USCA11 Case: 24-10435 Document: 42-1 Date Filed: 06/02/2025 Page: 1 of 7

[DO NOT PUBLISH] In the United States Court of Appeals For the Eleventh Circuit ____________________ No. 24-10435 Non-Argument Calendar ____________________ TERRY M. REED, Plaintiff-Appellant, versus DENNY L. STRICKLAND, III, as father and next friend of minor child, Deceased, individual and official capacity, JOHN PAUL BOSWELL, individual and official capacity, WESLEY LAVON PEARSON, JR., individual and official capacity, ELLISE WASHINGTON, Attorney, individual and official capacity, LAKEISHA RANDELL, USCA11 Case: 24-10435 Document: 42-1 Date Filed: 06/02/2025 Page: 2 of 7

2 Opinion of the Court 24-10435 Attorney, individual and official capacity, et al.,

Defendants-Appellees,

ESTATE OF MICHAEL SANDERS et al.,

Defendants. ____________________ Appeal from the United States District Court for the Middle District of Alabama D.C. Docket No. 2:22-cv-00437-MHT-KFP ____________________ Before NEWSOM, GRANT, and TJOFLAT, Circuit Judges.

PER CURIAM: Terry Reed, proceeding pro se, appeals the District Court’s dismissal of his civil rights lawsuit against twenty-one defendants.

The District Court dismissed some claims under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6) and later dismissed the entire case under Rule 41(b) for failure to prosecute and comply with court orders.

We affirm.

I.

Reed was injured in a 2019 auto accident that also resulted in two deaths. Represented by attorneys Lakeisha Randall and USCA11 Case: 24-10435 Document: 42-1 Date Filed: 06/02/2025 Page: 3 of 7

24-10435 Opinion of the Court 3 Ellise Washington, Reed filed a personal injury lawsuit in Alabama state court. That state court approved a $500,000 settlement in 2021 and dismissed the case with prejudice.

In 2022, Reed filed a complaint in the District Court for the Middle District of Alabama alleging that twenty-one defendants— including judges, attorneys, and others—conspired to violate his constitutional rights. His theories stemmed from the accident and the settlement. Reed claimed that the defendants fabricated evi- dence and coerced him into settling. He alleged that Attorney Washington conspired with the judge presiding over his civil case to mislead him and suppress evidence. Reed sought $75 million in damages.

Before serving the defendants, Reed moved for summary judgment. The District Court denied the motion and warned that failure to effect service could result in dismissal. Reed eventually served most, but not all, defendants. Multiple dismissal motions fol- lowed. Reed responded with a single filing reiterating his conspir- acy allegations.

Over the next few months, the Magistrate Judge recom- mended dismissing claims against several defendants. The District Court adopted those recommendations and dismissed fourteen de- fendants. As the case proceeded, Reed failed to perfect service, re- spond to motions, or appear for multiple hearings, even after re- peated warnings that such conduct would result in dismissal.

In January 2024, the District Court adopted a final recom- mendation dismissing the claim against Attorney Washington USCA11 Case: 24-10435 Document: 42-1 Date Filed: 06/02/2025 Page: 4 of 7

4 Opinion of the Court 24-10435 without prejudice, and dismissing claims against the remaining de- fendants with prejudice under Rule 41(b) for Reed’s repeated failure to show at court hearings and comply with Court orders.

Reed timely appeals.

II.

“While we read briefs filed by pro se litigants liberally, issues not briefed on appeal by a pro se litigant are deemed abandoned.

Moreover, we do not address arguments raised for the first time in a pro se litigant’s reply brief.” Timson v. Sampson, 518 F.3d 870, 874 (11th Cir. 2008) (citations omitted).

