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[DO NOT PUBLISH] In the United States Court of Appeals For the Eleventh Circuit ____________________ No. 24-12947 Non-Argument Calendar ____________________ THOMAS M. UTTERBACK, Plaintiff-Appellant, versus CRAIG B. MORRIS,

Defendant-Appellee.

____________________ Appeal from the United States District Court for the Northern District of Florida D.C. Docket No. 5:23-cv-00279-TKW-MJF ____________________ USCA11 Case: 24-12947 Document: 19-1 Date Filed: 05/21/2025 Page: 2 of 21

Before BRANCH, LAGOA, and ANDERSON, Circuit Judges.

PER CURIAM: Thomas M. Utterback, pro se, appeals the district court’s dis- missal with prejudice of his single claim for defamation by implica- tion against Craig B. Morris.

Utterback and Morris have a long history. After serving a federal sentence for money laundering, Utterback moved to Flor- ida in 2003, and began working as the manager of A&J Holdings, LLC. Through a subsidiary, A&J Holdings owned a stake in the Calypso Towers Resort Community Association, Inc., a resort in Panama City Beach. In 2017, the Calypso Association—which was represented by Morris—sued Utterback, A&J Holdings, and several other defendants in a dispute relating to ownership rights in the resort. Although Utterback was later dismissed from that case, Ut- terback retaliated with his own lawsuit against Morris and the Ca- lypso Association, alleging that they maliciously prosecuted him.

While that action was pending, Morris was retained as counsel for another resort community in Panama City Beach. During a meet- ing with that resort’s board, Morris was asked about Utterback’s malicious-prosecution suit against him. This prompted Morris to launch into a spirited polemic about Utterback, in which he char- acterized Utterback as “a convicted felon” who “lost his bar li- cense” and expressed that, as a result, “[t]he only way [Utterback] can practice law is to sue people[,]” and that Utterback “is suing someone right now probably.”

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24-12947 Opinion of the Court 3 That prediction soon came true: On October 23, 2023, Ut- terback sued Morris, alleging one count of defamation by implica- tion based on Morris’s statements at the board meeting. The dis- trict court granted Morris’s motion to dismiss, concluding that Ut- terback had failed to state a claim. After careful review, we agree that Utterback has not plausibly alleged a claim for defamation by implication and affirm the district court’s order of dismissal.

I. BACKGROUND A. Factual Background Appellant Thomas M. Utterback was once a licensed attor- ney, practicing law in Missouri. In 1998, Utterback pleaded guilty to one count of unlawful transport and transfer of monetary in- struments and funds, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1956(a)(2)(B). The money Utterback helped launder was alleged to be proceeds of “the distribution of controlled substances.” Utterback received a three-year prison sentence for this offense and surrendered his law license following his conviction. See Judgment, United States v. Ut- terback, No. 98-cr-00026 (E.D. Mo. Aug. 7, 1998), ECF No. 42. After completing his sentence, Utterback moved to Bay County, Florida in 2003 and began working as a licensed real-estate agent. He then became the manager of A&J Holdings, LLC, a real-estate firm that owned a 40% stake in a company called Calypso Developer Enti- ties. In turn, Calypso Developer Entities owned “certain property rights” in the Calypso Towers Resort Community Association, Inc. (the “Calypso Association”), a resort community in Panama City Beach.

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Ass’n v. Calypso Grp., LLC, No. 2017 CA 000784 (Fla. Cir. Ct. filed May 25, 2017) Appellee Craig B. Morris represented the Calypso Association in this litigation. The Calypso Association later dis- missed Utterback from the lawsuit and proceeded to trial against several of his co-defendants, including A&J Holdings.

After he was dismissed from that case, Utterback filed a pro se lawsuit against the Calypso Association and Morris, alleging that they maliciously prosecuted him and conspired “to file and prose- cute the tortious interference with contract action, knowing to a legal certainty that they had no legal basis and were devoid of fac- tual or legal support.” See Compl. ¶¶ 19–26, Utterback v. Calypso Towers Resort Cmty. Ass’n, No. 20001249CA (Fla. Cir. Ct. filed July 2, 2020). On April 24, 2023, the court granted summary judgment for the defendants on Utterback’s claims, which the First District Court of Appeal later affirmed. See Utterback v. Calypso Towers Resort Cmty.

