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[DO NOT PUBLISH] In the United States Court of Appeals For the Eleventh Circuit ____________________ No. 23-10873 ____________________ CHERELLE FLETCHER, Individually and as Personal Representative of the Estate of Dana Sherrod Fletcher, deceased and V.F., a minor, by and through her mother and next friend, Cherelle Fletcher, Plaintiff-Appellant, V.F. a minor, by and through her mother and next friend, Cherelle Fletcher, Plaintiff, versus CITY OF MADISON, a municipal corporation, PAUL FINLEY, USCA11 Case: 23-10873 Document: 50-1 Date Filed: 04/08/2025 Page: 2 of 35

Defendants-Appellees,

CONNIE SPEARS, et al.,

Defendants.

____________________ Appeal from the United States District Court for the Northern District of Alabama D.C. Docket No. 5:21-cv-01432-LCB ____________________ Before BRASHER, HULL, and WILSON, Circuit Judges.

BRASHER, Circuit Judge: This appeal is about whether a district court abused its dis- cretion when it dismissed Cherelle Fletcher’s second amended complaint with prejudice on shotgun-pleading grounds. Because several parties share the surname Fletcher, we will refer to them by their first names. The complaint was filed on behalf of three plaintiffs: Cherelle, Cherelle’s daughter V.F., and the personal USCA11 Case: 23-10873 Document: 50-1 Date Filed: 04/08/2025 Page: 3 of 35

23-10873 Opinion of the Court 3 representative of the estate of Cherelle’s deceased husband Dana.

Shayla Fletcher—a lawyer and Dana’s sister—represented all three parties.

This appeal presents two primary issues. First, we must re- solve a jurisdictional issue that arose when Cherelle moved pro se to dismiss her appeal and Shayla moved to substitute herself in Cherelle’s place as the administrator of Dana’s estate so the litiga- tion may continue. If we have jurisdiction, we must resolve whether the second amended complaint was a shotgun pleading.

We conclude that we may substitute Shayla in the place of Cherelle as representative of the estate, that we have jurisdiction to hear this appeal, and that the district court did not abuse its discretion when it dismissed the second amended complaint as a shotgun pleading.

As an ancillary matter, we take up the issue of whether the district court correctly dismissed the state-law wrongful death claim with prejudice on the grounds that the statute of limitations precluded a refiling in state court. Because that claim is subject to tolling under 28 U.S.C. § 1367(d), we reverse and remand with in- structions to the district court to dismiss that claim without preju- dice.

I.

Although this appeal turns on procedural issues, the under- lying litigation arose from a police shooting. According to the sec- ond amended complaint, on October 27, 2019, Dana Fletcher was sitting in a car in Madison, Alabama, with his eight-year-old daugh- ter, V.F. Cherelle—Dana’s wife—got in the car, and a Madison USCA11 Case: 23-10873 Document: 50-1 Date Filed: 04/08/2025 Page: 4 of 35

A.

Almost two years later, on October 26, 2021, Cherelle filed the initial complaint through her counsel Shayla. The initial com- plaint spanned 64 pages and was 357 paragraphs long. It included twenty-eight causes of action against the City of Madison, thirteen other named defendants, and five fictitious defendants (collec- tively, “Madison”). Cherelle sued Madison individually, as the per- sonal representative of Dana’s estate, and on behalf of V.F. Nota- bly, Shayla Fletcher—Dana’s sister and a lawyer—served as coun- sel for all plaintiffs.

Madison moved to dismiss the complaint on multiple grounds, one being that the complaint was an impermissible shot- gun pleading. Madison contended that the original complaint “commit[ted] all four of the pleading ‘sins’ proscribed by” this Court.

First, the original complaint “adopt[ed] and incorporate[d] by reference all preceding paragraphs and prior counts,” which is the most common type of shotgun pleading.

Second, the complaint was “replete with conclusory, vague, and immaterial facts not obviously connected to any particular USCA11 Case: 23-10873 Document: 50-1 Date Filed: 04/08/2025 Page: 5 of 35

23-10873 Opinion of the Court 5 cause of action.” “For instance, the complaint describe[d] [Cherelle’s] efforts to obtain legal representation and her legislative advocacy without ever connecting these allegations to any of the asserted causes of action.” The complaint also included allegations “regarding a purported relationship between [the Madison Police Department] and other law enforcement agencies, including alle- gations regarding uses of force by officers of agencies other than [the Madison Police Department]” without connecting those alle- gations to the underlying claims in this suit.

Third, Madison argued that the original complaint did not separate each cause of action or claim for relief into a separate count. “For example, nearly every count combine[d] an underlying claim for violation of federal or state law by an individual defendant with claims against” the City of Madison and local politicians. And “many causes of action [we]re asserted by more than one of the three plaintiffs based on different facts, resulting in a confusing mix- ture of claims.” Madison contended that some counts brought claims under both federal and state law.

Fourth, Madison contended that the original complaint in- cluded multiple claims brought against multiple defendants “with- out specifying which of the defendants are responsible for which acts or omissions, or which of the defendants the claim is brought against.” For instance, Madison argued that “the complaint often refers to “Plaintiff” singularly and ‘Plaintiffs’ collectively and inter- changeably without any explanation as to which of the three plain- tiffs, or some combination thereof, are asserting the claims.”

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The district court never ruled on the motions to dismiss be- cause they quickly became moot when Cherelle filed her first amended complaint. The first amended complaint was 67 pages and 375 paragraphs long, and it included 34 causes of action.

