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[DO NOT PUBLISH] In the United States Court of Appeals For the Eleventh Circuit ____________________ No. 24-13030 Non-Argument Calendar ____________________ UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, Plaintiff-Appellee, versus MAURICIO GONZALEZ,

Defendant-Appellant.

____________________ Appeal from the United States District Court for the Southern District of Florida D.C. Docket No. 9:21-cr-80087-DMM-1 ____________________ USCA11 Case: 24-13030 Document: 24-1 Date Filed: 06/02/2025 Page: 2 of 10

Before NEWSOM, GRANT, and ANDERSON, Circuit Judges.

PER CURIAM: Mauricio Gonzalez, proceeding pro se, appeals the district court’s denial of his fourth and fifth motions for a new trial. He argues that his new evidence reveals the following violations: • He argues that his evidence shows that the iPhone XR was registered to Thomas Welch, not A.S., and that the government violated Brady1 by failing to produce the subscriber records which would show that; • He appears to argue that the government violated Brady by failing to produce (until after trial) the Cel- lebrite report for the iPhone XR which revealed that the XR was associated with the Florida area code 561, and not the Bahamian number 242; • He appears to argue that the government violated Brady by failing to produce the iPhone 7 with a 242 area code and its linked data; • He argues that the government violated Giglio 2 by re- lying on false testimony with respect to the govern- ment’s Exhibit 2 (the iPhone XR); and

2 Giglio v. United States, 405 U.S. 150 (1972).

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24-13030 Opinion of the Court 3 • He argues that the government violated Federal Rule of Evidence 1002 by failing to produce the original phone containing the WhatsApp chats between A.S. and Gonzalez (which Gonzalez claims was the iPh- one 7 with area code 242—not the iPhone XR associ- ated with area code 561), and violated Rule 901 for failing to authenticate same.

I. Brady/Giglio Claims We review alleged Brady or Giglio violations de novo but re- view a court’s denial of a motion for a new trial based on a Brady or Giglio violation for an abuse of discretion. United States v. Stein, 846 F.3d 1135, 1145 (11th Cir. 2017). A court abuses its discretion by misapplying the law or making clearly erroneous factual find- ings. United States v. Scrushy, 721 F.3d 1288, 1303 (11th Cir. 2013).

A finding is clearly erroneous where we, after reviewing all of the evidence, are left with a firm conviction that the court made a mis- take. United States v. Rodriguez-Lopez, 363 F.3d 1134, 1137 (11th Cir. 2004).

When a defendant fails to present to the district court a par- ticular ground for a new trial in his motion, any claim of error on appeal regarding that new ground is reviewed only for plain error.

United States v. Gallardo, 977 F.3d 1126, 1142 n.12 (11th Cir. 2020).

“Plain error occurs if (1) there was error, (2) that was plain, (3) that affected the defendant’s substantial rights, and (4) that seriously af- fected the fairness, integrity, or public reputation of judicial pro- ceedings.” United States v. Wright, 607 F.3d 708, 715 (11th Cir. 2010) USCA11 Case: 24-13030 Document: 24-1 Date Filed: 06/02/2025 Page: 4 of 10

A court may vacate a judgment and grant a new trial if the interest of justice so requires. Fed. R. Crim. P. 33(a). Motions for a new trial are disfavored and granted with great caution. Scrushy, 721 F.3d at 1304.

Suppression of evidence favorable to an accused and mate- rial to his guilt or to punishment violates his due process rights re- gardless of the good or bad faith of the government. Brady, 373 U.S. at 87. The duty to disclose evidence extends to impeachment evidence. United States v. Meros, 866 F.2d 1304, 1308 (11th Cir. 1989). To obtain a new trial based on a Brady violation, the defend- ant must show that (1) the government possessed evidence favora- ble to him, (2) he did not possess the evidence and could not obtain it with reasonable diligence, (3) the government suppressed the ev- idence, and (4) if it had been disclosed, there is a reasonable proba- bility that it would have changed the trial’s outcome. United States v. Vallejo, 297 F.3d 1154, 1164 (11th Cir. 2002). A reasonable USCA11 Case: 24-13030 Document: 24-1 Date Filed: 06/02/2025 Page: 5 of 10

24-13030 Opinion of the Court 5 probability is one that undermines confidence in the outcome.

United States v. Arnold, 117 F.3d 1308, 1315 (11th Cir. 1997). A de- fendant need not show that disclosure of the suppressed evidence would have resulted in his acquittal by a preponderance of the evi- dence or that there was insufficient evidence to convict in light of the suppressed evidence. United States v. Scheer, 168 F.3d 445, 452 (11th Cir. 1999). There is no further harmless error review. Id. Finally, evidence is viewed collectively. Id. The government must disclose evidence of materially false testimony when the reliability of a witness may be determinative of guilt or innocence. Giglio, 405 U.S. at 154. To warrant a new trial based on a Giglio violation, the defendant must show that the government knowingly used perjured testimony or failed to cor- rect what it subsequently learned was false testimony, and that the falsehood was material. Vallejo, 297 F.3d at 1163–64. A falsehood is material if there is a reasonable likelihood that it could have af- fected the judgment of the jury. See Giglio, 405 U.S. at 154.

We will generally not consider evidence that was not sub- mitted before the district court. Ouachita Watch League v. Jacobs, 463 F.3d 1163, 1170 (11th Cir. 2006). However, we will “rarely sup- plement the record to include material that was not before the dis- trict court,” and have “the equitable power to do so if it is in the interests of justice.” Schwartz v. Millon Air, Inc., 341 F.3d 1220, 1225 n.4 (11th Cir. 2003). We evaluate requests to supplement “on a case-by-case basis,” and “[e]ven when the added material will not conclusively resolve an issue on appeal, we may allow USCA11 Case: 24-13030 Document: 24-1 Date Filed: 06/02/2025 Page: 6 of 10

Here, as an initial matter, we decline to consider A.S.’s affi- davit submitted for the first time with Gonzalez’s initial brief be- cause he has not requested permission to supplement the record.