Ass’n, 399 So. 3d 321 (Fla. 1st DCA 2024).

The event at the center of our case took place while Utter- back’s lawsuit against the Calypso Association and Morris was still pending. On November 11, 2021, Morris gave a presentation to the Board of the Edgewater Beach Resort Community Association, Inc. (the “Edgewater Association”), another resort community in USCA11 Case: 24-12947 Document: 19-1 Date Filed: 05/21/2025 Page: 5 of 21

24-12947 Opinion of the Court 5 Panama City Beach. Morris had recently been retained by the Edgewater Association and was there “to introduce himself to Edgewater owners and answer questions [about] himself and his representation of the [Edgewater] Association in litigation.”

During the Q&A portion of his presentation, Morris re- ceived questions about prior lawsuits he had been involved in, in- cluding Utterback’s pending suit against him for malicious prose- cution. In response, Morris explained that he had “been sued one time for representing a condo association board that filed a lawsuit against a gentleman and that gentleman responded by filing a law- suit against myself, every member of the Board, and the Associa- tion.” That “gentleman,” of course, was Utterback. Morris’s spir- ited defense of himself continued: Why would I tell you the name of the person who sued me? Why would I tell you the name of the per- son who sued me? Cause I want you to Google him. I want you to Google him. The first thing that will come up is a mug shot. This is a well-known disbarred attorney who can’t get his license back because the State of Missouri says he is not . . . to tell the truth and he is a convicted felon. He took money. Millions of dollars. Put them in a suitcase. Allegedly with some drug connection. Took the money. Millions of dollars in a suitcase. Tried to take through an airport down in another country. Got arrested. Got put in jail for a while and lost his bar license. The only way he can practice law is to sue people. He can only repre- sent himself. So, if you deal with him in any way, USCA11 Case: 24-12947 Document: 19-1 Date Filed: 05/21/2025 Page: 6 of 21

That is the one lawsuit against prior to this lawsuit.

That lawsuit will be thrown out of court that I was telling you about with Utterback and this lawsuit right here we’ve already discussed in enough detail.

So please do not repeat things that are not true.

This meeting, including Morris’s comments about Utterback, was both livestreamed and “recorded on video” for members of the Edgewater Association to watch at a later time.

B. Procedural History On October 23, 2023, Utterback, proceeding pro se, sued Morris in the U.S. District Court for the Northern District of Flor- ida. In his amended complaint—the operative pleading below— Utterback alleged one count of defamation by implication based on Morris’s statements to the Edgewater Association. Utterback claims that, “by juxtaposition or omission of facts,” Morris’s state- ments had four defamatory implications: that Utterback “was in- volved in the illegal drug trade,” that he “stole money,” that his “plea of guilty to a money laundering charge in 1998 negatively af- fected Utterback’s work and involvement in the Calypso Resort or his career in Florida,” and that he was a “maliciously litigious per- son without ethics or honor and poised to harm well-intentioned USCA11 Case: 24-12947 Document: 19-1 Date Filed: 05/21/2025 Page: 7 of 21

24-12947 Opinion of the Court 7 persons.” That pleading specifically referenced Utterback’s 1998 conviction, the Calypso Association’s suit against Utterback, Utter- back’s malicious-prosecution suit against Morris, and another un- successful pro se suit Utterback filed in 2015 against Trustmark Na- tional Bank and Hand Arendall, L.L.C. See Utterback v. Trustmark Nat’l Bank, 2017 WL 5654732 (S.D. Miss. Mar. 30, 2017), aff’d 716 F.

App’x 241 (5th Cir. 2017).

