correct the error if it (4) seriously affected the fairness of the judicial proceedings.” Id. at 1319. III. DISCUSSION Here, we conclude that the appeal waiver is enforceable be- cause Lind knowingly and voluntarily waived his right to appeal his sentence. See Bushert, 997 F.2d at 1351. At the change-of-plea hearing, the magistrate judge confirmed that Lind had reviewed the plea agreement with his attorney and understood its terms. The magistrate also specifically questioned Lind about the appeal waiver, confirming that he gave up his right to appeal his sentence USCA11 Case: 24-11022 Document: 28-1 Date Filed: 11/13/2024 Page: 9 of 12

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if he was “unhappy” and could appeal in only three situations, spe- cifically mentioning that he could appeal if the government ap- pealed or if his sentence was above the guideline range, except for a mandatory minimum sentence. Even though the magistrate judge did not expressly mention that Lind could appeal if his sen- tence exceeded the statutory maximum, we conclude that the mag- istrate judge sufficiently conveyed that Lind was waiving his right to appeal in most circumstances, as our precedent requires. Boyd, 975 F.3d at 1192; Bushert, 997 F.2d at 1352-53. Accordingly, Lind knowingly and voluntarily entered into the appeal waiver. Next, Lind’s challenges on appeal fall within the scope of his waiver and none of the exceptions apply. On appeal, Lind con- tended that the district court erred in its calculation of his guide- lines range and in its application of the Sentencing Guidelines at sentencing, but the appeal waiver, as noted above, expressly barred challenges to Lind’s sentence and the manner in which his sentence was imposed—barring these arguments. In addition, none of the exceptions to the appeal waiver apply. The exceptions permitted Lind to appeal if his sentence exceeded the statutory maximum, the district court sentenced him outside the guideline range, or the government appealed. The first two exceptions do not apply be- cause Lind’s sentence was 240 months on Count Three and 262 months as to Count Two, to be served concurrently—meaning that his sentence is less than the statutory maximum and within the guideline range that the district court calculated: 262 to 327 months. See 18 U.S.C. § 2252(b)(1). In addition, the government has not appealed, so the third exception does not apply either. USCA11 Case: 24-11022 Document: 28-1 Date Filed: 11/13/2024 Page: 10 of 12

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Finally, Lind has not shown that the government breached the plea agreement. On this issue, Lind argues that the govern- ment breached its plea agreement by “advocat[ing] for a sentence that went well-beyond fifteen years and focused on conduct sur- rounding” Count One. He argues that a plea agreement’s terms are to be judged based on his reasonable understanding and that he reasonably understood that by dismissing Count One, the govern- ment would not be seeking a sentence above fifteen years and would not be discussing the conduct. He does not cite any partic- ular provision of the plea agreement which he contends was vio- lated and, in fact, concedes that “the plea agreement in this case permitted the government to inform the district court of the facts pertinent to the sentencing process.” Instead, he contends that the general premise of the agreement was that the government would not “focus” on Count One. The government, in turn, argues that it did not breach the plea agreement. 1

1 The government also argues that Lind abandoned any challenge to the va-

lidity of his plea agreement by not raising it for the first time in his initial brief. Even though Lind did not raise the issue of a plea breach in his initial brief, he was not required to preemptively present arguments about the appeal waiver’s inapplicability. In the past we have considered issues raised for the first time by appellees and then timely addressed by appellants in their reply briefs. See, e.g., United States v. Dacus, 408 F.3d 686, 687 (11th Cir. 2005); Wake- field v. Cordia Corp., 304 F. App’x 804, 807 n.4 (11th Cir. 2008) (unpublished); United States v. Green, 798 F. App’x 527, 532 n.2 (11th Cir. 2020) (unpublished). The government, of course, was free to forfeit its reliance on the appeal waiver altogether, which would have obviated Lind’s need to make arguments about USCA11 Case: 24-11022 Document: 28-1 Date Filed: 11/13/2024 Page: 11 of 12

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To determine whether the government has breached the plea agreement, we “first determine the scope of the government’s promises.” Malone, 51 F.4th at 1319 (quoting United States v. Copeland, 31 F.3d 1101, 1105 (11th Cir. 2004)). “Whether the gov- ernment violated the agreement is judged according to the defend- ant’s reasonable understanding at the time he entered the plea.” United States v. Rewis, 969 F.2d 985, 988 (11th Cir. 1992). In this agreement, the government did not agree that it would pursue a sentence over 15 years, nor did it agree that it would not report facts relating to Count One in recommending a sentence. Instead, the government expressly reserved its rights to inform the court of the facts pertinent to the sentencing process and the right to report all information about Lind’s conduct to the court, whether charged or not. Contrary to Lind’s contentions, then, the government ful- filled its express obligations under the plea agreement and did not breach the express terms of the agreement. See Malone, 51 F.4th at 1319 (“A plea agreement’s unambiguous meaning controls.”); see also United States v. Rothstein, 939 F.3d 1286, 1291 (11th Cir. 2019) (“A strained, artificial reading of the agreement does not comport with a reasonable defendant's expectations when signing a deal with the government.”).

its applicability. See Burgess v. United States, 874 F.3d 1292, 1300 (11th Cir. 2017) (“[T]he usual rule in our party-presentation system requires the parties to in- voke their own claims and defenses.”). Once the government moved to dis- miss his appeal, Lind promptly raised the plea breach argument in his next filing. Accordingly, we consider—and reject—Lind’s plea breach arguments on the merits. USCA11 Case: 24-11022 Document: 28-1 Date Filed: 11/13/2024 Page: 12 of 12

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As to Lind’s contention that his understanding of the agree- ment shows that the government breached the agreement, we do not agree. While Lind might have assumed that the government would not act the way it did, as we have explained, he signed an agreement that expressly allowed it to do what it did. We also note that, at the time of his plea, Lind stated that there were no promises outside the plea agreement between the parties. We generally as- sume that statement is true. See United States v. Medlock, 12 F.3d 185, 187 (11th Cir. 1994) (“There is a strong presumption that the statements made during [a plea] colloquy are true.”). The plea agreement stated the same thing. For these reasons, we conclude that Lind has not shown a breach of the plea agreement that would permit this appeal to proceed. IV. CONCLUSION In sum, Lind knowingly and voluntarily waived his right to appeal his sentence and his challenges on appeal fall within the scope of that waiver. Moreover, he has not shown that the gov- ernment breached the parties’ plea agreement. Accordingly, we GRANT the government’s motion to dismiss. See Bascomb, 451 F.3d at 1294; Bushert, 997 F.2d at 1351. DISMISSED.