Madison moved to dismiss the first amended complaint on multiple grounds, including that the complaint was a shotgun pleading. Madison again contended that the first amended com- plaint was a shotgun pleading of all four forbidden varieties. Madi- son’s arguments generally mirrored those that it offered against the initial complaint. Cherelle responded that the first amended com- plaint was not a shotgun pleading because it provided sufficient no- tice under Rules 8 and 10 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure.

Cherelle requested leave to amend the first amended complaint as alternative relief.

The district court concluded that the amended complaint was a shotgun pleading that bore “the hallmarks of a ‘shotgun pleading’ as exemplified in at least the third Weiland factor.” The district court ordered Cherelle to file a second amended complaint and encouraged Cherelle to cut her “unnecessarily long” 67-page complaint down to 50 pages, if possible. The district court observed that because Cherelle had already amended her complaint, it would allow Cherelle “to amend once more, but only once more.”

“Any further allowances [would not] be forthcoming.” The district court also ordered Cherelle’s counsel to meet and confer with Mad- ison’s counsel “in the hopes that, after a free and frank discussion USCA11 Case: 23-10873 Document: 50-1 Date Filed: 04/08/2025 Page: 7 of 35

23-10873 Opinion of the Court 7 of the [first] Amended Complaint’s issues, the Second Amended Complaint will not merit dismissal as a ‘shotgun pleading.’” The district court encouraged Cherelle’s counsel “to associate and/or consult counsel with attorneys experienced in matters like the case at Bar.” The district court warned Cherelle that although it “disfa- vor[ed] dismissing cases based upon the failure to adequately and properly plead a case, it w[ould] have no choice but to do so if the Second Amended Complaint” was a shotgun pleading.

C.

Cherelle filed her second amended complaint. The second amended complaint was 53 pages, 252 paragraphs, and asserted 24 causes of action. Madison again moved to dismiss the second amended complaint on multiple grounds, including that it was an impermissible shotgun pleading.

Madison specifically argued that the second amended com- plaint was a shotgun pleading of the third Weiland category because it did not separate each cause of action into a separate count. For example, Madison contended that in count eighteen of the second amended complaint, “all three Plaintiffs assert a single count for municipal liability pursuant to § 1983 based on the singular pur- ported custom of the City to allow officers ‘to use force in response to perceived noncompliance’ and the alleged failure to train on ‘the use of force.’” But, Madison continued, the count “alleges vastly different uses of force as to each plaintiff.” It alleged that “MPD officers allegedly used a K-9, physical strikes, and a Taser on [Dana],” but “[Cherelle] and [V.F.] were allegedly pulled from their USCA11 Case: 23-10873 Document: 50-1 Date Filed: 04/08/2025 Page: 8 of 35

Cherelle moved for leave to amend the complaint and file a third amended complaint, which she attached to her motion. The motion to amend stated that its purpose was not to correct a shot- gun-pleading issue. The motion to amend instead took aim at the district court’s previous order and faulted the district court for “provid[ing] no meaningful . . . analysis” as to why the first amended complaint was a shotgun pleading. Cherelle also re- sponded to Madison’s motion to dismiss, and she contended that her second amended complaint was not a shotgun pleading. Madi- son opposed Cherelle’s motion to amend the complaint on the grounds that it was futile because the third amended complaint “is another shotgun pleading.”

Before the district court ruled on the motion to dismiss, Cherelle personally filed a handwritten letter that asked the district court “to dismiss the cases [i]ndividually and as representative of the Estate” and to “also dismiss the claims of my minor daughter V.F.” Cherelle explained that her religious beliefs compelled her to USCA11 Case: 23-10873 Document: 50-1 Date Filed: 04/08/2025 Page: 9 of 35

23-10873 Opinion of the Court 9 forgive others, and thus she wanted to “dismiss these cases.”

Cherelle said that she had expressed her desire to dismiss her case to her counsel, and that her counsel told her that “she would file a motion to dismiss with prejudice.” Cherelle filed the handwritten letter because her counsel had not yet filed a formal motion. The day before Cherelle filed her handwritten letter, Cherelle’s counsel filed a motion for a continuance stating that the “[r]ecent instruc- tions of Cherelle . . . have created a potential conflict of interest that prevents the undersigned from fulfilling her fiduciary obligations.”

But Cherelle’s counsel did not explain what that conflict of interest was in her filing.

On the same day that Cherelle filed her handwritten motion, the district court issued the order that generated this appeal. The order granted Madison’s motion to dismiss. The district court ruled that Cherelle’s second amended complaint “violate[d] Rules 8(a)(2) and 10(b)” of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure because it was a shotgun pleading.

The court reached that conclusion on three bases.

First, the court explained that the second amended com- plaint was a second-category shotgun pleading because it “is rife with conclusory allegations that are mixed haphazardly with facts which, at a minimum, makes it difficult for the Court to determine what facts support what claims for relief and whether Plaintiffs have stated claims upon which relief can be granted.” As an exam- ple of the complaint’s defects, the district court pointed to para- graph 44 of the second amended complaint, which alleged “that the USCA11 Case: 23-10873 Document: 50-1 Date Filed: 04/08/2025 Page: 10 of 35

The district court also found that paragraph 48 of the second amended complaint contained conclusory language that was un- connected to any claim for relief. Paragraph 48 alleged that “John Doe 1 radioed for backup, communicating the circumstances and summoning John Doe 2-5 to the scene to increase the intimidation factor caused by a larger police presence and to apply even more violent and depraved means to coerce the Fletchers’ compliance and cooperation.” Cherelle incorporated that paragraph “in Counts 7, 8, 10, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 19, 20, 21, 22, and 24, while, again, failing to properly connect the Paragraph’s allegations to each claim.”