Morris, who also represented himself, moved to dismiss the first amended complaint. The district court referred that motion to a magistrate judge for a report and recommendation (the “Re- port”). Subsequent to a hearing on Morris’s motion, the magistrate judge recommended that the motion to dismiss be granted. In do- ing so, the magistrate judge relied heavily on the factual back- ground sketched throughout the court filings referenced in the first amended complaint, as well as admissions of law and fact Utter- back made during the hearing. Utterback filed a timely objection to the Report, arguing that the magistrate judge erred by “as- sum[ing] an investigatory posture” at the motion hearing and by rejecting Utterback’s defamation-by-implication claim on the mer- its. In conducting a de novo review of the motion to dismiss, the district court rejected Utterback’s objection to the propriety of the hearing, explaining: The Court did not overlook Plaintiff’s argument that the magistrate judge overstepped his role by conduct- ing an “inquisitional hearing” on Defendant’s motion to dismiss. However, putting aside the fact that Plain- tiff did not file a copy of the hearing transcript for the USCA11 Case: 24-12947 Document: 19-1 Date Filed: 05/21/2025 Page: 8 of 21

Accordingly, the district court adopted the Report in full, granted Morris’s motion to dismiss, and dismissed Utterback’s claim with prejudice.

Utterback timely appealed that order. Upon receiving no- tice of Utterback’s appeal, we sua sponte recognized that Utterback had not sufficiently pleaded the citizenship of the parties so as to establish federal diversity jurisdiction. Utterback subsequently filed a motion for leave to amend his pleading. We granted that motion and directed Utterback to file his second amended com- plaint in the district court, allowing the appeal to proceed. Utter- back’s second amended complaint is identical to his previous plead- ing, except that it now properly pleads diversity jurisdiction and venue. 1 Morris has not submitted an answer brief on appeal and never moved for an extension of time to do so. Utterback has filed a “motion to decide the appeal on his brief alone,” which is also pending before this Court.

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24-12947 Opinion of the Court 9 II. STANDARD OF REVIEW We review a district court’s ruling on a motion to dismiss for failure to state a claim de novo, “accepting the allegations in the complaint as true and construing them in the light most favorable to the plaintiff.” Hill v. White, 321 F.3d 1334, 1335 (11th Cir. 2003).

III. ANALYSIS Utterback appeals the dismissal of his single claim for defa- mation by implication. Under Florida law, 2 a private-figure plaintiff states a defamation claim by plausibly alleging that the defendant negligently published a false and defamatory statement that caused the plaintiff actual damages. See Jews for Jesus, Inc. v. Rapp, 997 So. 2d 1098, 1105–06 (Fla. 2008) (citing Restatement (Second) of Torts §§ 558B, 580A–580B). “Words are defamatory when they charge a person with an infamous crime or tend to subject one to hatred, distrust, ridicule, contempt or disgrace, or tend to injure one in one’s business or profession.” Rubin v. U.S. News & World Rep., Inc., 271 F.3d 1305, 1306 (11th Cir. 2001). But “[t]rue statements, state- ments that are not readily capable of being proven false, and state- ments of pure opinion are protected from defamation actions by the First Amendment.” Turner v. Wells, 879 F.3d 1254, 1272 (11th Cir. 2018). “Pure opinions” are “based on facts which are set forth in the publication or which are otherwise known or available to the As a federal court sitting in diversity jurisdiction, we apply state substantive law (here, Florida law) in analyzing state causes of action, including defama- tion and defamation by implication. McMahon v. Toto, 256 F.3d 1120. 1131 (11th Cir. 2001) (citing Erie R.R. Co. v. Tompkins, 304 U.S. 64, 78 (1938)).

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Moreover, we “have long recognized that a defamation claim may not be actionable when the alleged defamatory statement is based on non-literal assertions of “fact” or “rhetorical hyperbole” that “cannot reasonably be interpreted as stating actual facts about an individual.” Horsley v. Rivera, 292 F.3d 695, 701 (11th Cir. 2002) (quo- tation omitted).

