USCA11 Case: 22-14113 Document: 48-1 Date Filed: 03/14/2024 Page: 1 of 17

[PUBLISH] In the United States Court of Appeals For the Eleventh Circuit

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No. 22-14113 ____________________

In re: RODNEY DIXON DORAND, Debtor. _________________________________________________ THE ALABAMA CREDITORS, Plaintiffs-Appellants, versus RODNEY DIXON DORAND,

Defendant-Appellee.

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Appeal from the United States Bankruptcy Court for the Northern District of Florida USCA11 Case: 22-14113 Document: 48-1 Date Filed: 03/14/2024 Page: 2 of 17

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D.C. Docket No. 3:21-bk-30205 ____________________

Before WILLIAM PRYOR, Chief Judge, and JILL PRYOR and MARCUS, Circuit Judges. WILLIAM PRYOR, Chief Judge: This appeal requires us to decide whether an individual retire- ment account is part of a debtor’s bankruptcy estate. Creditors ob- tained a $1.6 million default judgment against Rodney Dorand. To satisfy the judgment, the creditors sought funds in Dorand’s indi- vidual retirement account held by Morgan Stanley. Dorand argued that the funds were exempt from collection under state law, but an Alabama court rejected Dorand’s argument and permitted Morgan Stanley to transfer the funds out of Dorand’s account. Before Mor- gan Stanley transferred the funds, Dorand filed a bankruptcy peti- tion under Chapter 7 and asserted that the retirement account was exempt property of his bankruptcy estate. The bankruptcy court agreed with Dorand. Because the Alabama judgment did not extin- guish Dorand’s interest in his account before he filed his bank- ruptcy petition, we affirm. I. BACKGROUND Creditors sued Rodney Dorand in the Circuit Court of Tallapoosa County, Alabama, for damages arising from a failed condominium development. When Dorand failed to appear at trial, the state court entered a default judgment in favor of the cred- itors for $1.6 million. The default judgment was entered against USCA11 Case: 22-14113 Document: 48-1 Date Filed: 03/14/2024 Page: 3 of 17

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Dorand, the Rodney D. and Barbara H. Dorand Living Trust, and other entities. The creditors began collection proceedings in state court. After they sought the funds in an individual retirement account that Dorand had established at Morgan Stanley, the state court issued a writ of garnishment to Morgan Stanley. Morgan Stanley appeared and filed an answer. Dorand moved to quash the writ. He argued that the Alabama court lacked jurisdiction to seize the retirement account by garnish- ment because the account was located in Florida. Dorand also filed a claim of exemption for the retirement account under Alabama Rule of Civil Procedure 64A. He asserted that the retirement ac- count was exempt from garnishment because it contained retire- ment funds. The creditors responded that the funds were not ex- empt because Dorand had failed to file an inventory, as required by Alabama procedural law, and had engaged in prohibited transac- tions, among other reasons. The creditors later moved for alternative relief in the form of a creditor’s bill. See ALA. CODE § 6-6-180. The motion argued that even if the state court’s jurisdiction to garnish the retirement ac- count were questionable, the state court has “indisputable power” to enter an order under section 6-6-180 to recover out-of-state property in the hands of a third party over whom the court has personal jurisdiction. Section 6-6-180 provides that when a judg- ment from any court has been issued against a defendant and is not satisfied, the judgment creditor may file a complaint against that USCA11 Case: 22-14113 Document: 48-1 Date Filed: 03/14/2024 Page: 4 of 17

