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[DO NOT PUBLISH] In the United States Court of Appeals For the Eleventh Circuit ____________________ No. 21-10387 ____________________ STACEY IAN HUMPHREYS, Petitioner-Appellant, versus WARDEN, GEORGIA DIAGNOSTIC PRISON, Respondent-Appellee.

____________________ Appeal from the United States District Court for the Northern District of Georgia D.C. Docket No. 1:18-cv-02534-LMM ____________________ USCA11 Case: 21-10387 Document: 51-1 Date Filed: 06/11/2024 Page: 2 of 74

PER CURIAM: Petitioner Stacey Humphreys, a death-row inmate in Geor- gia, filed a petition for writ of habeas corpus pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2254. Between the district court and this Court, Humphreys re- ceived a certificate of appealability (“COA”) on four issues. First, Humphreys asserts that juror misconduct and bias plagued the pro- ceedings and deprived him of his due-process rights. Second, Humphreys contends the trial court gave an improper Allen charge, which compounded the juror misconduct. And third and fourth, Humphreys asks us to find that his trial counsel was ineffective dur- ing the investigation and presentation of mitigating evidence and that his appellate counsel was ineffective for failing to raise the ju- ror-misconduct claim sooner.

After careful consideration of the claims and with the bene- fit of oral argument, we affirm the district court’s denial of the ha- beas petition.

I. BACKGROUND A. Facts Humphreys was arrested for the murders of Cynthia Wil- liams and Lori Brown in November 2003. Jimmy Berry was ap- pointed as trial counsel. After the state issued its notice of intent to seek the death penalty in February 2004, the Georgia Capital De- fender’s Office (“GCD”) signed onto the case with its director, USCA11 Case: 21-10387 Document: 51-1 Date Filed: 06/11/2024 Page: 3 of 74

21-10387 Opinion of the Court 3 Chris Adams, joining Berry. The responsibility for Humphreys’s case shifted over the course of four years, but Berry remained on the case the entire time. Teri Thompson from GCD replaced Ad- ams and worked on the case from January 2006 until June 2007. At that time, Deborah Czuba (who had also been working on the case during the same period as Thompson) became the second-chair at- torney. Berry was first chair, presenting both the guilt and sentenc- ing phases.

At trial, the evidence showed the following tragic facts relat- ing to the murders of Williams and Brown: At approximately 12:40 p.m. on November 3, 2003, Humphreys, a convicted felon who was still on parole, entered a home construction company’s sales office located in a model home for a new subdivision in Cobb County [Georgia]. Cindy Williams and Lori Brown were employed there as real estate agents.

Finding Ms. Williams alone in the office, Humphreys used a stolen handgun to force her to undress and to reveal the personal identification number (PIN) for her automated teller machine (ATM) card. After call- ing Ms. Williams’s bank to learn the amount of her current balance, Humphreys tied her underwear so tightly around her neck that, when her body was dis- covered, her neck bore a prominent ligature mark and her tongue was protruding from her mouth, which had turned purple. While choking Ms. Williams, Humphreys forced her to get down on her hands and knees and to move into Ms. Brown’s office and behind Ms. Brown’s desk. Humphreys placed his handgun at USCA11 Case: 21-10387 Document: 51-1 Date Filed: 06/11/2024 Page: 4 of 74

Ms. Brown entered the office during or shortly after Humphreys’s attack on Ms. Williams, and he at- tacked her too. Ms. Brown suffered a hemorrhage in her throat that was consistent with her having been choked in a headlock-type grip or having been struck in the throat. Humphreys also forced Ms. Brown to undress and to reveal her PIN, called her bank to ob- tain her balance, and made her kneel with her head facing the floor. Then, while standing over Ms. Brown, Humphreys fired one gunshot through her head, this time using both a bag of balloons and Ms. Brown’s folded blouse to muffle the sound. He dragged her body to her desk, took both victims’ driver’s licenses and ATM and credit cards, and left the scene at approximately 1:30 p.m. Neither victim sus- tained any defensive wounds.

When the builder, whose office was located in the model home’s basement, heard the door chime of the security system indicating that someone had ex- ited the sales office, he went to the sales office to meet with the [real-estate] agents. There he discovered Ms. Brown’s body and called 911. The responding police officer discovered Ms. Williams’s body.

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21-10387 Opinion of the Court 5 After interviewing the builder and canvassing the neighborhood, the police released to the media descriptions of the suspect and a Dodge Durango truck seen at the sales office near the time of the crimes. In response, someone at the job site where Humphreys worked called to advise that Humphreys and his vehicle matched those descriptions and that Humphreys did not report to work on the day of the crimes. The police began to investigate Humphreys and made arrangements through his parole officer to meet with him on the morning of November 7, 2003.

Humphreys skipped the meeting, however, and eluded police officers who had him under surveil- lance.

Humphreys was apprehended in Wisconsin the following day. Police there recovered from the console of his rental vehicle a Ruger 9-millimeter pis- tol, which was determined to be the murder weapon.

Swabbings from that gun revealed blood containing Ms. Williams’s DNA. A stain on the driver-side floor- mat of Humphreys’s Durango was determined to be blood containing Ms. Brown’s DNA.

After the murders, the victims’ ATM cards were used to withdraw over $3,000 from their ac- counts. Two days after the murders, Humphreys de- posited $1,000 into his account, and he had approxi- mately $800 in cash in his possession when he was ar- rested. Humphreys claimed in a statement to the po- lice that he did not remember his actions at the time of the crimes. However, when asked why he fled, he USCA11 Case: 21-10387 Document: 51-1 Date Filed: 06/11/2024 Page: 6 of 74

Humphreys v. State, 694 S.E.2d 316, 322–23 (Ga. 2010).

Humphreys was convicted on September 25, 2007, in the Su- perior Court of Cobb County, Georgia, of two counts each of mal- ice murder, felony murder, aggravated assault, kidnapping, and armed robbery in connection with the murders of the two women at their workplace. Defense counsel then presented evidence of mitigation during the sentencing phase. Trial counsel’s mitigation strategy was to show that Humphreys suffered severe and frequent physical abuse as a child and suffered from Asperger’s Syndrome.

On September 30, 2007, after a sentencing hearing, the same jury found the existence of several statutory aggravating circumstances and recommended a sentence of death. The trial court imposed death sentences for each murder.

B. Jury Selection and Deliberations Much of Humphreys’s petition centers on the selection of a particular individual as a juror, Linda Chancey, and her interaction with other jurors during the sentencing phase. To explain Hum- phreys’s claim, we must first discuss the jury-selection process and the jury’s deliberations. We note from the outset, though, that most of this information comes from post-sentencing interviews USCA11 Case: 21-10387 Document: 51-1 Date Filed: 06/11/2024 Page: 7 of 74

21-10387 Opinion of the Court 7 of jurors that the trial court later found to be inadmissible and the Supreme Court of Georgia agreed.

During jury selection, prospective juror Linda Chancey stated on a questionnaire that she had been the victim of an armed robbery and attempted rape. Both the questionnaire and her voir dire testimony revealed that her assailant was a convicted murderer who had escaped from a mental hospital. When the prosecution asked her about the incident during voir dire, Chancey said that her assailant “actually didn’t do [her] any physical bodily harm. [She] was able to escape before he ever actually physically entered the dwelling, so it was preempted.” Chancey further attested that her prior experience would not prevent her from sitting as a fair juror and that she felt she could listen to the evidence and follow the law.

Defense counsel did not ask any follow-up questions. Nor did he challenge Chancey for cause or bias, even though the defense had a preemptory strike remaining. Chancey was seated on the jury.

In contrast to her answers during the voir dire process, Chancey apparently told the other jurors during deliberations that her assailant actually breached her home and attacked her. In an unsworn statement, another juror stated that Chancey told the ju- rors she “had been attacked in her bed in her apartment. [She] was naked in her bed and a man broke in and attacked her. [She] ran into the halls of her apartment and finally someone opened the door.” When jurors asked Chancey if she told the attorneys this, she said she hadn’t thought about it. After trial, investigators for Humphreys went to Chancey’s home to conduct an interview.

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Humphreys also asserts that Chancey bullied other jurors into voting for a death sentence. Deliberations were contentious and lengthy. According to Susan Barber, the jury foreperson, from “day one, [Chancey] had her mind made up: early in the trial – be- fore the end of the first phase – she said something along the lines of he’s guilty and he deserves to die.” Chancey later stated that she “would only vote for death.” Following the presentation of evi- dence during sentencing, initially, three jurors—Susan Barber, Alma Pogue, and Tara Newsome—believed that Humphreys should receive life without parole and indicated they wouldn’t vote for death (resulting in a vote of 9-3 in favor of death). It became apparent that two of the jurors (Barber and Pogue) were set on a life sentence (resulting in a vote of 10-2), so two male jurors began trying to convince the other eight jurors to change their votes from death to life without parole. Later, the jurors agreed that they would unanimously vote for life without parole, but when the ju- rors tallied their votes, Chancey voted for death. At that point, the vote was 11-1 in favor of life without parole. The deliberations continued and became quite heated, eventually resulting in a ver- dict for death.

A post-trial investigation revealed some jurors claimed that Chancey yelled and cursed at others during deliberations. Chancey USCA11 Case: 21-10387 Document: 51-1 Date Filed: 06/11/2024 Page: 9 of 74

21-10387 Opinion of the Court 9 herself agreed that the deliberations in the penalty phase were “vol- atile” with screaming and raised voices, and at one point, another juror “took a swing” at Chancey and punched a hole in the wall.

Chancey went through the crime-scene photos, threw them on the table and showed them to the other jurors and asked them, “[D]o you want this to happen to someone you know? And Chancey yelled at the other jurors that she intended to “stay here till forever if it takes it for [Humphreys] to get death.” Chancey also “put her feet up on the table and said that she was digging in and she would not change her vote.” She told the others that “they had to reach a unanimous decision or [Humphreys] would be paroled.”

After deliberating for approximately eight hours over a pe- riod of two days, Jury Foreperson Barber, wrote a note to the court which stated as follows: We, the jury, have agreed on statutory aggravating circumstances on both counts, but not on the penalty.

While we agreed that life imprisonment with parole is not an option, we are unable to come to a unani- mous decision on either death or life imprisonment without parole as a sentence. Please advise. (emphasis added). Before Barber provided the note to the court, however, Chancey, added the word “currently.” Barber re-wrote the note and the version sent to the court stated as follows: We, the jury, have agreed on statutory aggravating circumstances on both counts, but not on the penalty.

Currently we agreed life imprisonment with parole is not an acceptable option. We are currently unable to USCA11 Case: 21-10387 Document: 51-1 Date Filed: 06/11/2024 Page: 10 of 74

Chancey said she revised the note because she did not want to give the court the impression that the jury was at an impasse.

She believed the manner in which Barber originally wrote the note could have resulted in a mistrial, which she said she “wasn’t going to let [] happen.” 1 The court placed the note in the record but did not read it aloud, instead summarizing its contents for the parties and letting them know that the court intended to instruct the jury to keep deliberating.2 At that time, the trial court told the jury, “[Y]ou need to continue with your deliberations, and address the remaining issues.”

Humphreys points out that under controlling law at the time, if the jury failed to reach a unanimous decision on the death penalty, the court would have imposed a sentence of life without

2 The court summarized the contents of the note as follows: [The jurors have] indicated that they have reached a verdict in regard to some of the issues that have been submitted to them, but have not yet reached a decision on other issues that were submitted to them.

Humphreys, 694 S.E.2d at 331.

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21-10387 Opinion of the Court 11 the possibility of parole. See O.C.G.A. § 17-10-31.1(c) (repealed by Ga. L. 2009 p.223, § 6, effective April 29, 2009). 3 Rather than informing the jury about this statute, the trial court told the jury to continue deliberating after receiving its note.