And the district court faulted Cherelle for “devot[ing] a chunk of the[] Second Amended Complaint to what appears to be commentary on the qualified immunity doctrine and altercations between citizens and law enforcement in the general area sur- rounding Madison, Alabama.” According to the district court, the second amended complaint coined the Madison Police Depart- ment, Madison County Sheriff’s Office, and Huntsville Police De- partment as “Sister-Agencies.” The district court observed that USCA11 Case: 23-10873 Document: 50-1 Date Filed: 04/08/2025 Page: 11 of 35

23-10873 Opinion of the Court 11 “Plaintiffs do not allege that the MPD, HPD, and MCSO operate interdependently or share leadership.” Thus, “it is vague and poten- tially deceptive for Plaintiffs to state that the three entities ‘consider themselves one body in many respects.’” The second amended complaint “describe[d] alleged uses of excessive force by [Hunts- ville Police Department] officers while failing to link their signifi- cance to alleged constitutional violations by [Madison Police De- partment] officers.” But Cherelle “incorporate[d] these paragraphs into the[] claims against the City of Madison.” The district court ultimately concluded that it could not “determine which facts sup- port [the] claims that . . . Madison is liable.”

Second, the district court held that Cherelle’s second amended complaint was a third-category shotgun pleading because “[m]any of [the] counts present[ed] more than one discrete claim for relief.” The district court first pointed to count five, in which the personal representative of the estate alleged that Officer 1 vio- lated Dana’s “First and Fourth Amendment rights.” Similarly, in count eleven, the district court observed that the “Estate brings a § 1983 claim of excessive force against Officers 1, 3, and 4.” In that count, “Plaintiffs describe how Officer 1 tased [Dana], how Officer punched [Dana] and released the K-9 Officer on [Dana], and how Officer 4 used lethal force against [Dana].” But the district court ruled that “[t]hose are three, separate theories upon which a plain- tiff may recover for a Fourth Amendment violation—not one.”

And the district court found that in count eighteen, all plaintiffs as- serted a section 1983 municipal liability claim against Madison. The district court reasoned that under binding Eleventh Circuit USCA11 Case: 23-10873 Document: 50-1 Date Filed: 04/08/2025 Page: 12 of 35

Third, and finally, the district court concluded that the sec- ond amended complaint was a fourth-category shotgun pleading because it “assert[ed] multiple claims against multiple Defendants without adequately specifying which Defendant is responsible for which act.” The district court pointed to count nineteen, in which “all Plaintiffs bring an outrage/intentional infliction of emotional distress claim under Alabama tort law against Defendant Officers 1 thru 5.” That count alleged “that the Officers intended to ‘make Plaintiffs have great fear for their safety and life [sic].’” The plain- tiffs “then list various actions: ‘pointing firearms at [Dana’s and Cherelle’s] heads; physically seizing and dragging [Cherelle] and V.F. out of the vehicle . . . ; releasing an attack dog on [Fletcher] . . . ; Tasing [Dana]; punching and beating [Dana] and ultimately shooting [Dana] unnecessarily.” The district court held that the sec- ond amended complaint was a shotgun pleading because it failed to “differentiate which Defendant Officer is responsible for which act,” and instead “appear[ed] to be imputing the individual Officers’ actions on the group.”

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23-10873 Opinion of the Court 13 The district court’s order also denied Cherelle’s motion for leave to file a third amended complaint because it would have been futile. In its dismissal order, the court observed that Cherelle had twice amended her complaint, that it had warned Cherelle that her previous complaint was a shotgun pleading, that it had ordered Shayla to meet and confer with Madison’s counsel before filing the second amended complaint to avoid this problem, and that it had warned Cherelle that she “would not have another chance to amend.” The court concluded that granting leave to amend would be futile because Cherelle’s proposed third amended complaint “fail[ed] to correct any of the shotgun pleading deficiencies dis- cussed.”

The district court dismissed all plaintiffs’ federal claims and the state claims that it determined were then barred by the applica- ble statutes of limitation with prejudice. It dismissed the remaining claims without prejudice.

The district court also “note[d] that just hours prior to the entry of this Order, Cherelle . . . filed a letter with the Court, which appears to be a Motion to Dismiss this matter.” But the court did not consider the motion “because the document was not filed by [Cherelle’s] attorney of record, and because it [was] unclear whether it was filed with her attorney’s knowledge.” The district court issued a final judgment in accord with its opinion and order.

D.

Cherelle’s counsel filed a timely notice of appeal as the “at- torney of record.” Later, Cherelle filed a handwritten letter on our USCA11 Case: 23-10873 Document: 50-1 Date Filed: 04/08/2025 Page: 14 of 35

About two weeks later, Cherelle’s counsel filed a motion for substitution of personal representative. Specifically, Cherelle’s counsel asked us to substitute her in place of Cherelle as the per- sonal representative of the estate under Rule 43(b) of the Federal Rules of Appellate Procedure. Cherelle’s counsel argued that “this appeal was not filed on behalf of Cherelle,” but was filed on her own behalf because she is the real party at interest “as a duly-ap- pointed personal representative of the Estate.” Cherelle’s counsel also informed us that the Probate Court of Madison County ap- pointed her and Cherelle as co-personal representatives of the es- tate before Cherelle filed suit. Cherelle’s counsel asserted that, at that time, they agreed that “Cherelle . . . would serve as the per- sonal representative of the Estate for the purpose of prosecuting USCA11 Case: 23-10873 Document: 50-1 Date Filed: 04/08/2025 Page: 15 of 35

23-10873 Opinion of the Court 15 claims on the Estate’s behalf” and “Shayla agreed to serve as coun- sel.” Months later, Shayla filed a motion for us to take judicial no- tice of an order from the Probate Court of Madison County that terminated Cherelle as co-personal representative of the estate and confirmed that Shayla was the sole personal representative of the estate. Madison opposed the motion on the same grounds it ad- vanced in its motion to dismiss.