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defendant “to compel the discovery of any property belonging to him, or held in trust for him, and to prevent the transfer, pay- ment[,] or delivery” of that property to him. Id. The statute em- powers the court to bring “any other party before it and adjudge such property, or the interest of the defendant” in the property “to the satisfaction of the sum due the plaintiff.” Id. The state court denied Dorand’s claim of exemption on the ground that the creditors “filed a proper contest to the claim of ex- emption, making both procedural and substantive challenges.” The state court entered judgment “against Morgan Stanley” for the full value of the retirement account. The creditors moved to amend the judgment after “Morgan Stanley’s legal department re- quest[ed] ‘comfort’ language” specifically stating that Morgan Stan- ley could “set off the judgment against any funds” in Dorand’s in- dividual retirement account. In January 2021, the state court amended the judgment to include Morgan Stanley’s requested lan- guage. The amended judgment was entered “against Morgan Stanley” in the amount of $856,622.39 as follows: The Judgment amount represents moneys [Morgan Stanley] has admitted holding in accounts owned by either Rodney Dorand individually or the [Dorand Living Trust] including an account designated as an Individual Retirement Account by Rodney Dorand. [Morgan Stanley] is authorized to set-off this payment from any funds in its possession and held for the USCA11 Case: 22-14113 Document: 48-1 Date Filed: 03/14/2024 Page: 5 of 17

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benefit of either Rodney Dorand individually or the [Dorand Living Trust]. This specifically includes the right of Morgan Stanley to set-off funds held in an ac- count designated as an Individual Retirement Ac- count. Rodney Dorand’s claim of exemption as to re- tirement funds was denied by the Court at Document 450. Upon remittance of these funds to the Circuit Clerk of Tallapoosa County, Alabama[,] the judg- ment against [Morgan Stanley] will be satisfied. Dorand moved in the trial court and state supreme court to vacate or stay execution of the judgment and for mandamus relief. The courts denied his motions. The amended judgment became non-appealable in February 2021. See ALA. R. APP. P. 4(a)(1). Morgan Stanley liquidated the assets in Dorand’s retirement account to $800,539.46 in cash and requested payment instructions. But Morgan Stanley never wired the funds to the clerk. The credi- tors allege that Dorand’s counsel “obstructed collection” by threat- ening Morgan Stanley with litigation if Morgan Stanley transferred the funds. In April 2021—with the funds still in his retirement account— Dorand filed a voluntary petition for Chapter 7 bankruptcy, see 11 U.S.C. §§ 701–784. He asserted that the retirement account was ex- empt property of his bankruptcy estate. The creditors objected. They argued that the retirement account was not part of the bank- ruptcy estate because the state court denied any claim of USCA11 Case: 22-14113 Document: 48-1 Date Filed: 03/14/2024 Page: 6 of 17

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exemption for those funds and because Dorand could not relitigate that issue. The parties agreed that the bankruptcy court could determine the exemption issue based on the evidence filed by the parties. The evidence included testimony from Morgan Stanley’s corporate rep- resentative. The representative testified that Dorand still owned the retirement account when he filed for bankruptcy. After a hearing and extensive briefing, the bankruptcy court de- termined that the retirement account was Dorand’s exempt prop- erty and that the Alabama judgment against garnishee Morgan Stanley “does not affect the [retirement account’s] exempt status.” The court also determined that Morgan Stanley did not obtain the right to setoff. The order explained that “Morgan Stanley may set off only if and when it pays the state court judgment,” and payment “has not happened.” We granted the parties’ joint petition for direct appeal. 28 U.S.C. § 158(d)(2)(A)(iii). And we later granted Morgan Stanley leave to file a brief as amicus curiae and to participate in oral argu- ment. II. STANDARDS OF REVIEW We review a bankruptcy court’s legal conclusions de novo but its factual findings for clear error. In re Bilzerian, 100 F.3d 886, 889 (11th Cir. 1996). We review de novo the interpretation of the Bank- ruptcy Code. In re Meehan, 102 F.3d 1209, 1210 (11th Cir. 1997). And we review de novo a bankruptcy court’s application of the Rooker- USCA11 Case: 22-14113 Document: 48-1 Date Filed: 03/14/2024 Page: 7 of 17

