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[DO NOT PUBLISH] In the United States Court of Appeals For the Eleventh Circuit ____________________ No. 23-14147 Non-Argument Calendar ____________________ ELENA DVOINIK, BORIS ZAVADOVSKY, Plaintiffs-Appellants, versus ELKE U. ROLFF, DALE F. WEBNER,

Defendants-Appellees.

____________________ Appeal from the United States District Court for the Southern District of Florida USCA11 Case: 23-14147 Document: 17-1 Date Filed: 06/13/2024 Page: 2 of 13

23-14147 Opinion of the Court 2 D.C. Docket No. 1:23-cv-22289-JEM ____________________ Before ROSENBAUM, JILL PRYOR, and BRANCH, Circuit Judges.

PER CURIAM: Plaintiffs-Appellants Elena Dvoinik and Boris Zavadovsky, pro se, appeal the dismissal of their complaint against Defendants- Appellees Elke Rolff and Dale Webner—without prejudice and without leave to amend—as an impermissible shotgun pleading.

Plaintiffs argue that the district court procedurally erred in dismiss- ing their complaint for three reasons: (1) the district court dis- missed the complaint before discovery, and Plaintiffs assert that they needed discovery to compel the production of evidence and demonstrate the plausibility of their claims; (2) Plaintiffs contend they were entitled to entry of default; and (3) Plaintiffs urge that, in any case, their claims were sufficiently plausible to survive a mo- tion to dismiss.

I. Background Plaintiffs filed a pro se complaint against Defendants, seek- ing civil remedies under 18 U.S.C. § 1964 pursuant to the Racketeer Influence and Corrupt Organizations (“RICO”) Act, id., §§ 1961 68.

Because this is an appeal from the granting of a motion to dismiss, we assume the allegations in the complaint to be true and recite them in the light most favorable to Plaintiffs. Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009). The actual facts may or may not be as set forth here. Id. USCA11 Case: 23-14147 Document: 17-1 Date Filed: 06/13/2024 Page: 3 of 13

23-14147 Opinion of the Court 3 This case stems from an alleged wrongful search and seizure of materials from Plaintiffs’ Austrian home. Following this inci- dent, Plaintiffs sued the Austrian government and various Austrian citizens in U.S. federal court. Defendants Rolff and Webner repre- sented the defendants in these cases.

Plaintiffs allege that Defendants were involved in a RICO enterprise in service of several “high ranking members of the Aus- trian Government.” The purported “main purposes” of the RICO enterprise were to launder money “stolen from [the] Austrian budget and received as a result of corruption and other criminal activities” and to manage and finance “Austrian foreign agents’ un- lawful activities [in] the U.S.” The complaint alleged that the money was laundered “through a network of bogus [law] firms and shell corporations” and masked as payments for bitcoin, electronic art, and professional services.

Rolff allegedly operated one of these “bogus law firm[s],” and she received money “stolen from the Austrian budget” to at- tempt to induce Plaintiffs to withdraw their claims. The Austrian Ministry of Foreign Affairs website listed Rolff as one of five “Trusted lawyers” exclusively recommended to Austrians facing le- gal matters in the United States. But according to the complaint, Rolff was not registered with the Attorney General under the For- eign Agent Registration Act (“FARA”), 22 U.S.C. § 611 621. And despite being licensed in Florida, Rolff had “not provide[d] any le- gal services anywhere in the United Stat[e]s” and had a law firm that was registered to “a one bedroom one family house in Miami USCA11 Case: 23-14147 Document: 17-1 Date Filed: 06/13/2024 Page: 4 of 13

23-14147 Opinion of the Court 4 Beach” with no employees. The complaint also asserts that Rolff used bank accounts to launder the RICO enterprise’s illicit funds by accepting payments for fictitious legal services.

Rolff hired Webner and instructed “him to intimidate the Plaintiffs and to intervene in all related lawsuits, serving the inter- ests [of the] RICO Enterpri[s]e.” Webner allegedly intimidated Plaintiffs by threatening reprisal from the Austrian government if they did not withdraw their civil claims in these related cases.

Defendants also ignored Plaintiffs’ requests to obtain certain tax and medical documents that Austrian authorities had seized, causing Plaintiffs to be assessed tax penalties in Germany. And they refused to produce to Plaintiffs any written power of attorney or other document reflecting their legal status on behalf of Austrian persons or entities.

Based on these allegations, Plaintiffs claimed that Rolff and Webner had participated in the RICO enterprise by committing the predicate acts of (1) money laundering, for accepting the proceeds of unlawful FARA activity with the intent to carry on such activity; and (2) witness tampering, for using intimidation and threats against Plaintiffs to induce them to drop their claims.