II.

We review jurisdictional questions de novo. Dunlap v. G&L Holding Grp., Inc., 381 F.3d 1285, 1289 (11th Cir. 2004). We review legal questions de novo as well. United States v. Futrell, 209 F.3d 1286, 1289 (11th Cir. 2000). “We review a dismissal on Rule 8 shotgun pleading grounds for an abuse of discretion.” Vibe Micro, Inc. v. Sha- banets, 878 F.3d 1291, 1294 (11th Cir. 2018).

III.

This appeal presents two issues. First, we must decide whether the notice of appeal was effective for jurisdictional pur- poses. Second, if we have jurisdiction, we must decide whether the district court acted within its discretion when it dismissed the sec- ond amended complaint as a shotgun pleading.

A.

As always, we begin by examining whether we have juris- diction to hear this appeal, for without it, we are powerless to act.

See Univ. of S. Ala. v. Am. Tobacco Co., 168 F.3d 405, 410 (11th Cir. USCA11 Case: 23-10873 Document: 50-1 Date Filed: 04/08/2025 Page: 16 of 35

Before addressing Madison’s argument, we should make clear what is not in dispute on this point. To start, “[w]e have ap- pellate jurisdiction over ‘all final decisions of the district courts of the United States.’” Gov’t Emps. Ins. Co. v. Glassco, Inc., 58 F.4th 1338, 1340 (11th Cir. 2023) (quoting 28 U.S.C. § 1291). And no one disputes that Cherelle’s counsel filed a timely notice of appeal, which is a “jurisdictional requirement” in civil cases. Bowles v. Rus- sell, 551 U.S. 205, 213 (2007). Madison’s contention is that Cherelle’s pro se filings urging the district court and this Court to dismiss her case deprive us of jurisdiction to hear this appeal.

That argument misses the mark because our rules prohibit us from considering pro se filings from a party represented by coun- sel. 11th. Cir. R. 25-1; see also In re Henry, 757 F.3d 1151, 1156 n.7 (11th Cir. 2014). Shayla served as counsel for Cherelle, V.F. and the estate. Because Shayla represented all three plaintiffs, we may not consider Cherelle’s pro se filings. 11th Cir. R. 25-1. To be sure, Cherelle’s filings suggest that Shayla may have acted against the wishes of her client. But that rift does not deprive us of jurisdiction.

Shayla never filed a notice of withdrawal, nor was she disqualified, so her notice of appeal was effective for jurisdictional purposes.

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23-10873 Opinion of the Court 17 Madison also argues that Shayla lacks Article III standing to bring this appeal, because “Article III demands that an ‘actual con- troversy’ persist throughout all stages of litigation.” Madison says that any case or controversy concluded when Cherelle asked the court to dismiss the case, because “the decision whether to pursue a civil appeal belongs exclusively to the client.” J.J. Rissell, Allen- town, PA Tr. v. Marchelos, 976 F.3d 1233, 1235 (11th Cir. 2020).

This argument falls short as well. There is no question that all parties had standing to appeal the district court’s final judgment.

“To establish appellate standing, a litigant must prove that it has (1) ‘suffered a concrete and particularized injury’ (2) ‘that is fairly trace- able to the challenged conduct,’ (3) and that ‘is likely to be re- dressed by a favorable judicial decision.’” Finn v. Cobb Cnty. Bd. of Elections & Registration, 111 F.4th 1312, 1316 (11th Cir. 2024) (quot- ing Kimberly Regenesis, LLC v. Lee County, 64 F.4th 1253, 1259 (11th Cir. 2023)). Here, all three plaintiffs undisputedly alleged injuries traceable to challenged conduct and redressable by favorable judi- cial decision, so they easily satisfy that inquiry.

Substitution poses no problem for us either. Shayla argues that we should substitute her in place of Cherelle as personal rep- resentative of the estate under Rule 43 of the Federal Rules of Ap- pellate Procedure. Madison contests this assertion—but does not dispute that the probate court made Shayla the sole representative of the estate after she filed the notice of appeal. Because it is undis- puted that the probate court made Shayla the sole personal repre- sentative of the estate, and this fact comes from a source “whose USCA11 Case: 23-10873 Document: 50-1 Date Filed: 04/08/2025 Page: 18 of 35

Rule 43 governs the “[s]ubstitution of parties.” Fed. R. App. P. 43. Rule 43(b) provides that “[i]f a party needs to be substituted for any reason other than death, the procedure prescribed in Rule 43(a) applies.” Rule 43(a)(1) governs substitution when a party dies after a notice of appeal is filed or during the pendency of appellate litigation. That rule provides, in part, that “the decedent’s personal representative may be substituted as a party on motion filed with the circuit clerk by the representative or by any party.” Fed. R. App. P. 43(a)(1).

Rule 43 is “is based on Fed. R. Civ. P. 25, which has been interpreted to apply only when the case originally had the correct parties.” Silberman v. Miami Dade Transit, 927 F.3d 1123, 1131 (11th Cir. 2019) (quoting Glickstein v. Sun Bank/Miami, N.A., 922 F.2d 666, 672 (11th Cir. 1991)). When filed, this case had the correct parties.