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Feldman doctrine and collateral estoppel. Lozman v. City of Riviera Beach, 713 F.3d 1066, 1069 (11th Cir. 2013). III. DISCUSSION We divide our discussion in four parts. First, we explain why the bankruptcy court had jurisdiction to decide Dorand’s exemp- tion claim. Second, we explain why the retirement account is part of Dorand’s bankruptcy estate. Third, we explain why the Alabama judgment did not create a right to setoff. Last, we explain why nei- ther the full faith and credit statute nor collateral estoppel bar the judgment of the bankruptcy court. A. The Bankruptcy Court Had Jurisdiction to Decide Dorand’s Claim of Exemption. The creditors argue that under the Rooker-Feldman doctrine, the bankruptcy court lacked jurisdiction to decide Dorand’s claim of exemption. Dorand responds that the bankruptcy court’s ruling did not violate Rooker-Feldman because he did not ask the bank- ruptcy court to overturn a state court judgment. We agree with Dorand. Rooker-Feldman is a “narrow jurisdictional doctrine” that pro- hibits a party who loses in state court from “appeal[ing] that loss in a federal district court.” Behr v. Campbell, 8 F.4th 1206, 1208 (11th Cir. 2021). The doctrine is named after two Supreme Court deci- sions, Rooker v. Fidelity Trust Co., 263 U.S. 413 (1923), and District of Columbia Court of Appeals v. Feldman, 460 U.S. 462 (1983), that to- gether hold that a federal district court may not review a state court civil judgment because only the Supreme Court of the United USCA11 Case: 22-14113 Document: 48-1 Date Filed: 03/14/2024 Page: 8 of 17

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States may exercise appellate jurisdiction over state court judg- ments in civil cases. See Exxon Mobil Corp. v. Saudi Basic Indus. Corp., 544 U.S. 280, 283–84 (2005). The Rooker-Feldman doctrine “follows naturally from the jurisdictional boundaries that Congress has set for the federal courts.” Behr, 8 F.4th at 1210. The Rooker-Feldman doctrine “almost never” requires dismissal. Id. at 1212. A claim should be dismissed under Rooker-Feldman only when “a losing state court litigant calls on a district court to modify or ‘overturn an injurious state-court judgment.’” Id. at 1210 (quot- ing Exxon Mobil, 544 U.S. at 292). Federal courts “do not lose subject matter jurisdiction over a claim ‘simply because a party attempts to litigate in federal court a matter previously litigated in state court.’” Id. (quoting Exxon Mobil, 544 U.S. at 293). The bankruptcy court’s ruling did not implicate Rooker-Feld- man. Neither party asked the bankruptcy court to “modify” or “overturn” the Alabama judgment. Instead, the parties disputed the effect of the judgment. The creditors argued that the judgment extinguished Dorand’s interest in the retirement account, and Dorand responded that the judgment did not terminate his inter- est. But those arguments about the effect of the Alabama judgment are not invitations to overrule it. B. The Individual Retirement Account is Part of Dorand’s Bankruptcy Estate. Whether the individual retirement account is part of Dorand’s bankruptcy estate turns on whether the Alabama judgment termi- nated Dorand’s interest in the account. The creditors argue that the USCA11 Case: 22-14113 Document: 48-1 Date Filed: 03/14/2024 Page: 9 of 17

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Alabama judgment “fully and finally terminated” Dorand’s rights to and interests in the retirement account. Dorand responds that he still had an interest in the account when he filed for bankruptcy. Because the Alabama judgment gave Morgan Stanley only a lim- ited right to transfer Dorand’s funds, and Morgan Stanley failed to exercise that right before Dorand filed for bankruptcy, we agree with Dorand. “The commencement of a [Chapter 7 bankruptcy proceeding] creates an estate.” 11 U.S.C. § 541(a). That estate includes, with limited exceptions, all of the debtor’s “legal or equitable interests” in property, “wherever located and by whomever held,” on the day the debtor files his bankruptcy petition. Id. § 541(a)(1); In re Brace- well, 454 F.3d 1234, 1237 (11th Cir. 2006). “‘Property of the estate’ is defined broadly.” In re Lewis, 137 F.3d 1280, 1283 (11th Cir. 1998) (citing 11 U.S.C. § 541(a)(1)); see also United States v. Whiting Pools, Inc., 462 U.S. 198, 204 (1983) (“Congress intended a broad range of property to be included in the estate.”). But property in which the debtor has no property interest is not part of the bankruptcy estate. See 11 U.S.C. § 541(a)(1). Federal law determines whether a debtor’s interest in property becomes property of the bankruptcy estate, and state law determines the nature and extent of that inter- est. In re Thomas, 883 F.2d 991, 995 (11th Cir. 1989). The Alabama court entered judgment based on its authority under the creditor’s bill statute. See ALA. CODE § 6-6-180. A credi- tor’s bill is an “equitable proceeding brought by a creditor to en- force the payment of a debt out of property of his debtor.” Wyers USCA11 Case: 22-14113 Document: 48-1 Date Filed: 03/14/2024 Page: 10 of 17

