ECB USA, Inc. v. Savencia Cheese USA, LLC
U.S. Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit
ECB USA, Inc. v. Savencia Cheese USA, LLC
Opinion
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[PUBLISH]
In the
United States Court of Appeals
For the Eleventh Circuit
____________________
No. 23-12580
____________________
ECB USA, INC.,
a Florida corporation,
ATLANTIC VENTURES CORP.,
a Florida corporation,
Plaintiffs-Appellants,
versus
SAVENCIA CHEESE USA, LLC,
ALEX BONGRAIN,
an individual,
J.M. WILD,
an individual,
LEWIS GITLIN,
an individual,
PIERRE RAGNET,
an individual,
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2 Opinion of the Court 23-12580
TOM SWARTELE,
an individual,
Defendants-Appellees.
____________________
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Southern District of Florida
D.C. Docket No. 1:20-cv-21681-AHS
____________________
Before JORDAN and BRASHER, Circuit Judges, and COVINGTON, ∗ Dis-
trict Judge.
BRASHER, Circuit Judge:
This appeal is about personal jurisdiction. After a business
deal went bad, the foreign buyers of a Delaware-incorporated,
New Jersey-based cheese distribution company sued the foreign
sellers in Florida. ECB USA and Atlantic Ventures acquired the
cheese company after five individuals allegedly misrepresented the
company’s corporate governance structure and finances. Neither
the sellers nor the buyers lived in Florida, and the deal was mostly
negotiated in France. But the buyers hired a Florida lawyer to
∗ Honorable Virginia M. Covington, United States District Judge for the Mid-
dle District of Florida, sitting by designation.
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23-12580 Opinion of the Court 3
represent them in the deal and moved the company to Florida after
the closing.
The buyers sued everyone in Florida: the individual sellers
for fraud and related torts and a corporate defendant, Savencia
Cheese, for interfering with a key employment relationship after
the closing. The district court dismissed the claims against the
sellers for lack of personal jurisdiction and dismissed the claims
against Savencia Cheese for failure to state a claim. The buyers ap-
pealed.
After thorough review, and with the benefit of oral argu-
ment, we affirm the district court. The main question is whether
the buyers’ use of a Florida lawyer to represent them in the deal
means that the foreign sellers, which necessarily communicated
with that lawyer, can be sued in Florida over their pre-deal state-
ments. Because due process requires more than a plaintiff’s unilat-
eral conduct to confer jurisdiction in a forum, we agree that the
district court lacked jurisdiction. We also agree with the district
court that the buyers failed to plead sufficient facts to state a claim
against Savencia Cheese.
I.
Because the buyers appeal from granted motions to dismiss,
we accept the facts that they allege as true and view those facts in
the light most favorable to them. Silberman v. Miami Dade Transit,
927 F.3d 1123, 1128 (11th Cir. 2019).
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Five individual defendants, the sellers, 1 found a buyer for a
United States-based cheese importation and distribution company,
Schratter Foods Incorporated. These sellers consisted of individu-
als who held officer positions at Schratter or its parent corporations
or subsidiaries. No seller lives or has worked in Florida. Schratter—
at the time the sellers sought a buyer—was a Delaware corporation
headquartered in New Jersey.
According to the buyers, the sellers planned to strip Schrat-
ter of its assets before the sale. To do so, the sellers started moving
assets from Schratter to affiliate businesses. They also broke Schrat-
ter’s bylaws to put a seller—replacing Alain Voss, who served as
president and chief executive officer of Schratter for over twenty
years—in the “de facto position of Chief Executive Officer.” To ex-
ecute this replacement agreement, the sellers paid Voss $350,000.
All agreements between Voss and the sellers contained confidenti-
ality agreements. The sellers also paid their chief financial officer,
Bertrand Proust, to assist in the scheme by influencing “the audits
of Schratter’s financial statements and internal controls.”
Through Voss and Proust, the sellers “conceal[ed] Schrat-
ter’s true financial condition and deficiencies in internal controls,
hid[] related party transactions, and misrepresent[ed] corporate
1 This dispute involves many individuals and businesses. Because the relevant
legal issues do not turn on those details, for simplicity and clarity, we refer to
ECB USA and Atlantic Ventures, as well as their representatives leading up to
the sale, as “the buyers.” And we refer to the five individually named defend-
ants as “the sellers” even though companies, in which they held officer posi-
tions, signed the documents consummating the sale.
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23-12580 Opinion of the Court 5
organization and management structure.” The sellers also misrep-
resented the corporate governance structure and financial health of
the company to induce an unknowing buyer to enter the sale.
Negotiations with the buyers—French nationals who do not
live in the United States—began in August 2014. Two months later
the buyers hired a Miami-based attorney to represent them in the
purchase.
During negotiations, the sellers told the buyers—and their
Florida-based attorney—that Voss still managed the company.
They also created a virtual “data room,” from which the buyers
and their representatives—including their Florida-based attor-
ney—accessed the due diligence documents. Those documents
failed to reveal the corporate governance structure and financial
conditions of Schratter.
Relying on these documents and conversations, the buyers
went forward with the purchase. The buyers and the sellers met in
Paris, France, to finalize the stock purchase agreement.
They set out the terms of the deal in the stock purchase
agreement, including closing terms and a forum selection clause.
The parties agreed to close at the “offices of Morgan, Lewis, Bock-
ius LLP, 200 S. Biscayne Blvd., Suite 5300, Miami, Florida 33131-
2339, or remotely by electronic exchange of executed documents
and other deliverables.” The agreement also included a choice of
law clause, which stated that the agreement would be interpreted
consistent with Florida law, and the parties consented to an “ex-
clusive jurisdiction” provision that required “[a]ny action or
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proceeding in connection with” the agreement to “be brought in a
court of record of the State of Delaware in and the City of Wil-
mington or in the United States District Court in such county.”