Florida also recognizes a claim for defamation by implica- tion, which instead “is ‘premised not on direct statements but on false suggestions, impressions and implications arising from other- wise truthful statements.’” Ozyesilpinar v. Reach PLC, 365 So. 3d 453, 460 (Fla. 3d DCA 2023) (quoting Jews for Jesus, 997 So. 2d at 1107). A defendant’s statements may be defamatory by implica- tion, despite being true, “if ‘the defendant juxtaposes a series of facts so as to imply a defamatory connection between them, or cre- ates a defamatory implication by omitting facts.’” Johnston v. Bor- ders, 36 F.4th 1254, 1275 (11th Cir. 2022) (quoting Jews for Jesus, 997 So. 2d at 1108). Even so, statements are not impliedly defamatory simply because they omit additional facts when such facts do not affect the truth of the statements. See id. at 1270–72. In USCA11 Case: 24-12947 Document: 19-1 Date Filed: 05/21/2025 Page: 11 of 21

24-12947 Opinion of the Court 11 determining whether a statement’s implications are defamatory, we must consider the publication “in its totality,” Byrd v. Hustler Mag., Inc., 433 So. 2d 593, 595 (Fla. 4th DCA 1983) (citation omit- ted), and “as the common mind would understand it,” Loeb v. Geronemus, 66 So. 2d 241, 245 (Fla. 1953). “Whether the defendant’s statements constitute defamation by implication is a question law for the court to determine.” Turner, 879 F.3d at 1269 (first citing Brown v. Tallahassee Democrat, Inc., 440 So. 2d 588, 590 (Fla. 1st DCA 1983); then citing Hallmark Builders, Inc. v. Gaylord Broad. Co., 733 F.2d 1461, 1464 (11th Cir. 1984)).

On appeal, Utterback appears to be challenging the dismis- sal of his defamation-by-implication claim on three grounds.3 First, Utterback argues that it was improper for the dis- trict court to “approv[e]” the magistrate judge’s “independent in- vestigation” into factual matters when reviewing Morris’s motion to dismiss. Second, he asserts that the district court erroneously took the truth of the statements about Utterback’s criminal history

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A.

According to Utterback, the district court improperly ven- tured beyond the pleadings in reviewing Morris’s motion to dismiss by considering “documents from the voluminous dockets of sev- eral Florida circuit court and appellate cases, and [Utterback’s] 1998 criminal case,” as well as Utterback’s responses at the motion hear- ing. We disagree.

In general, “when considering a motion to dismiss, the dis- trict court must limit its consideration to the pleadings and any ex- hibits attached to it.” Baker v. City of Madison, 67 F.4th 1268, 1276 (11th Cir. 2023) (citing Grossman v. Nationsbank, N.A., 225 F.3d 1228, 1231 (11th Cir. 2000)). “If the parties present, and the court con- siders, evidence outside the pleadings, the motion to dismiss Because the district court “adopted and incorporated by reference” the mag- istrate judge’s Report, we attribute the reasoning in the Report to the district court. See 15A Chas. A Wright & A.R. Miller, Federal Practice and Procedure § 3901.1 (3d ed. 2025) (“[T]he judgment that results from the district court’s adoption of the recommendation is the judgment of the district court.”). We refer to the “district court” when addressing Utterback’s challenges to the Re- port.

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24-12947 Opinion of the Court 13 generally must be converted into a motion for summary judg- ment[,]” which may be done only upon notice to the parties. Id. (first citing Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(d); then citing Finn v. Gunter, 722 F.2d 711, 713 (11th Cir. 1984)). As an exception to this rule, courts may take judicial notice of “a fact that is not subject to reasonable dis- pute because it” is either “generally known with-in the trial court’s territorial jurisdiction” or “can be accurately and readily deter- mined from sources whose accuracy cannot reasonably be ques- tioned.” Fed. R. Evid. 201(b); see also Baker, 67 F.4th 1268 at 1276 (noting this exception “permit[s] district courts to consider materi- als outside a complaint at the motion-to-dismiss stage . . . without converting the motion into one for summary judgment”). Public records, including filings in other judicial proceedings, are gener- ally subject to judicial notice for purposes other than establishing the “truth of the matters asserted in the other litigation.” United States v. Jones, 29 F.3d 1549, 1553 (11th Cir. 1994) (quotation omit- ted); see also In re Delta Res., Inc., 54 F.3d 722, 726 (11th Cir. 1995) (“[T]his Court may take judicial ‘notice of another court’s order . . . for the limited purpose of recognizing the “judicial act” that the order represents or the subject matter of the litigation and related filings.’” (quoting Jones, 29 F.3d at 1553–54)).