This is the second claim Plaintiffs have filed against Defend- ants. The first, which contained similar allegations under FARA, was dismissed with prejudice. See Dvoinik v. Rolff, No. 8:23-CV- 0623-KKM-CPT, 2023 WL 3276398, at *2 (M.D. Fla. May 5, 2023).

And Plaintiffs appealed another related case after a dismissal, but USCA11 Case: 23-14147 Document: 17-1 Date Filed: 06/13/2024 Page: 5 of 13

23-14147 Opinion of the Court 5 we affirmed that disposition. See Dvoinik v. Philipp, No. 23-12240, 2024 WL 95440, at *7 (11th Cir. Jan. 9, 2024).

II. Procedural History Plaintiffs filed their initial complaint, and Defendants timely moved to dismiss the complaint for failure to state a claim and as a shotgun pleading. While the motion to dismiss was pending, the court entered a scheduling order, which ordered the parties to jointly file a conferral report.

Several weeks later, Plaintiffs moved for a clerk’s entry of default against Defendants. That same day, the Clerk of Court is- sued a non-entry of default because Defendants’ motion to dismiss was pending at the time.

About two more weeks passed, and the district court granted the motion to dismiss the complaint as a shotgun pleading that failed to give Defendants fair notice of the claims against them.

The district court characterized the complaint as “riddled” with “rambling, confusing language” and “conclusory allegations that lack[ed] factual detail.” In particular, the court stated, the com- plaint failed to provide any detail as to what the alleged RICO scheme was, Defendants’ role in the scheme, or how Defendants “intimidate[d]” or “deceived” Plaintiffs, and instead simply par- roted statutory language. The court dismissed the complaint with- out prejudice and without leave to amend. Plaintiffs appeal.

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23-14147 Opinion of the Court 6 III. Standards of Review We review a district court’s determination on a motion for entry of default for an abuse of discretion. See Robinson v. United States, 734 F.2d 735, 739 (11th Cir. 1984). We likewise review dis- covery and case-management matters for an abuse of discretion.

Chudasama v. Mazda Motor Corp., 123 F.3d 1353, 1366–67 (11th Cir. 1997). “When employing an abuse of discretion standard, we must affirm unless we at least determine that the district court has made a clear error of judgment, or has applied an incorrect legal stand- ard.” Moorer v. Demopolis Waterworks & Sewer Bd., 374 F.3d 994, 996-97 (11th Cir. 2004) (quotation marks omitted). Finally, we also review a district court’s dismissal of a complaint as a shotgun plead- ing for abuse of discretion. Barmapov v. Amuial, 986 F.3d 1321, 1324 (11th Cir. 2021).

IV. Discussion We start with Plaintiffs’ arguments that the district court procedurally erred by failing to (1) enter default against Defendants and (2) permit discovery before granting the motion to dismiss.

Rule 55(a) requires the clerk of court to enter a default against a party who “has failed to plead or otherwise defend.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 55(a). In general, defendants must file either a responsive pleading or a motion to dismiss within 21 days of service. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(a)(1)(A), (b). If a defendant moves to dismiss, the de- fendant generally need not file a responsive pleading until 14 days after the court denies the motion or postpones its disposition until trial. Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(a)(4)(A).

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23-14147 Opinion of the Court 7 Here, Plaintiffs were not entitled to entry of default. After service of the complaint in mid-July 2023, Defendants timely filed a motion to dismiss under Rule 12(b)(6). That preempted the ne- cessity of filing an answer until the motion was decided. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(a)(4)(a); see also Brown v. Crawford County, 960 F.2d 1002, 1010 (11th Cir. 1992).

Plaintiffs contend that Defendants were required to file an answer before the court ruled on the motion to dismiss because the court issued its scheduling order before that time, and scheduling order instructed the parties to jointly file a conferral report. But nothing in the district court’s scheduling order resolved or post- poned resolution of the motion to dismiss. Nor did it the schedul- ing order otherwise require Defendants file a responsive pleading.

Because Defendants timely filed their motion to dismiss and it was still pending when Plaintiffs filed for default, Plaintiffs were not en- titled to an entry of default. In short, Defendants had not de- faulted.

Nor have Plaintiffs shown that the district court abused its discretion by ruling on the motion to dismiss before discovery.

“Civil pleadings are supposed to mark the boundaries for discov- ery; discovery is not supposed to substitute for definite pleading.”