When the jury did so, the deliberations became quite heated with Chancey “yell[ing]” at and making personal attacks on the other jurors. Chancey also apparently used her prior experience as a vic- tim of a crime to pressure the other jurors to impose the death penalty. As we’ve described, Chancey shared a version of her

§ 17-10-31.1(c) (emphases added).

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Following three more hours of deliberations, Foreperson Barber sent a second note to the court asking that the jurors be allowed to rehear a taped statement that Humphreys had given to law enforcement. See Humphreys, 694 S.E.2d at 32. After listening to the recording, the jury resumed deliberations for approximately two more hours, at which point, defense counsel moved for a mis- trial. Id. The trial court denied the motion, finding that the jury had not indicated it was deadlocked. Id. Another two hours of deliberations passed, and Barber sent yet another note to the court. This one read, “Due to the hostile nature of one of the jurors, I am asking to be removed from the jury.” The trial court read the note to the parties and informed them that it intended to give the jury a modified Allen 4 charge. De- fense counsel renewed its motion for a mistrial, but the trial court again denied the motion. The judge brought the jury into the courtroom and issued the following charge: The Court deems it advisable at this time to give you some instruction in regard to the manner in which you should be conducting your deliberations in the case. You’ve been deliberating upon this case for a period of time. The Court deems it proper to advise

4 See Allen v. United States, 164 U.S. 492 (1896).

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21-10387 Opinion of the Court 13 you further in regard to the desirability of agreement, if possible.

The case has been exhaustively and carefully tried by both sides and has been submitted to you for decision and verdict, if possible, and not for disagree- ment. It is the law that a unanimous verdict is required.

While this verdict must be the conclusion of each juror independently, and not a mere acquies- cence of the jurors in order to reach an agreement, it is nevertheless necessary for all the jurors to examine the issues and the questions submitted to them with candor and with fairness and with a proper regard for in [sic] deference to the opinion of each other.

A proper regard for the judgment of others will greatly aid us in forming our own judgment.

Each juror should listen with courtesy to the argu- ments of the other jurors with the disposition to be convinced by them.

If the members of the jury differ in their view of the evidence, the difference of opinion should cause them all to scrutinize the evidence more care- fully and closely and to reexamine the grounds of their own opinion.

Your duty is to decide the issues that have been submitted to you if you can consci[enti]ously do so. In conferring, you should lay aside all mere pride of opinion and should bear in mind that the jury room is no place for hostility or taking up and maintaining in a spirit of controversy either side of the cause.

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You may, again, retire to the jury room for a reasonable time, examine your differences in a spirit of fairness and candor and courtesy, and try to arrive at a verdict if you can conscientiously do so. At this time, you may return to the jury room. (emphases added).

Later interviews with the jurors revealed that Foreperson Barber and other jurors took from this instruction that the jury’s decision on sentencing must be unanimous. And they believed if they were deadlocked, Humphreys would get life imprisonment with the possibility of parole or that he could “walk.” After receiv- ing the third note, the court did not ask why Barber wished to be removed from the jury. And Barber later explained that she did not believe it was an option to send another note to the court stating that the jury was deadlocked since “[t]he judge had made it clear that it didn’t matter: [the jury] didn’t have a choice other than to be unanimous.” That day, the jury deliberated for an additional two hours before retiring for the evening at 10:20 p.m.

The next day, when the jury resumed deliberations, Foreper- son Barber decided to “fight for [a sentence of ] life without pa- role.” At that point in the deliberations, Foreperson Barber and Juror Pogue were the only two not voting for death. Despite USCA11 Case: 21-10387 Document: 51-1 Date Filed: 06/11/2024 Page: 15 of 74

21-10387 Opinion of the Court 15 Barber’s intent to fight, Chancey would “not engage in debate at all.” The parties could hear “screaming” coming from the jury room. Barber became “extremely distressed and locked [herself ] in the bathroom and cried.” She later expressed that she felt they had run out of options because she “thought that unanimity was our only choice.” Pogue deferred to Barber as to whether to “stick it out” but the two finally relented, and after two hours of deliber- ations, the jury returned two death sentences because they “didn’t want Mr. Humphreys to go free.”

Barber expressed that she believed she “had absolutely no other option . . . [She] cried the entire time. [She said] [i]t was one of the hardest things [she had] ever done because [she] was not true to [her] own belief about what the proper sentence should be.” Barber also said if she had known that “not being unanimous meant a sentence of life without parole in this case, it would have been easy to stand [her] ground as long as [she] needed to.”

On September 30, 2007, the jury found the existence of sev- eral statutory aggravating factors and recommended that Hum- phreys be executed.5 The trial court ultimately imposed two death sentences for the murders of Williams and Brown.

§ 17-10-30(b)(10), which provides that a jury may impose a death sentence when the “murder was committed for the purpose of avoiding, interfering with, or preventing a lawful arrest or custody in a place of lawful confinement, of himself or another.” The Supreme Court of Georgia later found that the USCA11 Case: 21-10387 Document: 51-1 Date Filed: 06/11/2024 Page: 16 of 74

The trial court denied the motion for new trial. Among other conclusions, the trial court determined that both the juror and investigator affidavits were inadmissible under O.C.G.A. § 17- 9-41 and did not fall under any exception. That statutory section provided that the “[a]ffidavits of jurors may be taken to sustain but not to impeach their verdict.” The trial court explained that excep- tions to the rule are allowed “where extrajudicial and prejudicial information has been brought to the jury’s attention improperly, or where non-jurors have interfered with the jury’s deliberations.”

The trial court determined that the affidavits did not offer any evi- dence of extrajudicial prejudicial information improperly brought

jury’s reliance on O.C.G.A. § 17-10-30(b)(10) as an aggravating factor was im- proper but still affirmed the death sentence.

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21-10387 Opinion of the Court 17 to the jury’s attention or allege any non-juror interference had oc- curred. Accordingly, the court concluded that the affidavits did not fall into any exception to § 17-9-41 and could not be considered.

Regarding the Allen charge, the trial court looked to the de- cision in Walker v. State, 635 S.E.2d 740, 748 (Ga. 2006). There, the defendant made a similar claim of error because, during the sen- tencing phase, the jury was told, “[Y]our verdict as to penalty must be unanimous” and it was directed to continue deliberating after the jury told the trial court that it could not reach a unanimous verdict. Id. The trial court pointed out that in Walker, the Supreme Court of Georgia rejected the claim of error since Georgia law ex- pects a jury to consider all the evidence and attempt to reach una- nimity on the issue of sentence, and, if possible, unanimously rec- ommend a sentence. Based on Walker, the trial court rejected Humphreys’s Allen-charge claim and ultimately denied the motion for new trial.

2. Direct Appeal In Humphreys’s direct appeal, he again raised the issue of the Allen charge and again omitted any claim of juror misconduct.

He argued that the portion of the instruction that stated that “[i]t is the law that a unanimous verdict is required” was an incorrect statement of the law in the sentencing phase of a death-penalty case and misled the jurors. Humphreys, 694 S.E.2d at 332–33. The Supreme Court of Georgia disagreed, affirming Humphreys’s con- victions and sentences. Id. at 334−36.

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The Supreme Court of Georgia then turned to the issue of whether the Allen charge was “so coercive as to cause a juror to ‘abandon an honest conviction for reasons other than those based upon the trial or the arguments of other jurors.’” Id. at 333−34 (quoting Mayfield v. State, 578 S.E.2d 438, 443 (2003)). The Court concluded it was not. Id. at 334.

Still, the Court recognized that the charge could lead to claims of jury confusion that require an analysis of the circum- stances of the jury instructions given. Id. It then analyzed the charge in Humphreys’s case and found that the challenged “una- nimity” language was just a “small portion of the extensive Allen charge given.” Id. The court determined that the overall charge passed muster. It explained, [The overall Allen charge] [c]autioned the jurors that the verdict was not to be the . . . mere acquiescence [of the jurors] in order to reach an agreement, that any difference of opinion should cause the jurors to scrutinize the evidence more [carefully and] closely and that the aim was to keep the truth in view as it USCA11 Case: 21-10387 Document: 51-1 Date Filed: 06/11/2024 Page: 19 of 74

21-10387 Opinion of the Court 19 appeared from the evidence, considered in light of the court’s instructions.

Id. (cleaned up).

The Court also noted that after the publication of the ver- dicts, the jury was polled. Id. At that time, each juror affirmed that the verdicts announced were the verdicts that they had reached and that each juror had reached the verdicts without pressure from an- yone during deliberations. Id. Ultimately, the Court concluded the Allen charge did not unduly coerce the jury into rendering a death sentence because the “unanimous verdict” language was required and was “one small portion of an otherwise balanced and fair Allen charge.” Id. But because potential problems existed with the Allen charge that could result in claims of jury confusion, the Court in- structed future trial courts “to omit this language from Allen charges given during the sentencing phase of death penalty trials.”

Id. The Supreme Court of the United States denied Hum- phreys’s petition for writ of certiorari on November 15, 2010. See Humphreys v. Georgia, 562 U.S. 1046 (2010).

D. Habeas Proceedings 1. State Habeas Petition Humphreys filed a petition for writ of habeas corpus in the Superior Court of Butts County on February 14, 2011. He later amended that petition to include twenty-one claims for relief. As relevant here, Humphreys contended that (1) trial counsel were USCA11 Case: 21-10387 Document: 51-1 Date Filed: 06/11/2024 Page: 20 of 74

The state habeas court held an evidentiary hearing in Febru- ary 2013. At that hearing, Humphreys’s new counsel presented both affidavits and live testimony of jurors, the substance of which we have already set forth. Humphreys also submitted evidence during the habeas proceedings that painted a somewhat different picture of his childhood than the one presented to the sentencing jury—including the fact that he had been sexually abused by his great grandmother.

When addressing the juror-misconduct claim, the state ha- beas court recognized the claim included assertions that Chancey (1) was not forthcoming during voir dire about her experience as a victim of violent crime and her willingness to consider a sentence other than death; (2) pressured and bullied other jurors into voting for a death sentence, refused to deliberate, and used the Allen charge to convince other jurors that they had to reach a verdict; and (3) altered a note to the trial court to mislead it about the status of deliberations. In support of these claims, Humphreys offered the affidavits of three jurors—one of which was filed in support of the motion for new trial. Humphreys also offered the live testimony of Foreperson Barber.

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21-10387 Opinion of the Court 21 In denying relief, the state habeas court first found the juror- misconduct claims to be procedurally defaulted under O.C.G.A.

§ 9-14-48(d) because Humphreys failed to raise them in the motion for new trial or on direct appeal. It also determined that Hum- phreys had not overcome the procedural default because he showed neither cause for failing to raise the issue nor actual preju- dice as a result of appellate counsel’s failure to raise these claims.

In conducting this analysis, the state habeas court acknowledged that Humphreys sought to rely on juror affidavits and Foreperson Barber’s testimony but found them to be inadmissible under O.C.G.A. § 17-9-41, O.C.G.A. § 9-10-9, and Georgia law.6 Hum- phreys presented no other evidence of Chancey’s alleged bias or misconduct, so in the absence of the jurors’ affidavits and Barber’s live testimony, nothing was left to support a valid challenge for cause by defense counsel. The state habeas court further deter- mined that even if it considered the juror testimony, Humphreys still failed to show any resulting prejudice.

As for the ineffective-assistance-of-trial-counsel claim, the court began by thoroughly detailing trial counsel’s qualifications, the mitigation investigation counsel conducted, and counsel’s presentation of evidence and experts during the sentencing phase.

The court concluded that trial counsel were not ineffective in their presentation of mitigation evidence, and it determined that, in

6 The state habeas court acknowledged both the juror affidavits and Barber’s live testimony and grouped them together, referring to them as “testimony.”

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The state habeas court also determined that trial counsel’s investigation and presentation of mental-health and other mitigat- ing evidence were reasonable. The only “new” evidence Hum- phreys presented at the habeas hearing was of sexual abuse, but Humphreys did not disclose it to trial counsel or anyone else when asked, so, the court concluded, trial counsel could not be faulted for failing to discover it.