The district court did not err in denying Gonzalez’s motions for a new trial. To the extent he argues that the government failed to provide the subscriber records for the iPhone XR with a (561) number, his argument is preserved. However, the court did not abuse its discretion in failing to find a Brady violation because Gon- zalez has failed to make the threshold showing that the govern- ment possessed the allegedly favorable evidence. Vallejo, 297 F.3d at 1164. He indicates that the government could have obtained the subscriber records for the iPhone XR and 561 phone number; how- ever, this does not show actual possession. In any event, he fails to provide evidence that subscriber records showing that the phone was registered to Thomas Welch created a reasonable probability USCA11 Case: 24-13030 Document: 24-1 Date Filed: 06/02/2025 Page: 7 of 10

24-13030 Opinion of the Court 7 of a different trial outcome, considering the significant evidence in the Cellebrite report indicating that A.S. was the user of the phone.

To the extent Gonzalez’s argument can be construed to as- sert that the government violated Brady in failing to produce the Cellebrite report indicating that the iPhone XR was registered to a (561) number, his argument is without merit because the Cellebrite report was in evidence and introduced at trial as the government’s Exhibit 8.

To the extent Gonzalez argues that the government’s failure to produce the iPhone 7 and its linked data violates Brady, his argu- ment is also without merit because he fails to indicate that the gov- ernment possessed the iPhone 7 or its linked data at any point. Val- lejo, 297 F.3d at 1164. In any event, Gonzalez submitted evidence in his reply below indicating that A.S. used both an iPhone 7 and iPhone XR, and that the phones were connected through her Apple ID and synced to one another, and explained that she switched phones constantly. The evidence thus indicates that A.S. accessed the same WhatsApp account from multiple phones. Gonzalez fails to argue that the information on the iPhone 7 would differ from that on the synced iPhone XR produced at trial, or indicate that any additional information on the phone would be favorable to him.

Finally, to the extent Gonzalez raises a Giglio challenge, he raises this issue for the first time on appeal and this Court reviews for plain error only. Gallardo, 977 F.3d at 1142 n.12. Gonzalez can- not show error because he fails to provide evidence of perjured tes- timony; the discrepancy in area code numbers (about which he USCA11 Case: 24-13030 Document: 24-1 Date Filed: 06/02/2025 Page: 8 of 10

We affirm as to these Brady and Giglio issues.

II. Evidentiary Issues Federal Rule of Evidence 1002 provides that an original writ- ing or recording is required to prove its content unless the rules of evidence or a statute provides otherwise. Fed. R. Evid. 1002. As we have explained, “[t]he purpose of the best evidence rule is to prevent inaccuracy and fraud when attempting to prove the con- tents of a [recording].” United States v. Ross, 33 F.3d 1507, 1513 (11th Cir. 1994).

Furthermore, a proponent of evidence “must produce evi- dence sufficient to support a finding that the item is what the pro- ponent claims it is.” Fed. R. Evid. 901(a). Testimony of a witness with knowledge that an item is what it is claimed to be satisfies this requirement. Fed. R. Evid. 901(b)(1). In addition, evidence may be authenticated by its “appearance, contents, substance, internal patterns, or other distinctive characteristics . . . taken together with all the circumstances.” Fed. R. Evid. 901(b)(4).

Once the proponent has made a prima facie showing that the evidence is what it purports to be, a district court should admit the evidence, although it remains for the trier of fact to appraise whether the proffered evidence is what it purports to be. United States v. Caldwell, 776 F.2d 989, 1001–02 (11th Cir. 1985). In Cald- well, we held there was sufficient evidence of authentication to es- tablish a prima facie case of admissibility because of testimony and USCA11 Case: 24-13030 Document: 24-1 Date Filed: 06/02/2025 Page: 9 of 10

24-13030 Opinion of the Court 9 circumstances showing that the evidence was what it purported to be, even though “[a]dmittedly, the testimony could have been clearer” in identifying the evidence. Id. at 1002–03. The decision of whether a particular piece of evidence has been appropriately identified falls within the district court’s discretion, and we will not disturb that determination absent a showing on appeal that there was “no competent evidence in the record to support it.” Id. at 1001 (quotation marks omitted). Rule 901 functions to make a court’s determination of authenticity merely a preliminary evalua- tion and leaves the ultimate decision on genuineness to the jury. Id. at 1003.

We review Gonzalez’s evidentiary challenges for plain error because he did not raise such challenges below. Gallardo, 977 F.3d at 1142 n.12. To the extent he argues that post-trial Cellebrite evi- dence (indicating that the iPhone XR was associated with area code 561) casts serious doubt on the government’s claim that the WhatsApp messages were linked to the iPhone XR, his argument fails because the Cellebrite report was admitted into evidence as Government Exhibit 8, and was thus necessarily available at trial.

The district court did not err because Gonzalez has failed to provide evidence that Government Exhibit 2 was not “the original” iPhone XR containing chats between A.S. and Gonzalez. Fed. R. Evid. 1002. Special Agent Ray testified that he performed a forensic analysis on Government Exhibit 2 (i.e. the iPhone XR which was introduced into evidence at the trial), that he analyzed the data ex- tracted from that phone, and his testimony was based on facts USCA11 Case: 24-13030 Document: 24-1 Date Filed: 06/02/2025 Page: 10 of 10

For the foregoing reasons,3 the decision of the district court is AFFIRMED.