Paylor v. Hartford Fire Ins. Co., 748 F.3d 1117, 1127 (11th Cir. 2014) (noting that it is “backward” to expect that “parties wait until dis- covery to identify, with precision, the subject of the litigation”). In- deed, we’ve explained that “[f]acial challenges to the legal USCA11 Case: 23-14147 Document: 17-1 Date Filed: 06/13/2024 Page: 8 of 13

23-14147 Opinion of the Court 8 sufficiency of a claim . . . should . . . be resolved before discovery begins.” Chudasama, 123 F.3d at 1367.

And here, Defendants made a facial challenge to the legal sufficiency of Plaintiffs’ claims—namely, that Plaintiffs made their claims in a shotgun pleading. So the district court did not abuse its discretion in resolving that facial challenge before discovery began.

Next, we consider whether the district court abused its dis- cretion in ruling that the complaint here was a shotgun pleading.

We conclude that it did not.

A pleading that states a claim for relief must contain “a short and plain statement of the claim showing that the pleader is enti- tled to relief.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 8(a)(2). “A party must state its claims . . . in numbered paragraphs, each limited as far as practica- ble to a single set of circumstances.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 10(b). And to the extent that “doing so would promote clarity, each claim founded on a separate transaction or occurrence . . . must be stated in a separate count or defense.” Id. These pleading practices en- sure, among other things, that a pleader presents her claims dis- cretely and succinctly to allow her adversary to understand what she is claiming and frame a responsive pleading. Barmapov, 986 F.3d at 1324.

We’ve explained that “[a] shotgun pleading is a complaint that violates either Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 8(a)(2) or Rule 10(b), or both.” Chudasama, 123 F.3d at 1367. “Shotgun pleadings are flatly forbidden by the spirit, if not the letter, of these rules be- cause they are calculated to confuse the enemy, and the court.” Id. USCA11 Case: 23-14147 Document: 17-1 Date Filed: 06/13/2024 Page: 9 of 13

23-14147 Opinion of the Court 9 For these reasons, “[w]e have little tolerance” for shotgun plead- ings. Id. We’ve explained that they “waste scarce judicial re- sources, inexorably broaden the scope of discovery, wreak havoc on appellate court dockets, and undermine the public’s respect for the courts.” Id. (quotation marks omitted).

We’ve identified “four rough types or categories of shotgun pleadings.” Id. at 1323. These include complaints that (1) “contain multiple counts where each count adopts the allegations of all pre- ceding counts, causing each successive count to carry all that came before and the last count to be a combination of the entire com- plaint,” (2) are “replete with conclusory, vague, and immaterial facts not obviously connected to any particular cause of action,” (3) do not separate each cause of action or claim for relief into sep- arate counts, or (4) assert multiple claims against multiple defend- ants without specifying which defendant is responsible for which acts or omissions. Id. at 1324–25 (quotation marks omitted).

It is not the district court’s job to parse out incomprehensi- ble allegations from shotgun pleadings. Est. of Bass v. Regions Bank, Inc., 947 F.3d 1352, 1358 (11th Cir. 2020). Rather, a district court can dismiss a complaint on shotgun-pleading grounds under its “in- herent authority to control its docket and ensure the prompt reso- lution of lawsuits.” Vibe Micro, Inc. v. Shabanets, 878 F.3d 1291, 1295 (11th Cir. 2018) (quotation marks omitted). While we give pro se litigants more leeway than counseled litigants, they must still fol- low shotgun-pleading rules and provide the defendants with ade- quate notice of the claims against them and the grounds on which USCA11 Case: 23-14147 Document: 17-1 Date Filed: 06/13/2024 Page: 10 of 13

23-14147 Opinion of the Court 10 the claims rest. Pinson v. JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., 942 F.3d 1200, 1208 (11th Cir. 2019); see Moon v. Newsome, 863 F.2d 835, 837 (11th Cir. 1989) (Pro se litigants are “subject to the relevant law and rules of court, including the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure.”).

In addition, although we liberally construe pro se filings, “is- sues not briefed on appeal by a pro se litigant are deemed aban- doned.” Timson v. Sampson, 518 F.3d 870, 874 (11th Cir. 2008) (ci- tation omitted). “We have long held that an appellant abandons a claim when he either makes only passing references to it or raises it in a perfunctory manner without supporting arguments and au- thority.” Sapuppo v. Allstate Floridian Ins. Co., 739 F.3d 678, 681 (11th Cir. 2014). An appellant “fails to adequately brief a claim when he does not plainly and prominently raise it. Id. at 682 (quo- tation marks omitted). Abandonment can also occur when argu- ments are buried within other arguments, or when a brief makes only passing references to it in the statement of the case or sum- mary of the argument. Id. at 681–82.