Here, the district court’s reliance on court filings outside the pleadings did not go beyond the appropriate scope of judicial no- tice. The district court primarily referenced the parties’ prior his- tory of litigation to set the factual backdrop leading up to Morris’s statements—that is, “to establish the fact of such litigation and re- lated filings.” Jones, 29 F.3d at 1553. The district court also USCA11 Case: 24-12947 Document: 19-1 Date Filed: 05/21/2025 Page: 14 of 21

In rejecting Utterback’s allegation that Morris’s statement could reasonably be understood to imply Utterback was “involved in the illegal drug trade,” the district court partially relied on the judicially noticed fact that the indictment in Utterback’s 1998 crim- inal case alleged “that the money [Utterback] transported was de- rived from ‘the distribution of controlled substances.’” That Utter- back committed that offense, though, is established by Utterback’s own allegation that he entered a “plea of guilty to a money laun- dering charge in 1998,” which we must take as true. Because the “truth of the matters asserted in the other litigation”—that is, Ut- terback’s conviction for the charged offense—is clear on the face of the first amended complaint, the district court made no error in referencing the indictment to see what “averments were made” in the charge to which Utterback tells us he later pleaded guilty. Jones, 29 F.3d at 1553 (citation omitted); see also United States v. Oliver, 962 F.3d 1311, 1320 & n.7 (11th Cir. 2020) (taking judicial notice of criminal indictment where its contents were not in dispute). Simi- larly, the district court’s reliance on Utterback’s prior litigation in Calypso Towers, Utterback, and Trustmark—each of which is cited and referenced in the amended complaint—in considering whether Morris defamatorily implied that Utterback is “litigious” is limited to showing “the fact of such litigation” having occurred, falling squarely within the bounds of judicial notice. Jones, 29 F.3d at 1553.

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24-12947 Opinion of the Court 15 More broadly, Utterback characterizes the magistrate judge’s motion hearing as an “interrogation” that “under[took] an independent mission of finding facts outside the record.” Utter- back, however, has not provided us with a transcript of that hear- ing. We are thus unable to review Utterback’s arguments as to the propriety of that hearing and have no choice but to reject them outright. See Selman v. Cobb Cnty. Sch. Dist., 499 F.3d 1320, 1333 (11th Cir. 2006) (“[T]he burden is on the appellant to ensure the record on appeal is complete, and where a failure to discharge that burden prevents us from reviewing the district court’s decision we ordinarily will affirm the judgment.” (first citing Loren v. Sasser, 309 F.3d 1296, 1304 (11th Cir. 2002); then citing Borden, Inc. v. Fla. E.

Coast Ry. Co., 772 F.2d 750, 758 (11th Cir. 1985); and then citing Green v. Aetna Ins. Co., 397 F.2d 614, 615 n.5, 618–19 (5th Cir. 1968))); Abood v. Block, 752 F.2d 548, 550 (11th Cir. 1985) (“In this case dis- missal is not only warranted but mandated since here there is no way this Court can review the action taken by the district court ab- sent a transcript of the proceedings and the findings and conclu- sions of the trial court.”); accord Fed. R. App. P. 10(b)(2).

B.