Not only that, but the court determined that Humphreys failed to show the requisite Strickland prejudice. As the court rea- soned, the additional evidence presented to it during the habeas ev- identiary hearing would not have created a reasonable probability of a different outcome had it been presented originally. That was so, the court reasoned, because the majority of the evidence pre- sented in habeas proceedings (mostly having to do with physical abuse, poor living conditions, and mental-health assessments) reit- erated the testimony presented during sentencing. Indeed, the court concluded that much of the testimony from both lay wit- nesses and expert witnesses during the habeas proceedings was cu- mulative. In the end, the court weighed the totality of the aggra- vating evidence against the totality of the mitigating evidence and USCA11 Case: 21-10387 Document: 51-1 Date Filed: 06/11/2024 Page: 23 of 74

21-10387 Opinion of the Court 23 announced that “any additional mitigating testimony would not have created a reasonable probability of a different outcome.”

Rounding out its decision, the state habeas court addressed Humphreys’s claim that the trial court improperly instructed the jury on the principle of unanimity in capital sentencing—the Allen charge claim. Humphreys candidly acknowledged that the Su- preme Court of Georgia had already reviewed and rejected the claim, but he asserted that the Court had erred in its legal conclu- sions. The state habeas court noted that it did not review in a ha- beas proceeding issues raised and litigated on direct appeal. And because Humphreys had failed to advise the state habeas court about any changes in the law, the court determined the claim was precluded from review under the doctrine of res judicata.

In sum, the state habeas court denied Humphreys’s petition in its entirety.

2. Supreme Court of Georgia’s Denial of Certificate of Proba- ble Cause to Appeal Humphreys filed an application for certificate of probable cause to appeal with the Supreme Court of Georgia. That court denied the entirety of the application, finding that it lacked any ar- guable merit.

Humphreys filed a petition for writ of certiorari, which the Supreme Court of the United States denied on April 16, 2018.

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On September 16, 2020, the district court issued a final order denying relief on all claims and dismissed the petition with preju- dice, except as to a challenge not applicable here. The district court granted Humphreys a COA on the issue of whether his trial coun- sel was ineffective in investigating and presenting his case in miti- gation during the penalty phase of his trial.

4. Notice of Appeal and Motion to Expand COA Humphreys timely filed his notice of appeal with this Court and later sought an expansion of the COA to include six additional claims of constitutional error. We granted the motion in part and permitted Humphreys to appeal four claims as follows: (1) whether Humphreys is entitled to relief from the denial of his habeas petition on his claim that juror bias and misconduct deprived him of his constitutional rights; (2) whether Humphreys is entitled to relief from the denial of his habeas petition on his claim that the trial judge gave inaccurate, misleading, or coercive instructions and inadequately responded to juror misconduct; (3) whether Humphreys is entitled to relief from the denial of his habeas pe- tition on his claim that he was denied his Sixth Amendment right to effective assistance of counsel by appellate counsel; and (4) USCA11 Case: 21-10387 Document: 51-1 Date Filed: 06/11/2024 Page: 25 of 74

21-10387 Opinion of the Court 25 whether his trial counsel was ineffective in investigating and pre- senting his case in mitigation during the penalty phase of his trial.

The parties fully briefed these issues, and we heard oral ar- gument.

II. STANDARD OF REVIEW This Court reviews “de novo the denial of a petition for a writ of habeas corpus.” Morrow v. Warden, 886 F.3d 1138, 1146 (11th Cir. 2018) (quotation omitted). But the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996 (“AEDPA”) governs our review of federal habeas petitions and prescribes a highly deferential framework for evaluating issues previously decided in state court. Pye v. Warden, Ga. Diagnostic Prison, 50 F.4th 1025, 1034 (11th Cir. 2022) (en banc); Sealey v. Warden, Ga. Diagnostic Prison, 954 F.3d 1338, 1354 (11th Cir. 2020). Under AEDPA, we may not grant habeas relief on claims that were “adjudicated on the merits in [s]tate court” unless the state court’s decision (1) “was contrary to, or involved an unreason- able application of, clearly established Federal law, as determined by the Supreme Court of the United States,” or (2) “was based on an unreasonable determination of the facts in light of the evidence presented in the [s]tate court proceeding.” Sealey, 954 F.3d at 1354 (quoting 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d)). These standards mean that we must give state-court decisions “the benefit of the doubt.” Evans v. Sec’y, Dep’t of Corr., 703 F.3d 1316, 1325 (11th Cir. 2013) (citation and in- ternal quotation marks omitted).

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And a state-court decision is not an “unreasonable applica- tion” of federal law under 2254(d)(1) “unless the state court identi- fies the correct governing legal principle as articulated by the United States Supreme Court, but unreasonably applies that prin- ciple to the facts of the petitioner’s case, unreasonably extends the principle to a new context where it should not apply, or unreason- ably refuses to extend it to a new context where it should apply.”

Evans, 703 F.3d at 1325 (citation and internal quotation marks omit- ted); see also Williams, 529 U.S. at 407 (a state court decision is an “unreasonable application” of clearly established law if the state court identifies the correct governing legal rule from the Supreme Court’s holdings but unreasonably applies it to the facts of the par- ticular defendant’s case).

Regarding AEDPA’s unreasonable-application-of-federal-law provision under 2254(d)(1), “[t]he key word is ‘unreasonable,’ which is more than simply incorrect.” Sealey, 954 F.3d at 1354. To meet this standard, “a prisoner must show far more than that the state court’s decision was merely wrong or even clear error.” Pye, 50 F.4th at 1034 (quoting Shinn v. Kayer, 141 S. Ct. 517, 523 (2020) (per curiam) (quotation marks omitted)). “[A] state court’s USCA11 Case: 21-10387 Document: 51-1 Date Filed: 06/11/2024 Page: 27 of 74

21-10387 Opinion of the Court 27 application of federal law is unreasonable only if no fairminded ju- rist could agree with the state court’s determination or conclu- sion.” Raulerson v. Warden, 928 F.3d 987, 995–96 (11th Cir. 2019) (citations and internal quotation marks omitted). This is “a difficult to meet and highly deferential standard . . . , which demands that state-court decisions be given the benefit of the doubt.” Id. at 996 (citation and internal quotation marks omitted). Still, AEDPA does not “prohibit a federal court from finding an application of a prin- ciple unreasonable when it involves a set of facts different from those of the case in which the principle was announced. The stat- ute recognizes, to the contrary, that even a general standard may be applied in an unreasonable manner.” Panetti v. Quarterman, 551 U.S. 930, 953 (2007) (citations and internal quotation marks omit- ted).

For each claim presented, we review “the last state-court ad- judication on the merits.” Greene v. Fisher, 565 U.S. 34, 40 (2011). If the state court did not reach the merits of the claim, though, “fed- eral habeas review is not subject to the deferential standard that applies under AEDPA[.]” Cone v. Bell, 556 U.S. 449, 472 (2009). Ra- ther, in that case, we review the claim de novo. Id. The Supreme Court has instructed us to presume “the state court adjudicated the claim on the merits in the absence of any indication or state-law procedural principles to the contrary.” Harrington v. Richter, 562 U.S. 86, 99 (2011) (citation omitted). An indication to the contrary exists when, for example, the state court has denied the petitioner’s claim on only one prong of the Strickland test. In that case, we review de novo the prong that the state court never reached. See, USCA11 Case: 21-10387 Document: 51-1 Date Filed: 06/11/2024 Page: 28 of 74

We also defer to a state court’s determination of the facts under 2264(d)(2) unless the state-court decision “was based on an unreasonable determination of the facts in light of the evidence presented in the State court proceeding.” 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d). Sec- tion 2254(d)(2) is similar to § 2254(d)(1) in that it requires us to give state courts “substantial deference.” Brumfield v. Cain, 576 U.S. 305, 314 (2015). “We may not characterize . . . state-court factual determinations as unreasonable ‘merely because we would have reached a different conclusion in the first instance.’” Id. at 313–14 (quoting Wood v. Allen, 558 U.S. 290, 301 (2010)) (alteration adopted). We also presume that the state court’s factual determi- nations are correct, absent clear and convincing evidence to the contrary. Pye, 50 F.4th at 1035; 28 U.S.C. § 2254(e)(1).

If the petition satisfies § 2254(d)’s requirements, we then consider whether the state court’s error was harmless. Brecht v. Abrahamson, 507 U.S. 619, 637 (1993). In collateral-review cases, a federal constitutional error is harmless unless it caused “actual prejudice.” Id. at 637 (citation omitted). Put another way, we ex- amine “whether the error ‘had substantial and injurious effect or influence in determining the jury’s verdict.’” Id. at 623, 637 (quot- ing Kotteakos v. United States, 328 U.S. 750, 776 (1946)); See also Brown v. Davenport, 596 U.S. 118, 122 (2022) (“When a state court has ruled on the merits of a state prisoner’s claim, a federal court cannot grant relief without first applying both the test this USCA11 Case: 21-10387 Document: 51-1 Date Filed: 06/11/2024 Page: 29 of 74

21-10387 Opinion of the Court 29 Court outlined in Brecht and the one Congress prescribed in AEDPA.”).

III. DISCUSSION A. Juror Misconduct Humphreys contends that juror misconduct infected the trial from voir dire all the way through jury deliberations, resulting in a violation of his due-process rights. He points to the following as evidence of Chancey’s misconduct: (1) lying during voir dire about her experience as a victim of a crime and her unwillingness to consider a sentence other than death; (2) intimidating other ju- rors and refusing to deliberate; and (3) altering a note to the trial court to mislead it about the status of deliberations.

According to Humphreys, Chancey vacillated between re- fusing to deliberate and berating other jurors, and she admitted that she would vote for only a death sentence. Humphreys also emphasizes that during deliberations, Chancey revealed that she had been dishonest during voir dire about the home invasion and attempted rape. Had Chancey revealed that information during jury selection, Humphreys asserts, the defense would have stricken her. Humphreys further takes issue with what he deems to be Chancey’s “bullying” and coercion of the other jurors. He con- tends that, paired with the trial court’s Allen charge, Chancey’s con- duct caused at least one juror—Barber—to surrender her honestly held beliefs about the appropriate sentence. Finally, Humphreys characterizes Chancey’s alteration of the jury note by inserting the USCA11 Case: 21-10387 Document: 51-1 Date Filed: 06/11/2024 Page: 30 of 74

The state habeas court concluded Humphreys procedurally defaulted these claims because he failed to raise them in his motion for new trial or on direct appeal. The Supreme Court of Georgia and the district court agreed.

The issue of whether a claim is subject to the doctrine of procedural default “is a mixed question of fact and law, which we review de novo.” Ward v. Hall, 592 F.3d 1144, 1175 (11th Cir. 2010) (citation and internal quotation marks omitted).

The doctrine of procedural default bars a court from re- viewing a petitioner’s claim when that claim has been or would be rejected in state court on a state procedural ground. See Judd v. Ha- ley, 250 F.3d 1308, 1313 (11th Cir. 2001). We have explained, Federal habeas review reduces the finality of litiga- tion and frustrates states’ sovereign power to punish offenders and states’ good-faith attempts to honor constitutional rights. So, when a state prisoner fails to follow state procedural rules, thereby procedurally defaulting on the claim, our authority to review the prisoner’s state court criminal conviction is severely restricted. Federal review of a petitioner’s claim is barred by the procedural-default doctrine if the last state court to review the claim states clearly and ex- pressly that its judgment rests on a procedural bar, and that bar provides an adequate and independent state ground for denying relief.

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21-10387 Opinion of the Court 31 Atkins v. Singletary, 965 F.2d 952, 956 (11th Cir. 1992) (citations and internal quotation marks omitted). Because the state habeas court concluded that Humphreys procedurally defaulted his claims about Chancey, those claims are also likely barred from review in this proceeding.

