USCA11 Case: 24-11829 Document: 11-1 Date Filed: 11/27/2024 Page: 1 of 8

[DO NOT PUBLISH] In the United States Court of Appeals For the Eleventh Circuit

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No. 24-11829 Non-Argument Calendar ____________________

DIAL HD, INC., a Georgia corporation, Plaintiff, DONALD BOWERS, Individually and as CEO of Dial HD, Inc., Plaintiff-Appellant, versus CLEARONE COMMUNICATIONS, INC.,

Defendant-Appellee. USCA11 Case: 24-11829 Document: 11-1 Date Filed: 11/27/2024 Page: 2 of 8

2 Opinion of the Court 24-11829

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Appeal from the United States District Court for the Southern District of Georgia D.C. Docket No. 1:09-cv-00100-JRH-BKE ____________________

Before JILL PRYOR, BRASHER, and MARCUS, Circuit Judges. PER CURIAM: Donald Bowers, the chief executive officer (“CEO”) of Dial HD, Inc., appeals the district court’s denial of his motion to vacate the court’s order granting sanctions and awarding attorneys’ fees and expenses to ClearOne Communications, Inc. The instant mat- ter arises out of a state court complaint Bowers filed against ClearOne in 2009, which ClearOne had removed to the United States District Court for the Southern District of Georgia. After removal, ClearOne moved the district court to grant summary judgment in its favor, arguing that Bowers had filed this suit in re- taliation for prior events that had taken place in a case in the United States District Court for the District of Utah, in which Bowers, as a third party, had been held in civil contempt. The district court granted ClearOne’s motion for summary judgment in this case, and, later, imposed sanctions under its inherent power based on Bowers’s alleged bad faith in filing the suit. In December 2012, the court ordered Bowers to pay ClearOne $59,679.48 in attorneys’ fees and costs, and we affirmed. USCA11 Case: 24-11829 Document: 11-1 Date Filed: 11/27/2024 Page: 3 of 8

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On September 18, 2018, the district court issued a writ of execution against Bowers for the full amount. The writ was re- turned nulla bona,1 and on January 19, 2024, Bowers filed a pro se motion to vacate the court’s judgment of $59,679.48, arguing that it was void. The district court denied the motion to vacate. On appeal, Bowers argues that: (1) the district court erred in denying his motion to vacate because ClearOne violated the 11 U.S.C. § 362 “automatic stay” enforced during Bowers’s bank- ruptcy proceedings; (2) the judgment was unenforceable under the ten-year statute of limitations imposed under O.C.G.A. § 9-12-60(a) and O.C.G.A. § 9-12-61; and (3) he was entitled to relief under Fed. R. Civ. P. 60(d)(2) and 28 U.S.C. § 1655 because he never received notice of ClearOne’s writ of execution or the lien issued against his home. After thorough review, we affirm. I. We generally review the denial of a Fed. R. Civ. P 60(b) mo- tion to vacate for abuse of discretion. Big Top Koolers, Inc. v. Circus- Man Snacks, Inc., 528 F.3d 839, 842 (11th Cir. 2008). However, we review de novo the denial of a Rule 60(b)(4) motion on the ground of voidness. Burke v. Smith, 252 F.3d 1260, 1263 (11th Cir. 2001). II.

1 Nulla bona is “[a] form of return by a sheriff or constable upon an execution

when the judgment debtor has no seizable property within the jurisdiction.” Black’s Law Dictionary (12th ed. 2024). USCA11 Case: 24-11829 Document: 11-1 Date Filed: 11/27/2024 Page: 4 of 8

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Under Rule 60(b)(4), the district court can grant relief of a final judgment or order if “the judgment is void.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 60(b)(4). A motion under Rule 60(b)(4) “must be made within a reasonable time.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 60(c)(1). We will construe a mo- tion for relief that does not specifically mention Rule 60(b) as a Rule 60(b) motion so long as the grounds in the motion would allow for relief under Rule 60(b). Rice v. Ford Motor Co., 88 F.3d 914, 918 (11th Cir. 1996); see also Nisson v. Lundy, 975 F.2d 802, 806 (11th Cir. 1992). Rule 60(d)(2) allows a court to “grant relief under 28 U.S.C. § 1655 to a defendant who was not personally notified of the ac- tion” against him. Fed. R. Civ. P. 60(d)(2). Section 1655 deals with the enforcement of liens against absent defendants who cannot be served or who did not voluntarily appear. 28 U.S.C. § 1655. A party who seeks to have his judgment set aside under § 1655 must file a motion within one year after final judgment. Id. A party cannot assert a new claim or cause of action in a mo- tion to vacate, but instead must present this claim through an amended or supplemental pleading pursuant to Fed. R. Civ. P. 15. See Cioffe v. Morris, 676 F.2d 539, 541 (11th Cir. 1982). We will gen- erally decline to hear an issue that was not presented in the district court and was argued for the first time on appeal. Access Now, Inc. v. Sw. Airlines Co., 385 F.3d 1324, 1331 (11th Cir. 2004). An “automatic stay” imposed during the course of a bank- ruptcy proceeding halts the enforcement of a judgement obtained before the debtor filed for bankruptcy. 11 U.S.C. § 362. Actions that violate “the automatic stay are generally deemed void and USCA11 Case: 24-11829 Document: 11-1 Date Filed: 11/27/2024 Page: 5 of 8