Cherelle was co-personal representative of the estate, and she brought claims against Madison on behalf of herself, her minor daughter, and the estate. Those were proper parties to the dispute.

Madison opposes substitution of Shayla in place of Cherelle as personal representative of the estate based on our observation in Silberman that “[o]ther courts have similarly held that substitution under Rule 43(b) is appropriate only where some intervening event USCA11 Case: 23-10873 Document: 50-1 Date Filed: 04/08/2025 Page: 19 of 35

23-10873 Opinion of the Court 19 occurs after the district court’s judgment that affects a party’s abil- ity to litigate.” Silberman, 927 F.3d at 1131 n.3. In other words, those courts held that “substitution under Rule 43(b) is permissible only when ‘a party to the suit is unable to continue to litigate and not when an original party has voluntarily chosen to stop litigating.’” Id. (quotation marks omitted) (quoting AngioDynamics, Inc. v. Bio- litec, Inc., 775 F.3d 550, 554 (2d Cir. 2015)).

There is no daylight between Silberman’s observation and our decision here. If we give effect to the probate court’s order, Cherelle can no longer represent the estate as personal representa- tive. Under Alabama law, only a duly appointed personal repre- sentative may litigate on behalf of an estate. Douglass v. Jones, 628 So. 2d 940, 941 (Ala. Civ. App. 1993); see also In re Eldridge, 348 B.R. 834, 844 (Bankr. N.D. Ala. 2006) (collecting cases). So even if Cherelle were willing to continue the litigation, she could no longer continue on behalf of the estate because of the intervening order from the Alabama probate court. Shayla has sought substitu- tion in place of Cherelle, and as the sole personal representative of the estate, she is “the proper party” to litigate on its behalf. Fed. R. Civ. P. 25(a)(1). Accordingly, we will grant Shayla’s motion for sub- stitution.

B.

Before we turn to the substance of the shotgun pleading is- sue, we must decide which claims are still pending. We think that any claims on behalf of Cherelle or V.F. have been forfeited. In her initial brief, Shayla stated that “Cherelle Fletcher and V.F., a minor, USCA11 Case: 23-10873 Document: 50-1 Date Filed: 04/08/2025 Page: 20 of 35

We have identified four types of shotgun pleadings. Weiland v. Palm Beach Cnty. Sheriff’s Off., 792 F.3d 1313, 1321 (11th Cir. 2015).

The first type—and most common one—occurs when “a com- plaint contain[s] multiple counts where each count adopts the alle- gations of all preceding counts, causing each successive count to carry all that came before and the last count to be a combination of the entire complaint.” Id. at 1321–22. The second type is “replete with conclusory, vague, and immaterial facts not obviously con- nected to any particular cause of action.” Id. The third type is a complaint that does “not separat[e] into a different count each cause of action or claim for relief. Id. at 1322–23. And the fourth type is a complaint that “assert[s] multiple claims against multiple defendants without specifying which of the defendants are respon- sible for which acts or omissions, or which of the defendants the claim is brought against.” Id. at 1323.

“The unifying characteristic of all types of shotgun pleadings is that they fail to one degree or another, and in one way or an- other, to give the defendants adequate notice of the claims against them and the grounds upon which each claim rests.” Id. And “[b]esides violating the rules, shotgun pleadings also ‘waste scarce judicial resources, inexorably broaden the scope of discovery, wreak havoc on appellate court dockets, and undermine the USCA11 Case: 23-10873 Document: 50-1 Date Filed: 04/08/2025 Page: 21 of 35

23-10873 Opinion of the Court 21 public’s respect for the courts.’” Barmapov v. Amuial, 986 F.3d 1321, 1324 (11th Cir. 2021) (quoting Vibe Micro, 878 F.3d at 1295). “[W]e have condemned shotgun pleadings time and again, and this is why we have repeatedly held that a District Court retains authority to dismiss a shotgun pleading on that basis alone.” Jackson v. Bank of Am., N.A., 898 F.3d 1348, 1357 (11th Cir. 2018).

Shayla argues that the district court abused its discretion when it dismissed the second amended complaint as a shotgun pleading. We disagree. For the sake of brevity, we will focus on the personal representative’s claims against the only named defendant, the City of Madison, which are counts eighteen and twenty-three of the second amended complaint. See Barmapov, 986 F.3d at 1325– (affirming district court’s dismissal of entire shotgun complaint without assessing whether any particular claim satisfies Rules 8 and 10); Jackson, 898 F.3d at 1356–59 (same); Vibe Micro, 878 F.3d at 1294–1296 (11th Cir. 2018) (same).

Focusing on counts eighteen and twenty-three of the second amended complaint against Madison, we see two main problems.

First, the second-amended complaint is a second-category shotgun pleading because its counts include extraneous allegations that are unconnected to the dispute at issue. For example, the sec- ond amended complaint spends more than a page recounting al- leged wrongdoings that Huntsville police officers and Madison County Sheriff’s deputies, who are not defendants, committed against other people who are not plaintiffs to this action. The USCA11 Case: 23-10873 Document: 50-1 Date Filed: 04/08/2025 Page: 22 of 35

Second, the second amended complaint is a third-category shotgun pleading because its counts lump the claims of all three plaintiffs together. See Weiland, 792 F.3d at 1322–23. For instance, in count eighteen, all plaintiffs assert a section 1983 municipal lia- bility claim against the City of Madison. Although paragraph 211 alleges that Madison is liable for violating all three plaintiffs’ rights under the Fourth Amendment, Cherelle, V.F., and Dana (the es- tate) did not have the same experience. And seventeen of the twenty-four substantive counts in the complaint allege that various John Does committed Fourth Amendment violations—the com- plaint could be attempting to hold Madison liable for any of them.