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v. Keenon, 762 So. 2d 353, 355 (Ala. 1999) (alterations adopted) (in- ternal quotation marks omitted) (quoting Creditor’s Bill, BLACK’S LAW DICTIONARY 369 (6th ed. 1990)). The Alabama statute permits a court to “bring any other party before it” and “adjudge . . . prop- erty, or the interest of the defendant” in the property “to the satis- faction of the sum due the plaintiff.” ALA. CODE § 6-6-180. A judg- ment can alter a debtor’s interest in his property. See id. (stating that a judgment can “prevent the transfer, payment[,] or delivery” of the debtor’s property). But a judgment does not necessarily extin- guish all of a debtor’s interests in his property. The Alabama judgment did not extinguish Dorand’s interest in the funds in his retirement account. Indeed, the judgment states that Dorand still “own[s]” the account. Consistent with that under- standing, Morgan Stanley’s corporate representative testified that Dorand owned the account when he filed for bankruptcy. The judgment “authorized” Morgan Stanley to “remit[]” cer- tain funds to the state court clerk. But that language created only a limited right for Morgan Stanley. And the judgment specified that it would not be “satisfied” until Morgan Stanley “remitt[ed]” the funds to the clerk. It is undisputed that Morgan Stanley did not re- mit the funds before Dorand filed for bankruptcy. As other courts have ruled, the debtor’s funds in a retirement account are property of a bankruptcy estate if the funds remain in the account, notwith- standing a state court turnover order, when the debtor files for bankruptcy. See In re Quade, 498 B.R. 852, 855–56 (N.D. Ill. 2013) (affirming bankruptcy court’s determination that a retirement USCA11 Case: 22-14113 Document: 48-1 Date Filed: 03/14/2024 Page: 11 of 17

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account was property of a bankruptcy estate because the account manager had not transferred the funds out of the debtor’s account before the debtor filed for bankruptcy); In re Allen, 203 B.R. 786, 793–94 (Bankr. M.D. Fla. 1996) (rejecting argument that an individ- ual retirement account was not property of a bankruptcy estate be- cause of a prepetition order directing the turnover of retirement funds). The Alabama judgment was not a personal judgment against Morgan Stanley. The Supreme Court of Alabama has held that “when a creditor’s bill is brought to reach a debtor’s assets in the hands of a third person,” the “general rule” is that “a personal judg- ment cannot be rendered against that third person.” Wyers, 762 So. 2d at 355–56. So Morgan Stanley was not—and could not have been—obligated to pay the judgment from its own funds. The creditors insist that the Alabama judgment “forever settled Dorand’s and Morgan Stanley’s rights and obligations with respect to the money held” in the account. But they do not identify any language in the judgment that achieved that result. The judgment on its face creates no duty for Morgan Stanley to transfer any funds. The creditors rely on In re Marona to contend that the judgment terminated Dorand’s interest in his account. See 54 B.R. 65 (Bankr. N.D. Ala. 1985). In Marona, a debtor was sued for damages arising from a car accident. Id. at 66. An Alabama statute required the debtor to deposit funds with the Department of Public Safety to satisfy any future judgments against him. Id. A companion statute provided that when deposited, those funds could be used only for USCA11 Case: 22-14113 Document: 48-1 Date Filed: 03/14/2024 Page: 12 of 17