Still, we have recognized that a petitioner may obtain federal review of a procedurally defaulted claim if he can show both “cause” for the default and actual “prejudice” resulting from the default. Henderson v. Campbell, 353 F.3d 880, 892 (11th Cir. 2003) (citing Murray v. Carrier, 477 U.S. 478, 485 (1986), and Wainwright v. Sykes, 433 U.S. 72, 87 (1977)). To establish “cause,” a petitioner “must demonstrate that some objective factor external to the de- fense impeded the effort to raise the claim properly in the state court.” Id. (quoting Wright v. Hopper, 169 F.3d 695, 703 (11th Cir. 1999)); Mize v. Hall, 532 F.3d 1184, 1190 (11th Cir. 2008) (“Cause exists if there was ‘some objective factor external to the defense [that] impeded counsel’s efforts to comply with the State’s proce- dural rule.’” (quoting Murray, 477 U.S. at 488)). To establish preju- dice, a petitioner must show that “there is at least a reasonable probability that the result of the proceeding would have been dif- ferent.” Henderson, 353 F.3d at 892 (citing Wright, 169 F.3d at 703, and Crawford v. Head, 311 F.3d 1288, 1327−28 (11th Cir. 2002)).

We have further explained that a federal court may also grant a habeas petition on a procedurally defaulted claim, without a showing of cause or prejudice, to “correct a fundamental miscar- riage of justice.” Id. (citing Murray, 477 U.S. at 495−96). A USCA11 Case: 21-10387 Document: 51-1 Date Filed: 06/11/2024 Page: 32 of 74

Here, Humphreys does not claim actual innocence, so he must establish cause and prejudice to overcome the procedural bar to his juror-misconduct claim. He says he can demonstrate cause for the default because his appellate counsel was ineffective for fail- ing to raise the claims about Chancey’s conduct earlier. So embed- ded in Humphreys’s juror-misconduct claim is his separate claim that his appellate counsel was ineffective.

For the reasons we explain below, we disagree with Hum- phreys that his appellate counsel was ineffective. We therefore deny that separate claim. And because Humphreys cannot show that his counsel was ineffective, he also cannot show cause for the procedural default of the juror-misconduct claim, so we deny that claim, too.

1. Strickland Standard When a federal habeas petitioner alleges ineffective assis- tance of counsel, as here, the relevant law “as determined by the Supreme Court” is Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668 (1984). To prevail on an ineffective-assistance claim under Strickland, a peti- tioner must show that (1) his “counsel’s representation fell below an objective standard of reasonableness” and (2) a reasonable prob- ability “that, but for counsel’s unprofessional errors, the result of the proceeding would have been different.” Id. at 687–88, 694. We USCA11 Case: 21-10387 Document: 51-1 Date Filed: 06/11/2024 Page: 33 of 74

21-10387 Opinion of the Court 33 can resolve an ineffectiveness claim on either ground if a petitioner cannot prove both. Atkins, 965 F.2d at 959; see also Strickland, 466 U.S. at 697. A reasonable probability of a different outcome is a probability “sufficient to undermine confidence in the outcome.”

Strickland, 466 U.S. at 694. It is not enough for the defendant to show that the errors had “some conceivable effect on the outcome of the proceeding.” Id. at 693. Rather, defense counsel’s errors must be “so serious” that they deprived the defendant of a “fair trial, a trial whose result is reliable.” Id. at 687.

When we assess counsel’s performance, we must avoid viewing their decisions through the “distorting effects of hind- sight.” Id. at 689. We must also “indulge a strong presumption that counsel’s conduct falls within the wide range of reasonable profes- sional assistance.” Id. The defendant bears the burden to show that counsel made errors “so serious that counsel was not functioning as the ‘counsel’ guaranteed . . . by the Sixth Amendment.” Id. at 687. He must show that the attorney’s representation amounted to incompetence under prevailing professional norms. Id. at 690.

As we have explained, “The test has nothing to do with what the best lawyers would have done. Nor is the test even what most good lawyers would have done.” Waters v. Thomas, 46 F.3d 1506, 1512 (11th Cir. 1995) (en banc) (citation and internal quotation marks omitted). Instead, the inquiry is whether counsel’s actions were “so patently unreasonable that no competent attorney would have cho- sen [them].” Kelly v. United States, 820 F.2d 1173, 1176 (11th Cir. 1987) (per curiam) (citation and internal quotation marks omitted).

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2. Admissibility of Juror Testimony Because Humphreys’s ineffective-assistance claim is prem- ised on the evidence contained in the affidavits and testimony coun- sel obtained about juror deliberations, Humphreys can establish the necessary “cause” to avoid procedural default of his juror-mis- conduct claims only if that evidence is admissible. The state habeas court refused to consider that evidence, finding it to be inadmissi- ble. Previously, both the trial court and Supreme Court of Georgia had reached the same conclusion with respect to Humphreys’s claim that the Allen charge was coercive.

Humphreys acknowledges that the lower courts, relying on Georgia law, refused to consider the juror statements. In Georgia, in general, jurors may not impeach their own verdict. O’Donnell v. Smith, 751 S.E.2d 324, 327 (Ga. 2013); see also Henley v. State, 678 S.E.2d 884, 887 (Ga. 2009) (“[A] jury verdict may not be challenged based on an affidavit from one or more jurors.”). Indeed, former O.C.G.A. § 17-9-41 (repealed by Ga. L. 2011, Act 52, § 33, effective January 1, 2013), referred to as the “no-impeachment rule,” USCA11 Case: 21-10387 Document: 51-1 Date Filed: 06/11/2024 Page: 35 of 74

21-10387 Opinion of the Court 35 provided that “[t]he affidavits of jurors may be taken to sustain but not impeach their verdict.” 7 This rule applies equally to juror affi- davits and live testimony by jurors, even in death-penalty cases. See Roebuck v. State, 586 S.E.2d 651, 658 (Ga. 2003); Oliver v. State, 461 S.E.2d 222 (Ga. 1995); Spencer v. State, 398 S.E.2d 179 (Ga. 1990).

That said, this general rule cannot override a defendant’s right to a fair trial. O’Donnell, 751 S.E.2d at 327 (citing Henley, 678 S.E.2d at 888, and Turpin v. Todd, 493 S.E.2d 900 (Ga. 1997)).

Multiple exceptions to the general rule also exist: “when (1) prejudicial, extrajudicial information has been brought to the jury’s attention; (2) nonjurors have interfered with deliberations; or (3) there has been irregular jury conduct so prejudicial that the verdict lacks due process.” Tate v. State, 628 S.E.2d 730, 73233 (Ga. Ct. App. 2006); see also Crowe v. Hall, 490 F.3d 840, 846 (11th Cir. 2007).

Analogously, Federal Rule of Evidence 606(b) also gener- ally precludes courts from relying on post-trial juror testimony dur- ing an inquiry into the validity of a verdict. That rule provides, “During an inquiry into the validity of a verdict . . . , a juror may not testify about any statement made or incident that occurred during the jury’s deliberations; the effect of anything on that juror’s or an- other juror’s vote; or any juror’s mental processes concerning the verdict or indictment.” Fed. R. Evid. 606(b)(1) (emphasis added).

Because of this rule, a court may not consider a juror’s affidavit or

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Rule 606(b) arose from the common-law rule against admit- ting jury testimony to impeach a verdict. In Tanner v. United States, the Supreme Court explained that “full and frank discussion in the jury room, jurors’ willingness to return an unpopular verdict, and the community’s trust in a system that relies on the decisions of laypeople would all be undermined by a barrage of postverdict scrutiny of juror conduct.” 483 U.S. 107, 120–21 (1987). The Su- preme Court has reasoned that Rule 606(b) “promotes full and vig- orous discussion by providing jurors with considerable assurance that after being discharged they will not be summoned to recount their deliberations, and they will not otherwise be harassed or an- noyed by litigants seeking to challenge the verdict. The rule gives stability and finality to verdicts.” Pena-Rodriguez, 580 U.S. at 218.

Here, Humphreys does not claim that the verdict came as a result of external influences or a mistake in the verdict form. And “juror misconduct” is not an exception to the no-impeachment rule, so post-trial testimony from jurors regarding alleged USCA11 Case: 21-10387 Document: 51-1 Date Filed: 06/11/2024 Page: 37 of 74

21-10387 Opinion of the Court 37 misconduct is not admissible under Federal Rule 606(b). See Warger v. Shauers, 574 U.S. 40 (2014); Tanner, 483 U.S. 107 (1987).

But Humphreys argues the state habeas court unreasonably refused to consider the juror testimony establishing Chancey’s mis- conduct based on constitutional standards of fairness that require criminally accused defendants to enjoy a panel of fair and impartial jurors.

In Humphreys’s view, the no-impeachment rule presup- poses the existence of specific trial safeguards the Supreme Court recognized in Tanner that bring misconduct to light during the trial proceedings, eliminating the need for post-trial inquiries into delib- erations. Those safeguards include (1) “[t]he suitability of an indi- vidual for the responsibility of jury service . . . is examined during voir dire[,]” (2) “[t]he jury is observable by the court, by counsel, and by court personnel[,]” (3) “jurors are observable by each other, and may report inappropriate juror behavior to the court before they render a verdict[,]” and] (4) “nonjuror evidence of miscon- duct.” Tanner, 483 U.S. at 127; See also Warger, 574 U.S. at 51. But Humphreys contends the Tanner safeguards are not infallible and they sometimes fail to capture serious juror misconduct.

As Humphreys sees things, this is a “rare” case in which all four of the Tanner safeguards failed. And because the Tanner safe- guards failed, the no-impeachment rule should yield and the state habeas court should have considered the juror testimony. He em- phasizes the Supreme Court’s acknowledgment that “[t]here may be cases of juror bias so extreme that, almost by definition, the jury USCA11 Case: 21-10387 Document: 51-1 Date Filed: 06/11/2024 Page: 38 of 74

In short, Humphreys asserts Chancey’s bias and miscon- duct implicate his Eighth Amendment right to a fair and reasonable sentencing determination and his due-process right to an impartial, unbiased jury. He says the no-impeachment rule should be “stripped away” to preserve his rights and we should find the state habeas court unreasonably refused to take that action. Still, Hum- phreys acknowledges that the Supreme Court has considered the application of the no-impeachment rule in only a small number of cases. See Blue Brief at 69, n. 27 (citing United States v. Reid, 53 U.S. 361 (1851), Mattox v. United States, 146 U.S. 140 (1892), McDonald v. Pless, 238 U.S. 264 (1915), Tanner v. United States, 483 U.S. 107 (1987), Warger v. Shauers, 574 U.S. 40 (2014), and Pena-Rodriguez v. Colorado, 580 U.S. 206 (2017)). But he asserts that Pless, Tanner, Warger, and Pena-Rodriguez establish the lower courts’ authority to review and consider the juror testimony.

Humphreys’s argument is somewhat novel. Indeed, the Su- preme Court issued three of the cases he relies on—Reid (1851), Mattox (1892), and Pless (1915)—before Congress adopted Rule 606(b) in 1975, which endorsed a broad no-impeachment rule, with “limited exceptions.” See Pena-Rodriguez, 580 U.S. at 215218. And although both Reid and Pless noted the possibility of an exception to the no-impeachment rule in the “gravest and most important USCA11 Case: 21-10387 Document: 51-1 Date Filed: 06/11/2024 Page: 39 of 74

21-10387 Opinion of the Court 39 cases[,]” Pless, 238 U.S. at 269, the Supreme Court has addressed this circumstance in only three cases—Tanner, Warger, and Pena-Rodri- guez. See Reid, 53 U.S. at 366. Yet in only one of those cases—Pena- Rodriguez—did the Court actually allow an exception to the no-im- peachment rule.