Count twenty-three commits a similar error. That count brings a claim of state law municipal liability by all three plaintiffs referenc- ing “constitutional violations” committed by various fictitious- party defendants under multiple theories of recovery. Just like count eighteen, it is “virtually impossible” for Madison to have any reasonable certainty as to what exactly this claim alleges. Weiland, 792 F.3d at 1325.

Shayla makes four arguments that the district court erred.

But none of them are convincing.

First, Shayla contends that the district court erred by dis- missing the second amended complaint as a shotgun pleading “without conducting any meaningful analysis of how the isolated paragraphs supported specified counts.” In other words, Shayla USCA11 Case: 23-10873 Document: 50-1 Date Filed: 04/08/2025 Page: 23 of 35

23-10873 Opinion of the Court 23 argues that the burden should be on the defendants—and the court—to attempt to decipher her jumbled pleading. But that argu- ment goes against our precedent and policy regarding shotgun pleadings. We encourage courts to dismiss shotgun pleadings pre- cisely to avoid the imposition of “unwarranted expense on the liti- gants, the court and the court’s parajudicial personnel and re- sources.” Jackson, 898 F.3d at 1356 (quoting Cramer v. Florida, 117 F.3d 1258, 1263 (11th Cir. 1997)). Indeed, waste of resources is not the only consequence of shotgun pleadings, which are often “cal- culated to confuse the enemy, and the court, so that theories for relief not provided by law and which can prejudice an opponent’s case, especially before the jury, can be masked.” Barmapov, 986 F.3d at 1324 (cleaned up) (quoting T.D.S. Inc. v. Shelby Mut. Ins. Co., 760 F.2d 1520, 1544 (11th Cir. 1985) (Tjoflat, J., dissenting)). When faced with a shotgun complaint, a district court should either order repleader, or dismiss the pleading, but it should never use its re- sources to untangle it. See Jackson, 898 F.3d at 1357; see also Bar- mapov, 986 F.3d at 1329 (Tjoflat, J., concurring).

Second, Shayla contends that the district court “exceed[ed] what is required” by Rules 8 and 10 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. She argues that the burden should have been on the defendants to move to dismiss the complaint under Rule 12(b)(6).

To begin with, we acknowledge that Madison moved to dismiss every complaint that Cherelle filed on shotgun-pleading grounds, so Shayla’s argument is a non-starter. But even if it were factually cor- rect, Shayla’s argument still misses the mark. “We have explained that in a case in which a party, plaintiff or defendant, files a shotgun USCA11 Case: 23-10873 Document: 50-1 Date Filed: 04/08/2025 Page: 24 of 35

Third, in a footnote critiquing the district court’s classifica- tion of the complaint as a third-category shotgun pleading, Shayla quotes Weiland for the proposition that “[a] complaint is not always required to contain a separate count for each constitutional provi- sion that the same set of facts is claimed to violate.” 792 F.3d at 1325 n.18. We made that observation in Weiland while explaining that separate counts are unnecessary when pleading constitutional violations that are “all based on the same ‘transaction or occur- rence.’” Id. In Weiland, for example, we approved the plaintiff’s for- mulation in which he alleged in one count that two officers’ use of excessive force “violated [his] Fourth, Fifth, and Eighth Amend- ment rights, applicable to the States through the Fourteenth Amendment.” Id. It was unnecessary for the Weiland plaintiff to break up that simple allegation into three counts.

But Shayla reads this portion of Weiland too broadly— Weiland made it clear that we were “not retreating from this cir- cuit’s criticism of shotgun pleadings.” Id. at 1326. Weiland did not grant blanket approval to combine multiple plaintiffs asserting multiple claims as to multiple occurrences against multiple USCA11 Case: 23-10873 Document: 50-1 Date Filed: 04/08/2025 Page: 25 of 35

23-10873 Opinion of the Court 25 defendants under multiple theories all into one count. Because the second amended complaint did just that, it is a shotgun pleading.

Fourth, Shayla argues that the district court erred by not giv- ing her another chance to amend her complaint. “In dismissing a shotgun complaint for noncompliance with Rule 8(a), a district court must give the plaintiff ‘one chance to remedy such deficien- cies.’” Jackson, 898 F.3d at 1358 (quoting Vibe Micro, 878 F.3d at 1295). And “[i]n the repleading order, the district court should ex- plain how the offending pleading violates the shotgun pleading rule so that the party may properly avoid future shotgun pleadings.”

Vibe Micro, 878 F.3d at 1295. “[T]he key is whether the plaintiff had fair notice of the defects and a meaningful chance to fix them.” Jack- son, 898 F.3d at 1358. For “[i]f that chance is afforded and the plain- tiff fails to remedy the defects, the district court does not abuse its discretion in dismissing the case with prejudice on shotgun plead- ing grounds.” Id. Here, the district court fulfilled its duty. Madison put Shayla on notice that her initial complaint and first amended complaint were shotgun pleadings. Cherelle disagreed, but she requested, and the district court granted, leave to amend after filing her first amended complaint. The district court ruled that the first amended complaint was a shotgun pleading, explained that the first amended complaint bore “the hallmarks of a ‘shotgun pleading’ as exempli- fied in at least the third Weiland factor,” and granted Cherelle leave to amend. So the district court put Cherelle on notice that her com- plaint at least “commit[ted] the sin of not separating into a different USCA11 Case: 23-10873 Document: 50-1 Date Filed: 04/08/2025 Page: 26 of 35

The district court’s explanation appears even more reasona- ble in the light of the multiple rounds of briefing in the district court. Madison filed many briefs explaining why the original com- plaint and the first amended complaint were shotgun pleadings.