In his brief, Reed recounts the facts and explains why he be- lieves a conspiracy occurred. But he does not address why the Dis- trict Court erred in dismissing his claims under Rule 12(b)(6) or un- der Rule 41(b). For example, Reed never challenges the District Court’s determination that he defied court orders and failed to ap- pear for hearings. To the extent Reed argues that the Court granted “summary judgment without allowing [him] leave to depose the defendants,” that claim misunderstands the posture—Rule 12(b)(6) addresses the sufficiency of the pleadings, not the evidence. And to the extent Reed challenges any of the dismissal orders before the Rule 41(b) dismissal, he neither identifies those orders in his brief nor explains why the Rule 41(b) dismissal with prejudice does not moot review of prior interlocutory rulings. We consider all other arguments not clearly raised in Reed’s brief as abandoned. See Tim- son, 518 F.3d at 874.

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24-10435 Opinion of the Court 5 Even if Reed sufficiently made clear he was challenging the District Court’s final judgment, wherein the Court dismissed the claim against Attorney Washington under Rule 12(b)(6) and the re- maining claims for failure to prosecute and disobeying Court or- ders under Rule 41(b), we would still affirm.

A.

We review de novo a Rule 12(b)(6) dismissal, “accepting the allegations in the complaint as true and construing them in the light most favorable to the plaintiff.” Hill v. White, 321 F.3d 1334, 1335 (11th Cir. 2003) (citation omitted). To survive, a complaint must include enough factual content to support a plausible claim.

Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678, 129 S. Ct. 1937, 1949 (2009) (cita- tion omitted). Conclusory assertions and legal conclusions do not meet that standard. Id. at 678–79, 129 S. Ct. at 1949–50.

To state a claim under 42 U.S.C. § 1983, a plaintiff must allege a deprivation of a federal right by someone acting under color of state law. Harvey v. Harvey, 949 F.2d 1127, 1130 (11th Cir. 1992) (ci- tations omitted). Private parties are not liable under § 1983 unless they conspire with state actors. Bendiburg v. Dempsey, 909 F.2d 463, 468 (11th Cir. 1990). To succeed on a § 1983 claim for conspiracy, the plaintiff must show that the parties “reached an understanding” to deny the plaintiff his rights and that the parties’ actions impinged on a federal right. Id. (internal quotation marks and citation omit- ted).

Reed alleged that Attorney Washington conspired with the judge assigned to his accident case to deprive him of constitutional USCA11 Case: 24-10435 Document: 42-1 Date Filed: 06/02/2025 Page: 6 of 7

6 Opinion of the Court 24-10435 rights. But Reed offered no factual support for that claim—only his own conclusory assertions. He failed to allege how or when Attor- ney Washington “reached an understanding” with anyone, much less the judge, to deny him his rights. See id. That is not enough for a § 1983 claim. See id. The District Court did not err in dismissing this claim.

Having properly dismissed Reed’s federal claim, the District Court also acted within its discretion in declining to exercise sup- plemental jurisdiction over any state-law claims. 28 U.S.C. § 1367(c)(3); Raney v. Allstate Ins., 370 F.3d 1086, 1088–89 (11th Cir. 2004) (per curiam) (citations omitted).

B.

We review Rule 41(b) dismissals for abuse of discretion.

Gratton v. Great Am. Commc'ns, 178 F.3d 1373, 1374 (11th Cir. 1999) (per curiam). Dismissal with prejudice is appropriate when a liti- gant displays a clear pattern of delay or willful disobedience, and lesser sanctions are inadequate. Betty K Agencies, Ltd. v. M/V MONADA, 432 F.3d 1333, 1337–38 (11th Cir. 2005).

Here, Reed disobeyed multiple Court orders and failed to appear at multiple hearings, even after being warned that doing so could result in dismissal of his case. It was within the District Court’s discretion to determine that these deficiencies constituted a clear pattern of delay and willful disobedience.

Regardless, Reed does not challenge the Rule 41(b) dismissal on appeal, abandoning the issue. See Timson, 518 F.3d 874. We therefore affirm the District Court’s dismissal.

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24-10435 Opinion of the Court 7 III.

The District Court’s judgment is AFFIRMED.