In Tanner, the Court rejected a Sixth Amendment exception for evidence that some jurors were under the influence of drugs and alcohol during the trial. Tanner, 483 U.S. at 125. In reaching this conclusion, the Court noted the “long-recognized and very substantial concerns” supporting “the protection of jury delibera- tions from intrusive inquiry.” Id. at 127. In particular, the Court did not want attorneys to use juror testimony to attack verdicts be- cause, the Court ruled, that would result in jurors being “harassed and beset by the defeated party,” thus destroying “all frankness and freedom of discussion and conference.” Id. at 120 (quoting Pless, U.S. at 267–68). The Court also expressed concerns about at- tempts to impeach a verdict that would “disrupt the finality of the process” and undermine both “jurors’ willingness to return an un- popular verdict” and “the community’s trust in a system that relies on the decisions of laypeople.” Id. at 120–21.

Besides identifying the problems with cracking open jury de- liberations post-verdict, the Court emphasized the existing safe- guards that protect the defendant’s right to an impartial and com- petent jury beyond post-trial juror testimony, which we noted ear- lier. Id. at 127. Balancing the concerns and safeguards against the USCA11 Case: 21-10387 Document: 51-1 Date Filed: 06/11/2024 Page: 40 of 74

Warger was a civil case. There, the Supreme Court again de- clined to recognize an exception to the no-impeachment rule. Af- ter the trial court entered the verdict, the losing party sought to proffer evidence that the jury forewoman failed to disclose pro-de- fendant bias during voir dire. Warger, 574 U.S. at 43. Like in Tanner, the Court relied substantially on existing safeguards for a fair trial.

The Court stated, “Even if jurors lie in voir dire in a way that con- ceals bias, juror impartiality is adequately assured by the parties’ ability to bring to the court’s attention any evidence of bias before the verdict is rendered, and to employ nonjuror evidence even after the verdict is rendered.” Id. at 51.

Still, the Warger Court reiterated that the no-impeachment rule may have exceptions. As in Reid and Pless, the Court warned of “juror bias so extreme that, almost by definition, the jury trial right has been abridged.” Id. at 51 n.3. The Court announced, “If and when such a case arises,” it would “consider whether the usual safeguards are or are not sufficient to protect the integrity of the process.” Id. As it turned out, in Pena-Rodriguez, the Supreme Court en- countered such a grave case. There, the Court held, where a juror makes a clear statement that indicates he or she relied on racial stereotypes or animus to convict a criminal defendant, the Sixth Amendment requires that the no-impeachment rule give way in USCA11 Case: 21-10387 Document: 51-1 Date Filed: 06/11/2024 Page: 41 of 74

21-10387 Opinion of the Court 41 order to permit the trial court to consider the evi- dence of the juror’s statement and any resulting de- nial of the jury trial guarantee.

Pena-Rodriguez, 580 U.S. at 225. Despite finding an exception, the Supreme Court once again emphasized that its recognition in Warger—that there may be extreme cases where the jury trial right requires an exception to the no-impeachment rule—“must be in- terpreted in context as a guarded, cautious statement.” Id. at 221.

As the Court explained, such a begrudging exception was neces- sary “to avoid formulating an exception that might undermine the jury dynamics and finality interests the no-impeachment rule seeks to protect.” Id. But given that “racial animus was a significant mo- tivating factor in [the juror’s] finding of guilt,” the Court held that the Constitution required an exception to the no-impeachment rule. Id. at 221, 225. That was so, the Court explained, because such statements cast “serious doubt” on the fairness of the trial and resulting verdict. Id. at 225.

Against this legal landscape, we cannot say that Hum- phreys’s appellate counsel acted unreasonably in refraining from raising the juror-misconduct claims in the motion for new trial or in the direct appeal. For starters, only Pena-Rodriguez has ever ap- plied an exception to the no-impeachment rule. But that case in- volved prejudice based on a protected status. And that type of bias is in a category of its own. Plus, Pena-Rodriguez was not decided until well after the motion for new trial and direct appeal were filed.

When counsel filed those documents, the Court had never recog- nized an exception to the no-impeachment rule. In fact, counsel USCA11 Case: 21-10387 Document: 51-1 Date Filed: 06/11/2024 Page: 42 of 74

That leaves Reid, Pless, and Tanner. To be sure, in Reid and Pless, the Supreme Court left the door open for a case in which ju- ror bias was so severe that the right to a fair trial was abridged. But those cases did not give any concrete examples to guide counsel.

Here, Chancey allegedly revealed that she had lied during voir dire about the particulars of being a victim of a crime, bullied other jurors, was loud and unwilling to deliberate, and altered a note. The other jurors knew all these things during deliberations and could have brought them to the trial court’s attention. They did not—even though Chancey was the only juror involved in the troubling conduct and even though Chancey’s conduct did not in- volve racial bias. As the Supreme Court explained in Pena-Rodri- guez, “[t]he stigma that attends racial bias may make it difficult for a juror to report inappropriate statements during the course of ju- ror deliberations.” 580 U.S. at 225. The same is not true here. So while we certainly understand and are concerned by Chancey’s conduct, we cannot say that counsel unreasonably decided that it did not fall into a then-theoretical exception to the no-impeach- ment rule.

In short, appellate counsel’s representation did not fall below an objective standard of reasonableness when counsel did not pur- sue the juror-misconduct claims in the motion for new trial or on direct appeal. Perhaps, some other lawyer may have pursued the claim. But the test is not what the best lawyer or even a good USCA11 Case: 21-10387 Document: 51-1 Date Filed: 06/11/2024 Page: 43 of 74

21-10387 Opinion of the Court 43 lawyer would have done. Not raising these claims was not “so pa- tently unreasonable that no competent attorney would have cho- sen” counsel’s actions. 8 Kelly, 820 F.2d at 1176.

Ultimately, because Humphreys has not shown that appel- late counsel was ineffective for failing to pursue the juror-miscon- duct claims sooner, he cannot demonstrate the cause required to defeat the procedural default of those claims. For this reason, we are barred from examining the merits of the juror-misconduct claims. The claims are therefore denied.

8 We recognize that appellate counsel submitted other affidavits in support of the Allen charge claim. But that claim is markedly different because the affida- vits made up only a small portion of the evidence supporting the claim. The Allen charge claim was based on an amalgamation of the trial judge’s own words, the jury notes to the court, the amount of time it took the jurors to deliberate, the yelling coming from the jury room, and other evidence. In contrast, the juror-misconduct claims are based exclusively on the post-trial juror interviews, juror affidavits, and juror testimony. In short, the entirety of the juror-misconduct claim is premised upon juror testimony—evidence that is inadmissible under the no-impeachment rule. See Fed. R. Evid. 606(b) (“a juror may not testify about any statement made or incident that occurred dur- ing the jury’s deliberations”); see also Gavin v. Comm’r, Ala. Dep’t of Corr., 40 F.4th 1247 (11th Cir. 2022); Roebuck, 586 S.E.2d at 658; Oliver, 461 S.E.2d at 223– 24. It was not unreasonable for counsel to refrain from pursuing those claims under Humphreys’s novel theory where it was nearly a foregone conclusion that the only piece of evidence—the juror testimony—would not be consid- ered and the court would be left with nothing to support the juror-misconduct claims.

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C. Allen Charge Humphreys also argues that the trial court coerced a sen- tencing verdict by instructing the jurors that “[i]t is the law that a unanimous verdict is required,” by repeatedly returning them to the jury deliberation room despite their declaration of a deadlock, and by ignoring Foreperson Barber’s plea to be excused “due to the hostile nature” of one of her fellow jurors. On direct appeal, the Supreme Court of Georgia found the trial court’s instructions did not constitute coercion and the trial court’s unanimity instruction was correct. Humphreys, 694 S.E.2d at 332−34.

Because the Supreme Court of Georgia adjudicated the co- ercion claim on the merits, it is entitled to AEDPA deference. 9 We

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21-10387 Opinion of the Court 45 may grant relief on this claim only if the Supreme Court of Geor- gia’s determination was (1) “contrary to, or involved an unreason- able application of, clearly established federal law, as determined by the Supreme Court of the United States,” or (2) “based on an un- reasonable determination of the facts in light of the evidence pre- sented in the [s]tate court proceeding.” 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d).

Trial courts may not coerce juries into rendering verdicts.

See United States v. Davis, 779 F.3d 1305, 1312 (11th Cir. 2015). And a defendant “being tried by a jury is entitled to the uncoerced ver- dict of that body.” Lowenfield v. Phelps, 484 U.S. 231, 241 (1988).

That said, the Supreme Court has held that a trial court may in- struct a deadlocked jury to keep deliberating. Id. at 237 (citing Allen v. United States, 164 U.S. 492 (1896)). Therefore, “[i]n an Allen charge, the judge instructs a deadlocked jury to undertake further efforts to reach a verdict.” United States v. Chigbo, 38 F.3d 543, 544 n.1 (11th Cir. 1994) (per curiam). Although we’ve acknowledged the potential for coercion in an Allen charge, we’ve also approved the use of the charge. Rubinstein v. Yehuda, 38 F.4th 982, 996−97 (11th Cir. 2022). Accordingly, district courts have broad discretion in issuing Allen charges but must take care to not “coerce any juror to give up an honest belief.” United States v. Anderson, 1 F.4th 1244, 1269 (11th Cir. 2021) (quoting Davis, 779 F.3d at 1312).

We recently reiterated that “[c]oercion does not mean ‘sim- ple pressure to agree.’” Sears v. Warden, 73 F.4th 1269, 1301 (11th Cir. 2023) (per curiam) (quoting Brewster v. Hetzel, 913 F.3d 1042, 1053 (11th Cir. 2019)). “Pressure becomes coercive when the USCA11 Case: 21-10387 Document: 51-1 Date Filed: 06/11/2024 Page: 46 of 74

In our Circuit, whether a verdict was coerced presents a mixed question of law and fact. Id. We look at the language the trial court employed and “examine the totality of the circum- stances to see if the court’s actions created a substantial risk that one or more jurors would be coerced into abandoning their honest convictions.” Brewster, 913 F.3d at 1053 (citing United States v. Woodard, 531 F.3d 1352, 1364 (11th Cir. 2008)). The relevant, but not exhaustive, circumstances we consider include the following: (1) the total length of deliberations; (2) the number of times the jury reported being deadlocked and was in- structed to resume deliberations; (3) whether the judge knew of the jury's numerical split when he in- structed the jury to continue deliberating; (4) whether any of the instructions implied that the jurors were violating their oaths or acting improperly by failing to reach a verdict; and (5) the time between the final sup- plemental instruction and the jury's verdict.

Id. (citations omitted).

Here, the Supreme Court of Georgia concluded that the Al- len charge, considered as a whole, was not coercive. Humphreys, 694 S.E.2d at 334. The court noted that it had previously consid- ered the same “a unanimous verdict is required” instruction given as part of an Allen charge in the sentencing phase of a death-penalty USCA11 Case: 21-10387 Document: 51-1 Date Filed: 06/11/2024 Page: 47 of 74

21-10387 Opinion of the Court 47 trial and found that it was technically a correct statement of the law. Id. (citing Legare v. State, 302 S.E.2d 351 (Ga. 1983)). Relying on Legare, the Supreme Court of Georgia explained that “it is true that any ‘verdict’ rendered [in the sentencing phase] must be unan- imous and thus also true, stated in isolation, that it is ‘the law that a unanimous verdict is required.’” Id. (quoting Legare, 302 S.E.2d at 353).

The Supreme Court of Georgia further expounded, noting that Georgia requires a unanimous verdict even in the sentencing phase of a capital case because under its death-penalty law, “[w]here a jury is unable to agree on a verdict, that disagreement is not itself a verdict.” Id. (quoting Romine v. State, 350 S.E.2d 446, 451 (Ga. 1986)). As the court explained Georgia law, “[t]he jury’s dead- lock may lead to a sentence of life with or without parole imposed by the trial court, but it does not result either in a mistrial subject to retrial (as in other contexts where a jury deadlocks) or an auto- matic verdict (as occurs under the death penalty law of other states).” Id. (citing Romine, 350 S.E.2d at 451). Thus, the court em- phasized, it had “repeatedly held that a trial court is not required to instruct the jury in the sentencing phase of a death penalty trial about the consequences of a deadlock.” Id. (citing Jenkins v. State, 498 S.E.2d 502 (Ga. 1998)).