Those briefs—which ran parallel to the district court’s ultimate ex- planation of why it dismissed the second amended complaint as a shotgun pleading—were “as complete an explanation of the defects in [the] complaint as the [Plaintiffs] could have asked for.” Jackson, 898 F.3d at 1358. We cannot say that Shayla lacked notice when the district court’s order and numerous rounds of briefing all pointed to our shotgun-pleading decisions and identified matching defects in her complaint. And even if the district court’s explanation was brief, Shayla made no effort to remedy the third-category shotgun error the district court specifically identified. Notice was not to blame.

Our dissenting colleague suggests that justice requires that we extend relief to Shayla that she never asked for before the dis- trict court: leave to amend to correct the shotgun-pleading issue that the district court identified. Indeed, Shayla explicitly told the district court that she had no intention of fixing the shotgun-plead- ing problem the district court identified. When Shayla moved for USCA11 Case: 23-10873 Document: 50-1 Date Filed: 04/08/2025 Page: 27 of 35

23-10873 Opinion of the Court 27 leave to amend her second amended complaint—after the district court told her that her first amended complaint was a shotgun pleading of “at least the third Weiland factor”—she expressly stated that “the purpose of the amendment is not to correct a Weiland- type deficiency.” In other words, Shayla told the district court that she declined to remedy the pleading problem the district court identified because she disagreed with the district court’s assess- ment. Neither justice, nor Rule 15, requires district courts to enter- tain another shotgun pleading from a litigant that expressly de- clines to remedy a shotgun-pleading issue the district court has al- ready identified.

Relatedly, the dissent also suggests that although Shayla gave her “best efforts with limited information” the district court is to blame because it identified her first amended complaint as at least a third-category shotgun pleading, but it dismissed her second amended complaint as a shotgun pleading of three varieties. That argument does not hold up for two reasons. One, we disagree with the premise of the argument. We cannot say that Shayla gave her best efforts—or any effort at all—to fix the third-category shotgun- pleading issue the district court identified; she affirmatively repre- sented that she made no effort to fix the problem because she disa- greed with the district court. And two, Shayla’s second amended complaint was still a third-category shotgun pleading. Although the dissent’s argument might have merit if the district court identi- fied one type of shotgun-pleading problem but dismissed the com- plaint on some other ground, it dismissed the complaint because it remained a third-category shotgun pleading, among other errors.

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C.

Finally, we take up the issue of whether the district court should have dismissed the wrongful death claim without prejudice.

Generally, when a district court dismisses state law claims without an analysis of the merits, it “should do so without prejudice as to refiling in state court.” Vibe Micro, 878 F.3d at 1296. The district court concluded that the personal representative of the estate could not refile the wrongful death claim because of Alabama’s two-year statute of limitations and, on that basis, dismissed that claim with prejudice instead. But Shayla argues that 28 U.S.C. § 1367(d) “toll[s] the statute of limitations on an identical wrongful death claim that may be filed in state court after dismissal of the federal lawsuit.”

We agree that the existence of this tolling provision warrants dis- missing these claims without prejudice.

As personal representative of the estate, Shayla is limited to a wrongful death claim because, in Alabama, a deceased’s unfiled tort claims do not survive his death. Bassie v. Obstetrics & Gynecology Assocs. of Nw. Ala., P.C., 828 So. 2d 280, 282 (Ala. 2002); see also Na- tionwide Mut. Ins. Co. v. Wood, 121 So. 3d 982, 984 (Ala. 2013). The statute of limitations for wrongful death is two years. Ala. Code § 6-5-410(d) (1975). The initial complaint asserted a wrongful death USCA11 Case: 23-10873 Document: 50-1 Date Filed: 04/08/2025 Page: 29 of 35

23-10873 Opinion of the Court 29 claim against Madison, it is undisputed that the alleged tort oc- curred on October 27, 2019, and the personal representative of the estate filed its claims against Madison on October 26, 2021. Accord- ingly, as the district court recognized, the wrongful death claim ap- pears to have been brought within Alabama’s two-year statute of limitations.

The district court nonetheless concluded that the wrongful death claim was time-barred because the second amended complaint was filed after the statute of limitations had run. Madison does not defend this conclusion, and with good reason. Federal law provides that “[t]he period of limitations for any [state] claim [joined with a claim within federal-court competence] shall be tolled while the claim is pending [in federal court] and for a period of 30 days after it is dismissed unless State law provides for a longer tolling period.” 28 U.S.C. § 1367(d). The Supreme Court has explained that section “1367(d)’s instruction to ‘toll’ a state limitations period means to hold it in abeyance, i.e., to stop the clock.” Artis v. District of Colum- bia, 583 U.S. 71, 75 (2018). Put differently, “the state limitations pe- riod is suspended during the pendency of the federal suit.” Id. at 74.

The defective second amended complaint had no impact on section 1367(d)’s tolling provision because the federal litigation, in- cluding the wrongful death claim, was already pending at that time.