Next, Utterback argues that the district court erred in find- ing the statements as to Utterback’s criminal history were not de- famatory based on Morris’s “bare-bone[s] accusation that [Utter- back] had committed a criminal act was true.” A statement (or any implication thereof ) cannot be defamatory “if the ‘gist’ or the ‘sting’ of the statement is true.” Smith v. Cuban Am Nat’l Found., 731 So. 2d 702, 706 (Fla. 3d DCA 1999) (collecting cases). Generally, USCA11 Case: 24-12947 Document: 19-1 Date Filed: 05/21/2025 Page: 16 of 21

Here, the district court concluded that Utterback failed to state a claim for implied defamation based on Morris’s statement that Utterback “took money . . . allegedly with some drug connec- tions” for several reasons. One of those reasons was that the alleg- edly defamatory implication of that statement—that Utterback “was involved in the illegal drug trade”—is substantially true. 5 As The district court rejected this theory of implied defamation on the alterna- tive ground that the grammatical tense, context, and qualified language of Morris’s statement demonstrated that a reasonable person would not under- stand Morris to have implied that Utterback “personally was connected to drugs, except to the extent he laundered money that was connected to drugs.”

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24-12947 Opinion of the Court 17 noted above, Utterback’s complaint acknowledges that he was con- victed of money laundering in 1998, a charge allegedly tied to money derived from “the distribution of controlled substances.”

Even when viewed in the light most favorable to Utterback, such information demonstrates that the “gist” of the implication that Utterback was at least involved in the illegal drug trade is substan- tially true. Smith, 731 So. 2d at 706; see also Nix v. ESPN, Inc., 772 F.

App’x 807, 814 (11th Cir. 2019) (“A statement ‘is not considered false unless it would have a different effect on the mind of the reader from that which the pleaded truth would have produced.’” (inter- nal quotation marks omitted) (quoting Masson v. New Yorker Mag., Inc., 501 U.S. 496, 517 (1991))). Therefore, the district court made no error in concluding that Utterback could not plausibly establish the falsity of that implication.

The district court also looked to the statement’s tense and context in holding that Utterback could not base his claim on the allegedly defamatory implica- tions that his guilty plea “negatively affected [his] work and involvement in the Calypso resort” or that he “had stolen the money he laundered.” Utter- back only responds to these reasons for dismissal in passing, asserting that while “the District Court’s dismissal with prejudice relies heavily on syntax, grammar, past and present test, [and] parsing the meaning of words and phrases, . . . a Bay County jury will decide in Appellant’s favor particularly after Appellee testifies under oath.” Because Utterback does not adequately address the “merits of the district court’s alternative holdings” beyond mere “conclusory assertions,” he has “abandoned any argument [he] may have had that the district court erred in its alternative holdings,” allowing us to affirm the district court’s rejection of these allegedly defamatory implications on those grounds as well. Sapuppo, 739 F.3d at 682–83.

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The last issue Utterback presents asks “[w]hether an attor- ney bears a responsibility to be honest, candid, and fair in commu- nications with his client about his/her experience in past cases.” To the extent Utterback asks us to issue an advisory opinion on the ethical contours of the attorney-client relationship, we decline his invitation to do so. See, e.g., Church of Scientology of Cal. v. United States, 506 U.S. 9, 12 (1992) (“It has long been settled that a federal court has no authority ‘to give opinions upon moot questions or abstract propositions, or to declare principles or rules of law which cannot affect the matter in issue in the case before it.’” (first quoting Mills v. Green, 159 U.S. 651, 653 (1895); then citing Preiser v. Newkirk, 422 U.S. 395, 401 (1975); and then citing North Carolina v. Rice, 404 U.S. 244, 246 (1971))). It appears from the context of his briefing, though, that Utterback may be arguing that Morris’s purported lack of candor suggests “a defamatory implication by omitting facts” relevant to his opinion of Utterback. Johnston, 36 F.4th at 1275. Even if we were to give Utterback the benefit of that liberal construction of the issue, 6 this argument still fails.