Still, the Supreme Court of Georgia recognized that the charge could lead to claims of jury confusion, requiring an analysis of the “circumstances of the jury instructions given[.]” Id. The court then considered the circumstances here and determined that USCA11 Case: 21-10387 Document: 51-1 Date Filed: 06/11/2024 Page: 48 of 74

For this reason, the court instructed future trial courts to exclude this language from Allen charges given during the sentencing phase of death-penalty trials. Id. USCA11 Case: 21-10387 Document: 51-1 Date Filed: 06/11/2024 Page: 49 of 74

21-10387 Opinion of the Court 49 Humphreys argues it was unreasonable for the Supreme Court of Georgia to find that the jury charge, which results in jury confusion, was constitutional. And he claims that when a trial court insists that the jury must reach a decision, even in the face of a deadlock, that instruction is unconstitutionally coercive. We re- ject both claims. First, the Supreme Court of Georgia did not find that the “unanimous verdict language” in the jury charge results in jury confusion; rather, it found that it could result in jury confusion.

Second, the court made an individualized determination of the cir- cumstances in Humphreys’s case to ascertain whether juror confu- sion occurred in Humphreys’s trial and determined it did not. 10 We must defer to the Supreme Court of Georgia’s decision so long as it did not unreasonably determine the facts in light of the evidence presented and its decision was not contrary to, or an unreasonable application of, clearly established federal law as de- termined by the Supreme Court. Humphreys cannot meet the AEDPA standard on either ground.

With respect to its factual determinations, the Supreme Court of Georgia accurately recounted the circumstances leading to the jury’s verdict. It correctly noted that, during the sentencing phase, the jury deliberated for approximately eight hours over a

10 Importantly, the Supreme Court of Georgia found that the inclusion of the unanimity language in an Allen charge would require a detailed analysis of the full circumstances of the jury instructions given. Here, the court engaged in that analysis.

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Currently we agreed life imprisonment with parole is not an acceptable option. We are currently unable to form a unanimous decision on death or on life impris- onment without parole. Please advise.

Humphreys, 694 S.E.2d at 331 (emphasis added).

The Supreme Court of Georgia recounted that the trial judge informed counsel of the note and summed up its details, ad- vising counsel that the jury “indicated that they have reached a ver- dict in regard to some of the issues that have been submitted to them, but have not yet reached a decision on other issues that were submitted to them.” Id. So the trial court declared its intention to call the jury in and instruct it to continue deliberating. Id. When the jurors were brought into the courtroom, the judge instructed them as follows: I guess you’ve been deliberating now about eight hours in the case. And the case was a lengthy trial, and there are a lot of issues. And you need to con- tinue with your deliberations, and address the re- maining issues.

The Supreme Court of Georgia next correctly noted that the jury returned to the jury room and continued deliberations for about three more hours before sending a second note to the court. Id. at 332. In that note, the jury asked to listen to Hum- phreys’s taped statement to detectives. Id. The court allowed the USCA11 Case: 21-10387 Document: 51-1 Date Filed: 06/11/2024 Page: 51 of 74

21-10387 Opinion of the Court 51 jury to listen to the statement, and the jury returned to the jury room to continue deliberations. Id. After about two hours or so, defense moved for a mistrial. Id. The trial court denied the mo- tion, emphasizing that the jury had not indicated that it was dead- locked. Id. Following that motion, the jury deliberated for another roughly two hours, when Foreperson Barber sent a note to the court. She asked to be removed from the jury “[d]ue to the hostile nature of one of the jurors.” Id. In response to this note, the trial court announced that it intended to give the jury a modified Allen charge. Id. The Supreme Court of Georgia correctly set forth the verbatim Allen charge in its decision, acknowledging that Foreper- son Barber’s note and the trial court’s intent to give an Allen charge prompted an objection from the defense and a renewal of the de- fense’s motion for mistrial, which the trial court again denied. Id. at 332 & n.7 After reading the juror’s note and without identifying from whom it came, the trial court gave the modified Allen charge. Id. at 332. The jury retired to the jury room at 8:40 p.m., where it deliberated until 10:20 p.m., and then went home for the evening. Id. at 333. The following morning, the jurors reconvened and de- liberated for two more hours, and the jury returned a death sen- tence for the two murders. Id. After reviewing the complete record, we cannot say that clear and convincing evidence exists that the Supreme Court of Georgia clearly erred in its factual determinations based on the evidence presented. The sequence of events and other facts set USCA11 Case: 21-10387 Document: 51-1 Date Filed: 06/11/2024 Page: 52 of 74

52 Opinion of the Court 21-10387 forth by the court were correct. Humphreys does not appear to dispute this. Rather, he argues that the court’s legal conclusion of no coercion was unreasonable.

But on this record, we cannot say that the Supreme Court of Georgia’s decision was contrary to or an unreasonable applica- tion of clearly established federal law as determined by the Su- preme Court of the United States. With respect to the trial court’s first decision to send the jurors back for further deliberations, the court correctly observed that whether a jury is “hopelessly dead- locked” is a determination to be made by the trial court and will be reversed on appeal only for an abuse of discretion. Humphreys, 694 S.E.2d at 332. And here, the court emphasized, the trial was lengthy, the jury “had been deliberating for less than nine hours, and the language twice used in the note that the jurors ‘currently’ were not able to agree indicated that deliberations were ongoing.” Id. As for the two later notes, the Supreme Court of Georgia again pointed to the length of the trial in relation to the time the jury had been deliberating, and the court also noted that the jurors had recently requested to rehear evidence. Id. at 333. These facts, the court said, showed that the jurors were continuing to actively deliberate. Id. We can’t say that the Supreme Court of Georgia’s determinations in these regards were unreasonable.

With respect to the Allen charge, the Supreme Court of Georgia recognized the correct law in its analysis, considering whether, as a whole, the charge was “so coercive as to cause a juror USCA11 Case: 21-10387 Document: 51-1 Date Filed: 06/11/2024 Page: 53 of 74

21-10387 Opinion of the Court 53 to abandon an honest conviction for reasons other than those based upon the trial or the arguments of other jurors.” Id. (citation and internal quotation marks omitted). It concluded that it was not.

Then, the court emphasized that the trial court polled the jurors, and each juror disavowed any coercion. Id. at 334. Again, these determinations are neither unreasonable nor contrary to law.

The Supreme Court’s case law on what constitutes a coerced verdict is quite limited. When the Supreme Court of Georgia is- sued its decision here, the leading case on this topic was Lowenfield.

There, the Supreme Court determined that a jury’s penalty-phase verdict was not coerced after the trial court polled the jurors on whether further deliberations would be helpful and then instructed the jury to continue deliberating. 484 U.S. at 240–41.

In Lowenfield, the Supreme Court acknowledged that juror coercion can support a constitutional claim and that the relevant inquiry is the totality of the circumstances. Id. at 237–38. That said, the Supreme Court hasn’t shed further light on what consti- tutes juror coercion that violates a defendant’s constitutional rights. Given this fact and the Supreme Court of Georgia’s analysis here, we cannot conclude that the Supreme Court of Georgia un- reasonably applied existing federal law.

To the extent that Humphreys relies on Jenkins to support his argument that his conviction should be reversed, we disagree.

In Jenkins, the Supreme Court reversed a conviction based on jury instructions given in a federal prosecution. But the Court has since explained that it based its decision there on the Court’s USCA11 Case: 21-10387 Document: 51-1 Date Filed: 06/11/2024 Page: 54 of 74

54 Opinion of the Court 21-10387 “supervisory power over the federal courts, and not on constitu- tional grounds.” Lowenfield, 484 U.S. at 239 n.2 (citation omitted); Early v. Packer, 537 U.S. 3, 10 (2002) (per curiam). The same is true of the Court’s decision in United States v. Gypsum Co., 438 U.S. 422 (1978), another case upon which Humphreys relies. Consequently, both Jenkins and Gypsum Co. “are off the table as far as § 2254(d) is concerned.” Sears, 73 F.4th at 1304 (quoting Packer, 537 U.S at 10).

In sum, the Supreme Court of Georgia accurately portrayed the facts and examined the Allen charge in its entirety, determining that the trial court did not coerce the jury to return a death sen- tence. Under AEDPA, we must defer to the Supreme Court of Georgia’s decision because it did not unreasonably determine the facts in light of the evidence presented, and its finding of no coer- cion was not contrary to, or an unreasonable application of, clearly established federal law as determined by the Supreme Court.

D. Ineffective Assistance of Trial Counsel In his final claim, Humphreys challenges the state habeas court’s finding that his trial counsel was not ineffective in investi- gating and presenting mitigation evidence. In Humphreys’s view, trial counsel’s failure to conduct a thorough and accurate mitiga- tion case caused them not to learn about years of childhood sexual abuse that Humphreys endured from his great-grandmother, the full extent of his mother’s neglect and abuse, or his lengthy family history of mental illness, abuse, and drug dependency. Humphreys also complains that the defense did not accept the diagnoses of their own mental-health clinician because someone on the defense USCA11 Case: 21-10387 Document: 51-1 Date Filed: 06/11/2024 Page: 55 of 74

21-10387 Opinion of the Court 55 team had already “chosen” another diagnosis for Humphreys—As- perger’s Syndrome. Based on these claims, Humphreys contends trial counsel’s representation of him fell below the prevailing pro- fessional norms. Had a jury had heard the undiscovered, un- presented evidence, Humphreys contends, “there is clearly a rea- sonable probability that the . . . jury . . . ‘would have struck a differ- ent balance.’”

As we’ve noted, the state habeas court denied Humphreys’s claims after holding an evidentiary hearing during which new counsel presented evidence in support of Humphreys’s claims.

The Supreme Court of Georgia denied a certificate of probable cause to appeal, and the district court denied relief on the claim.

We apply AEDPA deference to the state habeas court’s opinion.

That requires us to deny Humphreys’s petition on this ground.

First, the state habeas court discussed at length the qualifica- tions of the defense team and, based on these details, it determined that Humphreys’s trial counsel were death-penalty qualified and their experience supported a finding of effective assistance of coun- sel.

Next, the state habeas court described the investigation the defense team conducted and found it to be reasonable. The court noted that counsel interviewed Humphreys’s family members, friends, co-workers, and teacher, where available. The defense team also spoke with Humphreys, his father, stepmother, brother- in-law, paternal grandmother, aunt, uncle, and stepfather about Humphreys’s mental-health history and questioned them about USCA11 Case: 21-10387 Document: 51-1 Date Filed: 06/11/2024 Page: 56 of 74

56 Opinion of the Court 21-10387 any physical, mental, or sexual abuse Humphreys suffered. During this investigation, neither Humphreys nor any of his family mem- bers indicated that he had been sexually abused.

Besides these steps, defense counsel reviewed Humphreys’s prison records, criminal records, employment records, family rec- ords, financial records, legal records, medical records, social-ser- vices records, psychological records, and school records. And to prepare for the sentencing phase, defense counsel hired a licensed clinical social worker (Marti Loring, who met with Humphreys and diagnosed him with post-traumatic stress disorder (“PTSD”) and Asperger’s Syndrome), a prison adaptability expert ( James Aiken), a neuropsychologist (Robert Schaffer, who diagnosed Humphreys with PTSD, Dissociative Disorder, and Asperger’s Syndrome), a psychiatrist (Bhushan Agharkar, to render an opinion as to trauma and abuse), 11 a victim outreach specialist, and a trauma expert.

As for the investigation of childhood sexual abuse, at the ev- identiary hearing, mitigation specialist Laura Switzer testified that she suspected Humphreys had been sexually abused. But during the defense team’s interviews of witnesses (including Humphreys), no one reported that he had been sexually abused. In fact, the de- fense team asked Humphreys directly about sexual abuse, but Humphreys denied any recollection of such abuse.