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without effect.” In re Albany Partners, Ltd., 749 F.2d 670, 675 (11th Cir. 1984). An exception to the automatic stay is found in § 362(b)(4) which provides that “[t]he filing of a [bankruptcy] petition . . . does not operate as a stay . . . of the commencement or contin- uation of an action or proceeding by a governmental unit . . . to enforce such governmental unit’s . . . police and regulatory power. . . .” 18 U.S.C. § 362(b)(4). Under Georgia state law, a judgment becomes dormant af- ter seven years and cannot be enforced unless the plaintiff has made a bona fide public effort to enforce execution of the judgment. O.C.G.A. § 9-12-60(a). A judgment that becomes dormant can be renewed within three years after it becomes dormant. O.C.G.A. § 9-12-61. However, a judgment will not become dormant so long as a bona fide public effort to enforce execution of the judgment is made every seven years. O.C.G.A. § 9-12-60(a)(3); see Cronic v. Chambers Lumber Co., 292 S.E.2d 852, 853 (1982). If a party makes a bona fide public effort, then no other entry or notice is required besides those that must be made on execution. Hollis v. Lamb, 40 S.E. 751, 754 (Ga. 1902). Under Fed. R. Civ. P Rule 69(a)(1), “[a] money judgment is enforced by a writ of execution, unless the court directs otherwise.” The Rule further provides that “[t]he procedure on execution -- and in proceedings supplementary to and in aid of judgment or execu- tion -- must accord with the procedure of the state where the court is located, but a federal statute governs to the extent it applies.” Fed. R. Civ. P Rule 69(a)(1). USCA11 Case: 24-11829 Document: 11-1 Date Filed: 11/27/2024 Page: 6 of 8

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Here, the district court properly denied Bowers’s motion to vacate.2 For one thing, the motion was untimely because it was filed 11 years after sanctions were ordered and a Rule 60 motion “must be made within a reasonable time.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 60(c)(1). It was also properly denied on the merits. As for Bowers’s argument that ClearOne allegedly violated the automatic stay in Bowers’s bankruptcy case, we disagree. Regardless of when ClearOne requested sanctions, the sanctions were imposed by the court pursuant to its inherent power to impose sanctions and a court’s imposition of sanctions is a police power that falls under the § 363(b)(4) exception. 18 U.S.C. § 363(b)(4). Similarly, Bowers’s claim that the district court’s order improperly relied on United States v. Coulton, 594 F. App’x 563, 563–66 (11th Cir. 2014), is incor- rect. Coulton was not a criminal case, but instead involved the ap- peal of a district court’s order sanctioning an attorney and holding him in civil contempt. Nor are we persuaded by Bowers’s argu- ment that the court erred in not considering sanctions against ClearOne for allegedly violating the automatic stay since Bowers raised the argument for the first time in his motion to vacate and

2 We review Bowers’s motion to vacate as a Rule 60(b)(4) motion. See Rice, 88 F.3d at 918. Although Bowers did not mention Rule 60(b) in his motion to vacate, Bowers was not required to expressly cite Rule 60(b) and the grounds included in his motion could allow for relief under Rule 60(b). Id. at 918–19; Nisson, 975 F.2d at 806. Moreover, the district court applied the legal standard of Rule 60(b) when denying the motion. However, to the extent Bowers’s brief attacks the judgment underlying the motion to vacate, we disregard it because the appeal of an order denying a Rule 60(b) motion does not extend our review to “the efficacy of the underlying judgment.” Rice, 88 F.3d at 919. USCA11 Case: 24-11829 Document: 11-1 Date Filed: 11/27/2024 Page: 7 of 8

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did not properly present this claim. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 15; Cioffe, 676 F.2d at 541. Moreover, Bowers’s claim that the judgment was dormant and unenforceable under O.C.G.A. §§ 9-12-60(a) and 9-12-61 has no merit. As the record reflects, ClearOne made a bona fide public effort to enforce the judgment six years after judgement was en- tered by having a writ of execution filed on September 18, 2018. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 69(a)(1). This means that the judgment never became dormant, see O.C.G.A. § 9-12-60(a), so ClearOne never re- newed the motion, nor did it have to provide any notice of renewal to Bowers. See Cronic, 249 Ga. at 723; Hollis, 40 S.E. at 754. Bow- ers’s argument that he should have received notice of the lien placed on his home is likewise misplaced because there is no evi- dence that a lien was executed on his home stemming from the September 2018 writ. Finally, Bowers’s argument that he was entitled to relief un- der Rule 60(d)(2) and 28 U.S.C. § 1655 because he did not receive notice of ClearOne’s 2018 writ of execution or the alleged writ on his home is incorrect. Bowers was not an absent defendant; he was the plaintiff who initiated litigation. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 60(d)(2); 28 U.S.C. § 1655. In any event, even if Bowers was entitled to relief under Rule 60(d)(2), he still failed to submit his motion within one- year after final judgment as required by § 1655. Id. And as for the new arguments Bowers raises on appeal -- including claims about his constitutional rights -- we decline to consider them since he USCA11 Case: 24-11829 Document: 11-1 Date Filed: 11/27/2024 Page: 8 of 8

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abandoned them by not presenting them in his motion to vacate filed in the district court. See Access Now, Inc., 385 F.3d at 1331. Accordingly, the district court properly dismissed Bowers’s motion to vacate because the motion was untimely, and Bowers has not otherwise presented any meritorious arguments challeng- ing the sanctions or the enforcement of the judgment. AFFIRMED.