The district court found that Utterback could not state a claim based on the alleged implication that he is “litigious” because We generally “read briefs filed by pro se litigants liberally.” Timson, 518 F.3d at 874 (citing Lorisme, 129 F.3d at 1444 n.3). But if a pro se litigant happens to be “a licensed attorney,” “[w]e cannot accord him the advantage of the liberal construction . . . normally given [to] pro se litigants.” Olivares v. Martin, 555 F.2d 1192, 1194 (5th Cir. 1977) (emphasis added) (citing Estelle v. Gamble, 429 U.S. 97, 106 (1976)). While no binding precedent addresses whether that USCA11 Case: 24-12947 Document: 19-1 Date Filed: 05/21/2025 Page: 19 of 21

24-12947 Opinion of the Court 19 that is a “pure opinion.” 7 As explained above, an “opinion based on facts which are set forth in the [statement] or which are otherwise known or available to the . . . listener as a member of the public” is a “pure opinion,” which cannot form the basis of a defamation claim. From v. Tallahassee Democrat, Inc., 400 So. 2d 52, 57 (Fla. 1st DCA 1981). Rather, an opinion is actionable in defamation “only if it implies the allegation of undisclosed defamatory facts as the basis for the opinion.” Stembridge, 652 So. 2d at 446 (quotation omitted).

Utterback faults Morris for apparently failing to “explain an- ything about [the] failed lawsuit against [Utterback]” in Calypso Towers or Utterback’s malicious-prosecution action. But the amended complaint expressly alleges that Morris told his audience that he had “been sued . . . for representing a condo association board that filed a lawsuit against [Utterback] and [Utterback] re- sponded by filing a lawsuit against [Morris], every member of the Board, and the Association.” When, as here, the speaker “presents the facts at the same time he . . . offers independent commentary, exception also reaches former attorneys like Utterback, at least two un- published opinions of this Court have found that former attorneys should not receive the usual pro se accommodations. See Davis v. Nahmais, 2022 WL 5128153, at *1–2 & n.3 (11th Cir. Oct. 5, 2022); Santos v. Comm’r, 731 F. App’x 848, 855 (11th Cir. 2018). Because Utterback’s argument fails regardless of the construction, we need not resolve this issue here.

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Moreover, defamation law does not require Morris to first declare and disclose Utterback’s “subjective assertion” as to the merits of those cases before giving his own opinion, see Milkovich v. Lorain J.

Co., 497 U.S. 1, 21–22 (1990) (quotation omitted); see also Turner, 879 F.3d at 1271 (“Publishers have no legal obligation to present a bal- anced view of what led up to the publicized event.” (alterations adopted) (quotation omitted)), especially since the facts underlying Morris’s opinion were readily “available to . . . the public” in the relevant court dockets. From, 400 So. 2d at 57; see also Hoon v. Pate Constr. Co., Inc., 607 So. 2d 423, 429 (Fla. 4th DCA 1992) (“[E]ven if people could have reasonable differences of opinion [based on available facts], [such] opinions cannot be defamatory.”); Button v. McCawley, 2025 WL 50431, at *6 (S.D. Fla. Jan. 8, 2025) (“[A state- ment based on facts set forth in the . . . publicly available counter- claims . . . [regarding the speaker’s] subjective assessment of the merits of the counterclaims . . . is pure opinion and is not actionable as a matter of law.” (internal quotation omitted)). 8 Thus, the dis- trict court also did not err in holding Utterback could not base his claim on Morris’s alleged insinuation that Utterback is “litigious.”

8 Upon investigation, the public would find that Utterback lost both lawsuits that Morris referenced in his statement. See Utterback, 399 So. 3d at 321; Trust- mark, 716 F. App’x at 241; cf. Soni v. Wespiser, 239 F. Supp. 3d 373, 389 (D. Mass. 2017) (considering success of plaintiff’s prior lawsuits in determining whether opinion “implie[d] a false assertion of fact” that plaintiff was “litigious” (quo- tation omitted)).

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24-12947 Opinion of the Court 21 IV. CONCLUSION For the reasons stated, we affirm the district court’s order of dismissal, and we deny as moot the Appellant’s “motion to decide the appeal on his brief alone.”

AFFIRMED.