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21-10387 Opinion of the Court 57 The state habeas court summarized defense counsel’s presentation during the guilt-innocence phase as follows: (1) Hum- phreys’s childhood was characterized by violence, trauma, and insta- bility and that he was raised by a dysfunctional, abusive family; (2) Humphreys’s parents divorced when he was two years old, and he lived with his mother for a while, during which he received a head injury that resulted in a concussion; (3) when Humphreys’s father gained custody of him, violence and disruption occurred in the home; and (4) Humphreys was placed in special education because of behavioral problems. The state habeas court also noted that trial counsel advised the jury about Humphreys’s mental-health issues, including about dissociative episodes that started when he was a teenager, and about his obsessive-compulsive behavior (“OCD”).

Finally, the state habeas court acknowledged that trial counsel pre- sented evidence that Humphreys was non­violent and non-con- frontational.

As for the state habeas court’s findings about counsel’s per- formance during the penalty phase of the trial, it determined that trial counsel “made a reasonable presentation during the sentenc- ing phase based on their strategy and the information discovered during their investigation.” It recognized the strategy was to pre- sent evidence of Asperger’s Syndrome as well as Humphreys’s traumatic childhood to allow the jurors to have some empathy for him. The state habeas court pointed out that defense counsel used the testimony of six lay witnesses and three experts to present the information to the jury.

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58 Opinion of the Court 21-10387 The state habeas court summarized the testimony of each witness. As relevant here, the court pointed out that trial counsel presented the testimony of Humphreys’s stepmother, Janie Swick, who conveyed the dynamics in the home, including that Hum- phreys’s father was verbally and physically abusive to him. Swick explained that Humphreys’s father “bullied” him and caused him to run away in fear. She recalled an incident in which Humphreys’s father struck him in the arm with a broom, requiring Humphreys to go to the hospital. Swick also informed the jury that Humphreys did not have many friends growing up and had mental problems, and she said she regretted not getting psychological help for Hum- phreys.

Next, Humphreys’s half-sister Julia testified to the abuse their father inflicted on them. Although the father disciplined all the children, Julia characterized the abuse he inflicted upon Hum- phreys as “very bad.” Julia explained that her father used switches and belts to discipline the children. And she recalled an incident where their father challenged Humphreys to a fight. During that fight, their father repeatedly punched Humphreys in the head be- fore he finally escaped.

Later, the state habeas court turned to the testimony of Humphreys’s sister Dayna, who gave examples of their “rather dif- ficult” early childhood. According to Dayna, their father was an unhappy man who was hard on them and showed very little affec- tion. He did not handle stress well and often became angry and violent. Dayna testified that their father physically abused her and USCA11 Case: 21-10387 Document: 51-1 Date Filed: 06/11/2024 Page: 59 of 74

21-10387 Opinion of the Court 59 Humphreys throughout their childhood, imposing whippings with a large belt or stick. Their father beat Humphreys with his fist.

The state habeas court further recounted the testimony of the two expert witnesses trial counsel presented to the jury during the mitigation phase. Dr. Loring, who was qualified as an expert in social work and trauma, testified that she met with Humphreys on four occasions for approximately three hours each time. Dr. Loring also interviewed sixteen individuals to get their percep- tions, experiences, and observations of Humphreys. To complete her analysis of Humphreys, Dr. Loring reviewed extensive records including police records, school records, jail records, divorce rec- ords, work records, and hospital records.

Dr. Loring testified to the jury that Humphreys’s childhood was marked by abuse; he spent his early childhood living in a home where drugs were bought and sold. As evidence of the “extensive physical abuse,” Dr. Loring testified that the Department of Family and Children Services discovered cigarette burns on Humphreys when he was a child. At age two, Humphreys’s entire body was bruised following a beating by his father, who admitted that he had “lost it” and beaten him. At age three, he was taken to the hospital for a fractured skull. At age four, his shoulder was dislocated as the result of a violent shaking by his father. Dr. Loring also spoke of the incident where Humphreys’s father hit Humphreys with a broom handle. After the incident, his father threatened to kill his stepmother if she tried to take Humphreys to the hospital for treat- ment. Besides these incidents, Dr. Loring recounted that USCA11 Case: 21-10387 Document: 51-1 Date Filed: 06/11/2024 Page: 60 of 74

60 Opinion of the Court 21-10387 Humphreys’s father had severely beaten by him because he got into a car accident and, on another occasion, his father sat on his private parts, holding Humphreys’s hands above his head and con- tinually beating him in the head and the chest.

And the state habeas court noted that Dr. Loring explained to the jury that Humphreys’s father flew “into a rage as a matter of pattern, not just one time or two, and he would whip or beat [Humphreys].” Dr. Loring described the abuse as “not only explo- sive physically, where [Humphreys] would get slapped and punched, thrown across the room, indeed, but there was a very remarkable emotional component to the abuse that [his father] committed upon [Humphreys and his sister].” In Dr. Loring’s view, this was “ritualistic emotional abuse,” meaning a series of steps led up to the physical abuse.

The state habeas court also considered Dr. Loring’s testi- mony that, growing up, Humphreys was in special education and exhibited “odd classroom behavior, inappropriate behavior, that was marked by a lack of focus, being hyper, [and] a lack of concen- tration.” She said these symptoms were often seen in children who are traumatized and abused. Dr. Loring also told the jury that as a result of his abusive upbringing, Humphreys tended to wander off, even to different states, evidencing Humphreys’s dissociation.

Dr. Loring advised the jury that she had diagnosed Hum- phreys with PTSD and Asperger’s Syndrome. In Dr. Loring’s view, Humphreys suffered from PTSD because of the trauma he USCA11 Case: 21-10387 Document: 51-1 Date Filed: 06/11/2024 Page: 61 of 74

21-10387 Opinion of the Court 61 experienced during his childhood and teenage years. Regarding her diagnosis of Asperger’s Syndrome, Dr. Loring educated the jury that individuals with Asperger’s Syndrome were “very im- paired in their ability to be close or intimate with another person” and severely suffered from a “sustained impairment in social inter- action.” Dr. Loring provided several indicia to support her diagno- sis of Humphreys. She opined that he had “a real impaired ability to relate to people and to empathize with them,” and his life expe- riences caused him to be “much more involved with objects or cleaning or a kind of ritual of what you do at what moment in time.”

When the state habeas court finished reviewing Dr. Loring’s testimony to the jury, it then went through Dr. Robert Shaffer’s testimony. Dr. Schaffer, a clinical psychologist, interviewed six in- dividuals about their observations of Humphreys. Dr. Shaffer also spoke with Dr. Loring about the social history she prepared on Humphreys and reviewed police reports, hospital records, school records, and prison records. Based upon his evaluation, Dr. Shaffer opined that Humphreys suffered from PTSD, Dissociative Disor- der, and Asperger’s Syndrome.

In support of his diagnosis of Asperger’s Syndrome, Dr. Shaf- fer testified that Humphreys had very unusual cleaning routines, and he explained that Humphreys became uncomfortable and agi- tated if his routine was disturbed. Dr. Shaffer also testified that Humphreys met the criteria for Asperger’s in that he had an “ex- treme interest” in reading science fiction and constantly talked USCA11 Case: 21-10387 Document: 51-1 Date Filed: 06/11/2024 Page: 62 of 74

62 Opinion of the Court 21-10387 about these books for hours with different people as if they really could be true. Additionally, Dr. Shaffer recounted Humphrey’s lack of the normal emotional give and take.

As for Dissociative Disorder, Dr. Shaffer said that involved an individual who “split[s] off from their normal state of aware- ness” and experiences “periods of productive and active behaviors, and then later, ha[s] no recollection of that.” Dr. Shaffer opined to the jury that Humphreys suffered from Dissociative Disorder as a result of the violence in his home, so Humphreys was unaware of the “normal judgment and thoughts and memories that he has to bring to bear on a situation.”

Besides this testimony, Dr. Shaffer told the jury that Hum- phreys met all the diagnostic criteria for PTSD. In Dr. Shaffer’s view, there was “pretty strong evidence that there was significant abuse before [Humphreys’s] age of earliest memory.” And he also said that the second category of diagnostics for PTSD—avoidance of the memories—also applied to Humphreys, as there was “clear evidence of a great deal of denial” by Humphreys. Finally, Dr. Shaffer testified that Humphreys’s denial was his attempt to “avoid re-experiencing the problems and horrors” that occurred in his life.

The state habeas court then recounted the evidence pre- sented during the habeas proceedings: (1) the testimony of Hum- phreys’s step-siblings, who testified that Humphreys’s mother ver- bally and physically abused them, (2) Humphreys’s ROTC teacher, who testified that he was in special education classes for a USCA11 Case: 21-10387 Document: 51-1 Date Filed: 06/11/2024 Page: 63 of 74

21-10387 Opinion of the Court 63 behavioral disorder, (3) Humphreys’s childhood neighbor, who testified that Humphreys’s father yelled at him often and spanked him in the yard after he soiled his underwear, and (4) two expert witnesses.

The most relevant testimony here was that of the two expert witnesses, Dr. Julie Rand Dorney and Dr. Victoria Reynolds. The state habeas court recounted that testimony.

It noted that Dr. Dorney, an expert in forensic psychiatry, tes- tified she performed an examination of Humphreys over the course of two days, and diagnosed him with obsessive-compulsive disorder and depressive disorder, NOS. She also found that he had many symptoms of both PTSD and bipolar disorder, but she con- cluded he did not meet all the criteria for either diagnosis. Dr. Dor- ney testified that, in her second meeting with Humphreys, he told her that he had been sexually abused by his great-grandmother.

As for Dr. Reynolds, an expert in trauma and its impact on victims, she testified about much of the evidence presented in the sentencing proceedings. She acknowledged that when she spoke to Humphreys about his great-grandmother, he did not reveal the sexual abuse. Still, Dr. Reynolds suspected Humphreys had been sexually abused based on his level of dissociativeness, his level of compartmentalization, and his sexual activity. Dr. Reynolds also spoke about the trauma Humphreys endured growing up, includ- ing a skull fracture, the instability in the home, and physical abuse.

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64 Opinion of the Court 21-10387 After these detailed inventories of defense counsel’s presen- tation of evidence at the mitigation stage and habeas counsel’s presentation of evidence at the habeas hearing, the state habeas court concluded that trial counsel performed adequately. And “particularly in light of trial counsel’s thorough investigation and strategic decisions[,]” the state habeas court determined that Hum- phreys was not prejudiced by counsel’s failure to discover and pre- sent the additional mitigation evidence Humphreys said should have been presented. As the state habeas court emphasized, trial counsel was not required to present all mitigation evidence and “[c]onsidering the realities of the courtroom, more is not always better. . . . [G]ood advocacy requires ‘winnowing out’ some argu- ments, witnesses, evidence, and so on, to stress others.”

Plus, the state habeas court observed that the evidence sub- mitted during the habeas proceedings was largely cumulative of the evidence presented at trial. Indeed, the court concluded, the only truly “new evidence” concerned Humphreys’s past sexual abuse, although neither Humphreys nor anyone else had disclosed the abuse prior to the habeas proceedings. Still, the state habeas court noted, Humphreys’s defense team remained suspicious and investigated further. The court explained that it “weigh[ed] heav- ily the information provided by the defendant” in evaluating the reasonableness of counsel’s investigation.

Here, Humphreys did not provide the court with any evi- dence of sexual abuse that would have been available to trial coun- sel. The only evidence was his self-report to Dr. Dorney, after the USCA11 Case: 21-10387 Document: 51-1 Date Filed: 06/11/2024 Page: 65 of 74

21-10387 Opinion of the Court 65 sentencing proceedings. Given these circumstances, the state ha- beas court explained that trial counsel “does not render ineffective assistance by failing to discover and develop evidence of childhood abuse that his client does not mention to him.” Accordingly, the state habeas court concluded trial counsel’s performance was not deficient “for not presenting evidence that [Humphreys] withheld from them.”