Here, Plaintiffs abandoned any challenge to the court’s dis- positive finding that their complaint was a shotgun pleading. In their briefing, Plaintiffs assert in passing that they complied with Rule 8, they maintain that their claims were sufficiently plausible to survive a motion to dismiss, and they cite evidence docketed in this case and related cases. But they fail to engage with any of the court’s reasons for deeming their complaint a shotgun pleading, or with our caselaw on shotgun pleadings. Because Plaintiffs have USCA11 Case: 23-14147 Document: 17-1 Date Filed: 06/13/2024 Page: 11 of 13

23-14147 Opinion of the Court 11 abandoned any challenge to that dispositive ruling, “it follows that the judgment is due to be affirmed.” Id. at 680.

But in any event, the district court did not err in dismissing Plaintiffs’ complaint as an impermissible shotgun pleading. The complaint falls into the first two categories of shotgun pleadings we have identified. See Barmapov, 986 F.3d at 1324–25. It contains multiple counts where all but one of the counts adopted the allega- tions of the preceding counts, “causing each successive count to carry all that came before and the last count to be a combination of the entire complaint.” Id. at 1325 (quotation marks omitted).

The complaint also constitutes a shotgun pleading because it is “replete with conclusory, vague, and immaterial facts not ob- viously connected to any particular cause of action,” leaving De- fendants to guess as to the claims against them and the grounds supporting those claims. See Barmapov, 986 F.3d at 1325. The com- plaint alleges that Defendants committed predicate money laun- dering acts for the RICO enterprise by accepting money from the Austrian government in exchange for providing “legal services” as unregistered foreign agents under FARA. But as the district court noted, the complaint fails to provide any supporting details of the alleged RICO enterprise or Defendants’ connection to it, apart from being paid for the provision of legal services to Austrian citi- zens, Austrian government officials, and the Austrian government in connection with Plaintiffs’ related civil cases.

Despite making vague accusations about Defendants’ legiti- macy, and providing irrelevant details about their law firms, the USCA11 Case: 23-14147 Document: 17-1 Date Filed: 06/13/2024 Page: 12 of 13

23-14147 Opinion of the Court 12 complaint gives no reason to believe Defendants were not author- ized to, or did not in fact provide, such legal services in defense of the related cases. And FARA exempts from registration persons engaged in the legal representation of a disclosed principal. See 22 U.S.C. § 613(g).

Plus, Plaintiffs do not indicate how any alleged failure to reg- ister with the Attorney General under FARA harmed them. Ra- ther, Plaintiffs’ alleged harm appears to stem from Austria’s failure to return important personal records, which caused German tax authorities to place a lien on Zavadovsky’s pension, Plaintiffs’ main source of income. But the complaint does not indicate how De- fendants, even if they promised to convey Plaintiffs’ request to the proper Austrian authorities, were at fault for the failure to return those records.

As for the complaint’s broad accusations that Defendants en- gaged in witness tampering, see 18 U.S.C. § 1512(b)(1)(2), the alle- gations fail to provide any factual support for the complaint’s asser- tions that Defendants “misled,” “deceived,” or “intimidated” Plain- tiffs in any meaningful way. For instance, the complaint makes vague references to emails or other communications between the parties but fails to explain the contents of those communications or how they are relevant to any particular claim. It also asserts that Webner accused Plaintiffs of being scammers and pressured them to drop their lawsuits. But the only suggestion of a threat in the complaint is extremely vague.

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23-14147 Opinion of the Court 13 In sum, the district court did not err in dismissing the com- plaint as a shotgun pleading.

Finally, regarding Defendants’ additional request to modify the decision of the lower court from a dismissal ‘without prejudice’ to a dismissal ‘with prejudice,’ we must decline to do so.1 Defend- ants have not filed a cross-appeal, so they “may not attack the de- cree with the view to enlarge [their] own rights or . . . of lessening the rights of [their] adversar[ies].” Jennings v. Stephens, 574 U.S. 271, (2015). In any case, given that the district court dismissed solely on the basis that the complaint was a shotgun pleading, it could not have dismissed the complaint with prejudice under our precedent.

Indeed, our precedent ordinarily requires a chance at amendment before a court may dismiss with prejudice on shotgun-pleading grounds. See Vibe Micro, 878 F.3d at 1296.

In sum, for these reasons, we conclude that the district court did not abuse its discretion in dismissing the complaint as a shotgun pleading, denying default judgment, and dismissing the complaint before discovery. Nor did it abuse its discretion in not dismissing the matter with prejudice.

AFFIRMED.

1 Plaintiffs have not appealed the dismissal without at least one opportunity for amendment, and the dismissal without prejudice allowed Plaintiffs to refile their complaint, so we do not opine on the propriety of the district court’s failure to provide Plaintiffs with at least one opportunity to amend their com- plaint before dismissing it.