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[DO NOT PUBLISH] In the United States Court of Appeals For the Eleventh Circuit ____________________ No. 24-11498 Non-Argument Calendar ____________________ LILLIE M. MIDDLEBROOKS, Plaintiff-Appellant, versus DISTRICT ATTORNEY OF FLOYD COUNTY, GEORGIA, ASSISTANT DISTRICT ATTORNEY OF FLOYD COUNTY, GEORGIA,

Defendants-Appellees.

____________________ Appeal from the United States District Court for the Northern District of Georgia USCA11 Case: 24-11498 Document: 24-1 Date Filed: 01/17/2025 Page: 2 of 6

2 Opinion of the Court 24-11498 D.C. Docket No. 4:24-cv-00102-WMR ____________________ Before JILL PRYOR, NEWSOM, and BRASHER, Circuit Judges.

PER CURIAM: Lillie Middlebrooks entered the property of a nursing facility from which she had been banned, and when officers tried to arrest her, she resisted. Consequently, she was charged with criminal trespass and willful obstruction of law enforcement. The District Attorney and the Assistant District Attorney pursued these charges against her. Middlebrooks asked the district court to enjoin the state prosecution, alleging a First Amendment retaliation claim un- der 42 U.S.C. § 1983. The district court denied her motion for a preliminary injunction. Middlebrooks appealed.

On appeal, Middlebrooks, proceeding pro se, argues that the district court abused its discretion in three ways: (1) by ruling that she hadn’t shown a substantial likelihood of success on the merits of her retaliation claim; (2) by deciding to abstain, pursuant to Younger v. Harris, 401 U.S. 37 (1971), from interfering with the state prosecution; and (3) by failing to grant her an evidentiary hearing on her motion for injunctive relief.

We review the denial of a preliminary injunction for abuse of discretion. Long v. Sec’y, Dep’t of Corr., 924 F.3d 1171, 1175 (11th Cir. 2019). The abuse-of-discretion standard also applies to a dis- trict court’s decision to abstain from exercising its jurisdiction.

Wexler v. Lepore, 385 F.3d 1336, 1338 (11th Cir. 2004). “A district USCA11 Case: 24-11498 Document: 24-1 Date Filed: 01/17/2025 Page: 3 of 6

24-11498 Opinion of the Court 3 court abuses its discretion if, among other things, ‘it applies an in- correct legal standard, follows improper procedures in making the determination, or makes findings of fact that are clearly errone- ous.’” Long, 924 F.3d at 1175 (quoting Grayson v. Warden, Comm’r, Ala. DOC, 869 F.3d 1204, 1238 (11th Cir. 2017)).

First, success on the merits. “A district court may grant in- junctive relief only if the moving party shows that: (1) it has a sub- stantial likelihood of success on the merits; (2) irreparable injury will be suffered unless the injunction issues; (3) the threatened in- jury to the movant outweighs whatever damage the proposed in- junction may cause the opposing party; and (4) if issued, the injunc- tion would not be adverse to the public interest.” Siegel v. LePore, 234 F.3d 1163, 1176 (11th Cir. 2000). “If [the movant] is unable to show a substantial likelihood of success on the merits, we need not consider the other requirements.” Bloedorn v. Grube, 631 F.3d 1218, 1229 (11th Cir. 2011).

Here, Middlebrooks brings a First Amendment retaliation claim under § 1983. She alleges that the DA and the ADA are pros- ecuting her in retaliation for two federal civil-rights lawsuits that she filed. To succeed on her claim, Middlebrooks must show, among other things, that “a causal connection exists between the [prosecutors’] retaliatory conduct and the adverse effect on [her] speech and right to petition.” DeMartini v. Town of Gulf Stream, 942 F.3d 1277, 1289 (11th Cir. 2019). Moreover, when, as here, “the governmental defendant has utilized the legal system to arrest or prosecute the plaintiff,” the plaintiff must “plead and prove an USCA11 Case: 24-11498 Document: 24-1 Date Filed: 01/17/2025 Page: 4 of 6

4 Opinion of the Court 24-11498 absence of probable cause as to the challenged retaliatory arrest or prosecution in order to establish the causation link between the defendant’s retaliatory animus and the plaintiff’s injury.” Id. Middlebrooks cannot establish a causal link between the prosecution and any retaliatory animus on the part of the prosecu- tors. First, by the time when Middlebrooks filed her civil-rights lawsuits, the prosecutors had already initiated their case against her. Second, the prosecutors had probable cause to pursue Middle- brooks’s trespass charge. According to the police report, witnesses informed officers that Middlebrooks had trespassed, in spite of Mid- dlebrooks’s assertions to the contrary. Similarly, the prosecutors had probable cause to pursue Middlebrooks’s obstruction-of-law- enforcement charge. The police report stated that, when officers tried to arrest Middlebrooks, she resisted—she pulled her arm away, sat on the ground, and said that officers would have to shoot her before she would go to jail. The existence of probable cause severs any causal link between Middlebrooks’s prosecution and the retaliatory motive that she alleges. See DeMartini, 942 F.3d at 1289.

Accordingly, the district court did not abuse its discretion in denying Middlebrooks’s request for injunctive relief.

Second, Younger abstention. To determine whether Younger abstention is warranted, we must consider three conditions: whether “(1) there is an ‘ongoing’ state-court proceeding at the time of the federal action; (2) the state proceeding implicates an important state interest; and (3) the state proceeding affords the federal plaintiff an adequate opportunity for judicial review of his USCA11 Case: 24-11498 Document: 24-1 Date Filed: 01/17/2025 Page: 5 of 6

24-11498 Opinion of the Court 5 or her federal constitutional claims.” Tokyo Gwinnett., LLC v. Gwin- nett Cnty., 940 F.3d 1254, 1268 (11th Cir. 2019) (quoting Middlesex Cnty. Ethics Comm. v. Garden State Bar Ass’n, 457 U.S. 423, 432 (1982)).

The district court ruled that Middlebrooks’s case meets all three conditions. Middlebrooks does not dispute this. Instead, she contends that, because the prosecutors were motivated by bad faith, the district court should refuse to abstain. “[A] federal court should refuse to abstain if . . . there is evidence the state proceed- ings are motivated by bad faith.” Leonard v. Ala. State Bd. of Phar- macy, 61 F.4th 902, 908 (11th Cir. 2023) (quotation marks omitted and alterations adopted). Bad faith “in this context generally means that a prosecution has been brought without a reasonable expecta- tion of obtaining a valid conviction.” Kugler v. Helfant, 421 U.S. 117, n.6 (1975).

As explained above, the police report, which documented Middlebrooks’s trespass and resistance to arrest, provided the pros- ecutors with a reasonable expectation that they would obtain a valid conviction. Middlebrooks has therefore failed to demonstrate that the bad-faith exception applies to her case. Accordingly, the district court did not abuse its discretion in deciding to abstain from exercising its jurisdiction.

Finally, Middlebrooks argues that the district court should have granted an evidentiary hearing on her motion for injunctive relief. But, where, as here, “material facts are not in dispute,” “dis- trict courts generally need not hold an evidentiary hearing.”

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6 Opinion of the Court 24-11498 McDonald’s Corp. v. Robertson, 147 F.3d 1301, 1313 (11th Cir. 1998).

Accordingly, the district court did not abuse its discretion in failing to grant a hearing.

The judgment of the district court is AFFIRMED.