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the payment of a judgment rendered against the depositor. Id. at 67. After judgment was entered against him, the debtor filed for bankruptcy and attempted to recover the deposited funds as prop- erty of his bankruptcy estate. Id. at 66. By that point, the funds had been remitted to the state court clerk in accordance with the judg- ment. Id. The bankruptcy court held that the debtor had no legal or equitable interest in the deposit because the statute stated that the funds were available only to pay a judgment against the depos- itor. Id. at 67. Marona is distinguishable for at least two reasons. First, the stat- utory deposit scheme in Marona is materially different from the re- tirement account that Dorand maintained at Morgan Stanley. Dorand did not deposit funds under a statutory mandate that ear- marked the funds for a single purpose. Instead, he deposited funds into an account that he owned and voluntarily created. Second, in Marona, the funds had been remitted to the state court clerk before the debtor filed for bankruptcy. Here, in contrast, Morgan Stanley did not remit the funds to the state court clerk before Dorand filed for bankruptcy. The Alabama judgment might have altered Dorand’s rights to the retirement account. But absent exceptions that do not apply here, a bankruptcy estate includes all property in which the debtor has a legal or equitable interest. See 11 U.S.C. § 541(a)(1). Morgan Stanley had a legal right to remit certain funds for a single purpose, but it failed to do so before Dorand filed for bankruptcy. And filing for bankruptcy “stops all collection efforts.” In re McLean, 794 F.3d USCA11 Case: 22-14113 Document: 48-1 Date Filed: 03/14/2024 Page: 13 of 17

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1313, 1320 n.3 (11th Cir. 2015) (citation and internal quotation marks omitted). Dorand had an interest in the retirement account when he filed for bankruptcy, and the bankruptcy court correctly determined that the retirement account was part of Dorand’s bank- ruptcy estate. C. The Alabama Judgment Did Not Create a Right to Setoff. The creditors argue that the Alabama judgment created a right to setoff in favor of Morgan Stanley. But because the right to setoff cannot arise unless two parties owe mutual debts, and Dorand did not owe a debt to Morgan Stanley, the bankruptcy court correctly held that the judgment did not create a right to setoff. The right to setoff is the right of parties “to cancel out mutual debts against one another in full or in part.” In re Patterson, 967 F.2d 505, 508 (11th Cir. 1992). “The purpose of setoff is to avoid ‘the absurdity of making A pay B when B owes A’” an equal or greater sum. Id. at 508–09 (quoting Studley v. Boylston Nat’l Bank, 229 U.S. 523, 528 (1913)). The Bankruptcy Code preserves the right to set off prepetition debts. See 11 U.S.C. § 553. But “[s]ubstantive law, usually state law, determines the validity of the right.” Patterson, 967 F.2d at 509. Three elements must be present for a right to setoff to arise under section 553. First, the parties must owe mutual debts. 11 U.S.C. § 553(a). Second, the debts must have arisen before the debtor filed for bankruptcy. Id. And third, the setoff cannot fall within the exceptions listed in subsections 553(a)(1), (2), or (3). Id. USCA11 Case: 22-14113 Document: 48-1 Date Filed: 03/14/2024 Page: 14 of 17

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To be sure, the parties agree that Morgan Stanley owed a debt to Dorand. When a customer deposits funds into his bank account, the bank takes title to the money, and it owes a debt to its customer for the deposit amount. See Isaiah v. JPMorgan Chase Bank, 960 F.3d 1296, 1302 (11th Cir. 2020) (explaining that “when an ac- countholder deposits money into his bank account, the bank takes title to the money”). But the parties dispute whether Dorand owed a debt to Mor- gan Stanley. The creditors argue that Dorand owed Morgan Stan- ley the value of the retirement account to reimburse Morgan Stan- ley for the debt it incurred under the judgment. Dorand responds that he never owed a debt to Morgan Stanley. The judgment did not create a debt that Dorand owed to Mor- gan Stanley. Instead, it gave Morgan Stanley a limited right to transfer some of Dorand’s funds to the state court clerk. Morgan Stanley did not have—and could not have—any obligation to pay the judgment from its own funds because the judgment was not a “personal judgment” against Morgan Stanley. Wyers, 762 So. 2d at 355–56 (explaining that “when a creditor’s bill is brought to reach a debtor’s assets in the hands of a third person,” a personal judg- ment ordinarily “cannot be rendered against that third person”). The judgment did not—and could not—require Morgan Stanley to pay the judgment first and have Dorand reimburse it later. Because the judgment did not create a debt that Dorand owed to Morgan Stanley, the right to setoff never arose. USCA11 Case: 22-14113 Document: 48-1 Date Filed: 03/14/2024 Page: 15 of 17