And in any case, the state habeas court determined that Humphreys failed to show any prejudice since the additional evi- dence presented in the habeas proceedings would not have created a reasonable probability of a different outcome. As the court ex- plained, a comparison of the trial record with the habeas record “shows the majority of the evidence presented in habeas reiterated the testimony presented at trial.”

As for the expert testimony, the state habeas court recog- nized that the habeas experts diagnosed Humphreys with OCD, but the trial experts diagnosed him with PTSD, dissociative disor- der, and Asperger’s Syndrome. But the court reasoned that the di- agnoses were based on the same behaviors and symptoms. And while OCD could be one possible diagnosis, it was not the only rea- sonable diagnosis that could be made from the information.

With respect to the new evidence of past sexual abuse, even assuming the investigation was deficient (as we’ve noted, the court found it wasn’t because the defense team expressly asked about sex- ual abuse and Humphreys and his relatives and friends did not dis- close it), Humphreys still did not demonstrate a reasonable USCA11 Case: 21-10387 Document: 51-1 Date Filed: 06/11/2024 Page: 66 of 74

66 Opinion of the Court 21-10387 probability that the outcome would have been different if the evi- dence had been presented at trial, given the weight of the mitiga- tion evidence that counsel did present.

In sum, the state habeas court found that Humphreys failed to show deficient performance or the required resulting prejudice.

Consequently, the state habeas court denied the ineffective-assis- tance-of-trial-counsel claims.

As we have already noted, to succeed on an ineffective-assis- tance-of-counsel claim, the petitioner must show both that (1) his attorney’s performance was deficient, and (2) the deficiency preju- diced his defense. Strickland, 466 U.S. at 687. And because Strick- land’s standard itself requires deference to counsel’s performance, and AEDPA, by its terms, requires deference to state-court deci- sions, our review of state courts’ resolution of the deficient-perfor- mance prong of Strickland’s ineffective-assistance standard requires double deference. See Cullen v. Pinholster, 563 U.S. 170, 202 (2011).

After careful consideration, and applying AEDPA deference, we conclude that the state habeas court reasonably determined that Humphreys failed to show unconstitutionally deficient perfor- mance on the part of his trial counsel. In answering this question, we reweigh the aggravating evidence against the totality of the available mitigating evidence. See Ferrell v. Hall, 640 F.3d 1199, 1234 (11th Cir. 2011). In doing so, we find nothing unreasonable about the state court’s determination that counsel were not deficient in not uncovering Humphreys’s sexual abuse. Here, members of the defense team interviewed Humphreys and others, asking USCA11 Case: 21-10387 Document: 51-1 Date Filed: 06/11/2024 Page: 67 of 74

21-10387 Opinion of the Court 67 specifically whether Humphreys had been sexually abused. No one responded that he had. Counsel also reviewed medical, school, and other records, but they, too, failed to reveal Hum- phreys’s sexual abuse. A defense attorney preparing for sentencing in a capital trial is not required “to scour the globe on the off chance something will turn up.” Everett v. Sec’y, Fla. Dep’t of Corr., 779 F.3d 1212, 1250 (11th Cir. 2015) (quoting Rompilla, 545 U.S. at 382−383).

As for the additional evidence of Humphreys’s non-sexual abuse and his mental conditions, counsel presented substantial mit- igation evidence, and the new habeas evidence was mostly cumu- lative of what was presented during the trial and sentencing pro- ceedings. The jury learned of the severe and frequent physical and mental abuse, as well as neglect, that Humphreys suffered as a child. It also learned of Humphreys’s mental-health issues—his dis- sociative episodes, his OCD behaviors, and his other odd behavior.

The state habeas court reasonably concluded that any addi- tional evidence about these issues would be cumulative. The “mere fact that other witnesses might have been available or that other testimony might have been elicited from those who testified is not a sufficient ground to prove ineffectiveness of counsel.”

Chandler v. United States, 218 F.3d 1305, 1316 n.20 (11th Cir. 2000) (citation omitted).

Finally, as for Humphreys’s suggestion that his trial counsel conducted a last-minute mental-health investigation and reached an unreasonable conclusion that he suffered from Asperger’s Syn- drome, we cannot conclude that the state habeas court USCA11 Case: 21-10387 Document: 51-1 Date Filed: 06/11/2024 Page: 68 of 74

68 Opinion of the Court 21-10387 unreasonably rejected that claim, either. Dr. Shaffer conducted his first evaluation of Humphreys in May 2005, but at that time, he was instructed not to prepare a written report. Dr. Shaffer later con- ducted a second evaluation of Humphreys in August of 2007 after reviewing additional records, reviewing case information, and in- terviewing witnesses. After the second evaluation, Dr. Shaffer di- agnosed Humphreys with PTSD, Dissociative Disorder, and Asper- ger’s Syndrome. This timeline refutes the idea that defense counsel waited until just prior to trial to develop a mitigation strategy and hire defense experts.

Humphreys focuses on the opinion of another doctor who agreed with Dr. Shaffer’s findings that Humphreys exhibited symp- toms of PTSD but disagreed with the Asperger’s Syndrome diag- nosis. The defense was not required to present the testimony of the second doctor; it made a strategic decision not to present it.

And the state habeas court was not unreasonable in concluding that decision was within competent counsel’s discretion. See Nance v. Warden, Ga. Diagnostic Prison, 922 F.3d 1298, 1302 (11th Cir. 2019) (“It is especially difficult to succeed with an ineffective assistance claim questioning the strategic decisions of trial counsel who were informed of the available evidence.”). After all, other evidence sup- ports defense counsel’s strategy. Along with Dr. Shaffer, Dr. Lor- ing opined that Humphreys suffered from PTSD and Asperger’s Syndrome. Consequently, two doctors’ findings supported the de- fense team’s decision. And both Dr. Loring and Dr. Shaffer testified as to how they came up with their diagnoses.

USCA11 Case: 21-10387 Document: 51-1 Date Filed: 06/11/2024 Page: 69 of 74

21-10387 Opinion of the Court 69 For these reasons, the state habeas court’s determination that defense counsel was not ineffective is entitled to deference.

We will not disturb that finding on the grounds advanced by Hum- phreys.

Though this conclusion requires us to deny Humphreys’s petition even without considering the state habeas court’s preju- dice determination, we nonetheless find that the court’s prejudice determination was likewise not unreasonable. As the state habeas court explained, with the exception of the sexual-assault evidence, the remainder of the evidence was largely cumulative of the hefty mitigation evidence trial counsel presented to the jury. And we cannot say the habeas court unreasonably concluded that the addi- tion of the sexual-assault evidence would have made an overall dif- ference in the impact of the mitigation case, given the strong evi- dence of abuse and mental-health issues counsel presented. So for this reason, too, we reject Humphreys’s claim of ineffective assis- tance.

IV. CONCLUSION Our review of the record compels the conclusion that Hum- phreys is not entitled to relief on any of the claims he presented in his petition for writ of habeas corpus. We therefore affirm the dis- trict court’s denial of Humphreys’s habeas petition.

AFFIRMED.

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21-10387 ROSENBAUM, J., Concurring 1 ROSENBAUM, Circuit Judge, Concurring: I concur in the panel opinion because I think that a combi- nation of the no-impeachment rule and the Antiterrorism and Ef- fective Death Penalty Act of 1996 (“AEDPA”) require it. But I am deeply concerned about what transpired during jury deliberations here.

Linda Chancey swore under oath during voir dire that her attacker “actually didn’t do [her] any physical bodily harm” because she “escape[d] before he actually physically entered the dwelling.”

That was false. Chancey told jurors that she “was naked in her bed and a man broke in and attacked her” in her bed. And after trial, Chancey told Humphreys’s investigators that “a strange man came through the window of her apartment, robbed her, and tried to rape her.” These were important facts, and had Humphreys’s law- yers known of them, they could have exercised the remaining per- emptory strike to remove Chancey from the jury. But they didn’t know about them. And they didn’t know because Chancey lied during voir dire.

Even worse, Susan Barber testified that on “day one, [Chancey] had her mind made up: early in the trial—before the end of the first phase—she said something along the lines of he’s guilty and he deserves to die.” Indeed, according to Barber, Chancey told the other jurors that she “would only vote for death.”

So even when the other eleven jurors, after deliberating many hours, voted for life without parole, Chancey would not even consider it. Of course, it was Chancey’s right to vote for death if USCA11 Case: 21-10387 Document: 51-1 Date Filed: 06/11/2024 Page: 72 of 74

2 ROSENBAUM, J., Concurring 21-10387 she thought the facts warranted it. But Humphreys had the right to expect that (a) Chancey had told the truth during voir dire, and (b) she would at least honestly consider imposing a sentence of life without parole.

Worse still, Chancey incorrectly told the other jurors that “they had to reach a unanimous decision or [Humphreys] would be paroled.” That, of course, was wrong. In fact, had the jurors failed to reach a unanimous decision, Humphreys would have been sentenced to life without parole under Georgia law. But Chancey’s incorrect statement, combined with the court’s repeated instruc- tions to the jury to continue deliberating, caused Barber to believe incorrectly that if the jury didn’t return a death verdict, Hum- phreys would be sentenced to life imprisonment with the possibil- ity of parole or that he could “walk.”

Based on Barber’s testimony about what occurred during jury deliberations, two things seem clear: (1) Chancey was dishon- est during voir dire, and her undisclosed bias likely made her unable to consider any verdict other than death, and (2) had the jury not incorrectly believed, as a result of the trial court’s instructions and Chancey’s statements, that Humphreys would have been released or been sentenced to life with the possibility of parole if the jury couldn’t return a verdict, the jury wouldn’t have returned a verdict, and Humphreys would have been sentenced to life imprisonment without the possibility of parole. Put simply, I do not doubt that the errors here “actually prejudice[d]” Humphreys. See Brecht v Abrahamson, 507 U.S. 619, 637 (1993). When an error “actually USCA11 Case: 21-10387 Document: 51-1 Date Filed: 06/11/2024 Page: 73 of 74

21-10387 ROSENBAUM, J., Concurring 3 prejudices” a defendant and that error is the difference between life and death, in my view, we should be able to correct that error.

But we can’t here. The problem is that proving prejudice requires us to consider the jurors’ testimony about what occurred during deliberations. Yet Georgia law and the no-impeachment rule prohibit us from doing just that.

True, the Supreme Court has identified an exception to the no-impeachment rule. But the Court has never recognized an ex- ception under the specific circumstances here (and when the state courts considered Humphreys’s case, the Supreme Court had yet to apply the limited exception in any case).

And while the Court has limited any exception to the “grav- est and most important of cases”—a category into which death- penalty cases would seem to fall—AEDPA’s standard of review cuts off that avenue for granting the petition. As I’ve noted, the Su- preme Court has applied the exception in only a single case ever— and the reason there was the juror’s racial bias, which was not the case here. And though a Supreme Court case need not be directly on point to make it applicable, here, the Supreme Court has other- wise consistently refused to apply the exception and has cautioned time and again against construing the exception in any way but ex- tremely narrowly.

Given this precedent, if we faithfully apply AEDPA’s stand- ard of review, we cannot find that the state court’s decision was “contrary to” federal law. 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d)(1). That’s so because the state court’s decision does not “contradict[] the United States USCA11 Case: 21-10387 Document: 51-1 Date Filed: 06/11/2024 Page: 74 of 74

4 ROSENBAUM, J., Concurring 21-10387 Supreme Court on a settled question of law or hold[] differently than did that Court on a set of materially indistinguishable facts.”

Evans v. Sec’y, Dep’t of Corr., 703 F.3d 1316, 1325 (11th Cir. 2013) (ci- tation omitted).

So I must reluctantly concur in today’s opinion. But I don’t think that makes it right.