The district court concluded otherwise only because it misread dicta in a footnote in an unpublished, nonprecedential opinion from this Court. McMahon v. Cleveland Clinic Found. Police Dep’t, 455 F. App’x 874, 877 n.1 (11th Cir. 2011) (per curiam). But, in USCA11 Case: 23-10873 Document: 50-1 Date Filed: 04/08/2025 Page: 30 of 35

Instead of defending the district court’s reasoning, Madison argues that the statute of limitations ran on the wrongful death claim before it could be tolled by federal law because the personal representative did not pay the filing fee and provide service instruc- tions on the day the federal suit was filed. Madison contends that under Alabama law, a “complaint must be filed and there must also exist ‘a bona fide intent to have it immediately served’” for litiga- tion to stop the statute of limitations from running. Precise v. Ed- wards, 60 So. 3d 228, 230–31 (Ala. 2010) (quoting Dunnam v. Ovbiagele, 814 So. 2d 232, 238 (Ala. 2001)). The state courts may address this new argument if Shayla refiles. As we explained in Vibe Micro, a dismissal without prejudice allows state courts to act as the “final arbiters” of state law in addressing potential defenses to state claims. Baggett v. First Nat. Bank of Gainesville, 117 F.3d 1342, 1353 (11th Cir. 1997).

As it is, we are confident that, had the district court not mis- read our opinion in McMahon, it would not have dismissed the wrongful death claim with prejudice. Although Shayla did not raise this issue in her initial brief, we may exercise our discretion to re- solve the issue because it involves a pure legal question and our refusal to consider it would result in a miscarriage of justice. United States v. Campbell, 26 F.4th 860, 873 (11th Cir. 2022) (en banc).

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23-10873 Opinion of the Court 31 Therefore, we reverse and remand on this issue with instructions for the district court to dismiss the wrongful death claim without prejudice to refiling in state court.

IV.

We GRANT the motion for substitution and AFFIRM the district court’s dismissal of the complaint on shotgun-pleading grounds. We REVERSE and REMAND with instructions for the district court to dismiss the wrongful death claim without preju- dice. We DENY all other pending motions as moot.

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23-10873 WILSON, J., Dissenting in Part 1 WILSON, Circuit Judge, Concurring in Part and Dissenting in Part: The majority denies Shayla Fletcher an opportunity to amend her complaint. Leave to amend should be “freely” given “when justice so requires.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 15(a)(2). Justice so re- quires here 1.

After Dana Fletcher was killed by police, Shayla, his sister and an attorney, represented Dana’s wife Cherelle Fletcher, their daughter V.F., and Dana’s estate in this action against the City of Madison and fourteen other named and unnamed defendants.

Without receiving the names of the officers who shot her brother, Shayla Fletcher filed a complaint. The district court dismissed her First Amended Complaint as a “shotgun pleading,” stating only that it violated “at least the third Weiland factor.” Shayla submitted a Second Amended Complaint, which the district court dismissed with prejudice, again deeming it a “shotgun pleading.” 2 A district court may “dismiss a complaint on shotgun plead- ing grounds.” Vibe Micro, Inc. v. Shabanets, 878 F.3d 1291, 1295 (11th Cir. 2018). But Rule 15(a) “evinces a bias in favor of granting leave

2 “Complaints that violate either Rule 8(a)(2) or Rule 10(b), or both, are often disparagingly referred to as ‘shotgun pleadings.’” Weiland v. Palm Beach County Sheriff’s Off., 792 F.3d 1313, 1320 (11th Cir. 2015). Weiland, which the court referenced here, identified “four rough types of categories of shotgun plead- ings.” 792 F. 3d at 1321–23.

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2 WILSON, J., Dissenting in Part 23-10873 to amend.” Dussouy v. Gulf Coast Inv. Corp., 660 F.2d 594, 597 (For- mer 5th Cir. 1981). 3 The policy of Rule 15(a) “is to permit liberal amendment to facilitate determination of claims on the merits and to prevent litigation from becoming a technical exercise in the fine points of pleading.” Id. at 598; see also Shipner v. E. Air Lines, Inc., 868 F.2d 401, 407 (11th Cir. 1989) (“[U]nless a substantial reason exists to deny leave to amend, the discretion of the district court is not broad enough to permit denial.”).

In this case, before discovery can be conducted, arguments on the merits can be considered, or a jury can deliberate and render a verdict, the estate’s constitutional claims are thrown out, never to be allowed in court again. Without the opportunity to reach dis- covery, Dana’s family will never learn what really happened the night he was killed by police. The City of Madison and its police department refused to release the police body camera footage4

4 Shayla’s Motion to Lift the stay to conduct limited discovery was opposed by the defendants. The district court denied the motion to stay without prejudice to refile. Shayla refiled her Motion to Lift the stay but the court dismissed Shayla’s Second Amended Complaint with prejudice and did not decide on that motion.

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23-10873 WILSON, J., Dissenting in Part 3 despite releasing stills to the media. 5 They also refused to release the names of the officers involved in the shooting despite attempt- ing to hold a celebration in their honor.6 The City and Police De- partment were even so brazen as to argue that unnamed officers were “fictitious defendants” and that they do not know which of- ficers were the subject of which claims. Surely, if the Madison Po- lice Department planned to host a ceremony awarding the officers Medals of Honor for their “bravery” they knew who the guests of honor were and what acts of bravery they were lauding.

In a society increasingly demanding transparency from those who swear an oath to protect them,7 I would not dismiss a case before such transparency can be demanded. Now, due to a pleading deficiency that could have been remedied, Dana’s family members will never get their day in court. They may never know the full story of what happened to their son, brother, and father.

Shayla Fletcher was not given an opportunity to amend, as justice

6 See As Family Protests Police Killing of Dana Fletcher, City Planned to Honor Officers Who Shot Him, Equal Justice Initiative (July 28, 2020), https://perma.cc/5WAB-H6F7.

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4 WILSON, J., Dissenting in Part 23-10873 requires. As both the district court and this court should have af- forded her that opportunity, I respectfully dissent.