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D. Neither the Full Faith and Credit Statute Nor Collateral Estoppel Prohibits the Bankruptcy Court’s Ruling. The creditors argue that the full faith and credit statute and col- lateral estoppel barred the bankruptcy court from ruling on Dorand’s claim of exemption. Dorand responds that neither doc- trine barred the bankruptcy court’s ruling. We agree with Dorand. The full faith and credit statute provides that “state judicial pro- ceedings ‘shall have the same full faith and credit in every court within the United States . . . as they have by law or usage in the courts of such State . . . from which they are taken.’” Marrese v. Am. Acad. of Orthopaedic Surgeons, 470 U.S. 373, 380 (1985) (quoting 28 U.S.C. § 1738). As applied to judgments, “‘the full faith and credit obligation is exacting.’” V.L. v. E.L., 577 U.S. 404, 407 (2016) (quoting Baker v. Gen. Motors Corp., 522 U.S. 222, 233 (1998)). “‘A final judg- ment in one State, if rendered by a court with adjudicatory author- ity over the subject matter and persons governed by the judgment, qualifies for recognition throughout the land.’” Id. (quoting Baker, 522 U.S. at 233). This appeal does not implicate the full faith and credit statute because Dorand did not ask the bankruptcy court to ignore or set aside the Alabama judgment. Instead, he made arguments about the meaning of that judgment—specifically, whether it terminated all of his rights to his retirement account. His arguments concern what the Alabama judgment accomplished. He never asked the bankruptcy court or this Court to ignore the judgment or set it aside. USCA11 Case: 22-14113 Document: 48-1 Date Filed: 03/14/2024 Page: 16 of 17

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The creditors also argue that Dorand is collaterally estopped from “claiming any exemption that he was denied by the Alabama judgment.” “Collateral estoppel,” or “issue preclusion,” bars the “relitigation of an issue of fact or law that has been litigated and decided in a prior suit.” CSX Transp., Inc. v. Bhd. of Maint. of Way Emps., 327 F.3d 1309, 1317 (11th Cir. 2003) (citation and internal quotation marks omitted). The doctrine is designed to “promot[e] judicial economy” and “protect[] litigants from the burden of relit- igating an identical issue with the same party.” Id. (citation and in- ternal quotation marks omitted). We apply Alabama law to deter- mine whether collateral estoppel applies. See In re St. Laurent, 991 F.2d 672, 675–76 (11th Cir. 1993). In Alabama, collateral estoppel has four elements: (1) the issue in the present action must be iden- tical to the issue litigated in the prior action; (2) the issue must have been actually litigated in the prior action; (3) the resolution of the issue must have been a necessary part of the prior judgment; and (4) the same parties must be involved in the two actions. Lee L. Saad Const. Co. v. DPF Architects, P.C., 851 So. 2d 507, 520 (Ala. 2002). Collateral estoppel does not apply because it is not clear that resolution of the issue in this appeal—whether Dorand’s retire- ment account was exempt—was a “necessary” part of the Alabama judgment. See id. The Alabama court denied Dorand’s claim of ex- emption on the ground that the creditors “filed a proper contest to the claim of exemption, making both procedural and substantive challenges.” But the court never specified whether it was denying Dorand’s claim of exemption on procedural grounds, substantive grounds, or both. When a “judgment fails to distinguish as to USCA11 Case: 22-14113 Document: 48-1 Date Filed: 03/14/2024 Page: 17 of 17

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which of two or more independently adequate grounds is the one relied upon, it is impossible to determine with certainty what issues were in fact adjudicated, and the judgment has no preclusive ef- fect.” In re St. Laurent, 991 F.2d at 676. Accordingly, collateral estop- pel does not apply. IV. CONCLUSION We AFFIRM the judgment in favor of Dorand.