Following the conversations in Paris, the parties closed the
deal with a virtual closure on December 31st. The buyers’ Florida-
based attorney made escrow and payment arrangements from
Florida. Relying on the sellers’ representations of Voss’s role at
Schratter and because they lacked the ability to work in the United
States, the buyers kept Voss as Schratter’s chief executive officer.
When the deal closed, they moved Schratter’s headquarters from
New Jersey to Florida. That transition started in 2015 and contin-
ued through 2017.
About six months after the deal closed, and with Voss as the
chief executive officer, Schratter signed a distribution agreement
with Savencia Cheese that gave away substantial pricing discounts.
Eventually, the sellers’ misrepresentations and Savencia Cheese’s
inducement of Voss to negotiate away pricing discounts drove
Schratter “into insolvency.”
The buyers filed an initial complaint but amended it after the
sellers and Savencia Cheese filed a motion to dismiss. The buyers’
complaint asserts seven claims against the sellers and five claims
against Savencia Cheese: (1) fraud against the sellers; (2) another
count of fraud against the sellers; (3) conspiracy to commit fraud
against the sellers and Savencia Cheese; (4) aiding and abetting a
breach of fiduciary duty against the sellers and Savencia Cheese; (5)
conspiracy to commit a breach of fiduciary duty against the sellers
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and Savencia Cheese; (6) conspiracy to commit constructive fraud
against the sellers and Savencia Cheese; and (7) tortious interfer-
ence with a contract against Savencia Cheese. Because the buyers
allege that the sellers and Savencia Cheese committed, or con-
spired to commit, intentional torts in Florida, they argue that Fla.
Stat. § 48.193(1)(a)(2) confers specific personal jurisdiction over the
sellers.
The sellers submitted affidavits stating that they never re-
sided, worked, owned, or leased property in Florida. Two sellers,
who executed the stock purchase agreement, stated that they par-
ticipated in the deal closing in France. The sellers requested that
the district court dismiss the action because it lacked jurisdiction
over them. Savencia Cheese also moved to dismiss for the buyers’
failure to state a claim against it.
The district court granted both motions to dismiss. The dis-
trict court determined that it lacked jurisdiction over the sellers and
that the complaint failed to state a claim against Savencia Cheese.
It dismissed with prejudice the claims against Savencia Cheese.
The buyers appealed both dismissals.
II.
We review a district court’s dismissal for lack of jurisdiction
and for failure to state a claim de novo. Moore v. Cecil, 109 F.4th 1352,
1365 (11th Cir. 2024). At the motion to dismiss stage, we accept
factual allegations as true and construe them in the light most fa-
vorable to the plaintiff. Almanza v. U.S. Airlines, Inc., 851 F.3d 1060,
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8 Opinion of the Court 23-12580
1066 (11th Cir. 2017). “When a defendant submits an affidavit con-
testing the basis for personal jurisdiction, ‘the burden shifts back to
the plaintiff to produce evidence to support personal jurisdiction.’”
SkyHop Techs., Inc v. Narra, 58 F.4th 1211, 1222 (11th Cir. 2023)
(quoting Don’t Look Media LLC v. Fly Victor Ltd., 999 F.3d 1284, 1292
(11th Cir. 2021)). The district court, and this Court on appeal, must
construe inferences in favor of a plaintiff’s complaint if the com-
plaint and the defendant’s affidavits conflict. Madara v. Hall, 916
F.2d 1510, 1514 (11th Cir. 1990).
III.
The buyers make two arguments on appeal. First, they ar-
gue that the district court erred in dismissing their claims against
the sellers (except for Savencia Cheese) for lack of personal juris-
diction. Second, they contend that their complaint sufficiently
states claims for conspiracy, aiding and abetting a breach of fiduci-
ary duty, and tortious interference with a contract against Savencia
Cheese. We address each issue in turn.
A.
A federal court sitting in diversity “must undertake a two-
part analysis.” Sculptchair, Inc. v. Century Arts, Ltd., 94 F.3d 623, 628
(11th Cir. 1996). First, we ask whether the exercise of personal ju-
risdiction falls under the state’s long-arm statute, and second,
whether it comports with the Due Process Clause of the Four-
teenth Amendment. Id.
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Florida’s long-arm statute provides for specific jurisdiction
over defendants who have committed torts in the state. Fla. Stat.
§ 48.193(1)(a)(2). Specifically, it provides that “[a]ny person” who
“commit[s] a tortious act within the state” is subject to “the juris-
diction of the courts of this state for any cause of action arising”
from the “act.” Id. The “reach of Florida’s long-arm statute ‘is a
question of Florida law,’ and this Court is required to apply the
statute ‘as would the Florida Supreme Court.’” Louis Vuitton, S.A.
v. Mosseri, 736 F.3d 1339, 1352 (11th Cir. 2013) (citing United Techs.
Corp. v. Mazer, 556 F.3d 1260, 1274 (11th Cir. 2009)). “We are also
bound to adhere to the interpretations of Florida’s long-arm statute
offered by Florida’s District Courts of Appeal absent some indica-
tion that the Florida Supreme Court would hold otherwise.” Id.
The Due Process Clause requires, in the case of specific per-
sonal jurisdiction, that an out-of-state defendant have certain “min-
imum contacts” with the forum state. Int’l Shoe Co. v. Washington,
326 U.S. 310, 316 (1945). An out-of-state defendant has minimum
contacts with the forum when “(1) the plaintiff’s claims ‘arise out
of or relate to’ one of the defendant’s contacts with the forum state;
(2) the nonresident defendant ‘purposefully availed’ itself of the
privilege of conducting activities within the forum state; and (3) the
exercise of personal jurisdiction is in accordance with traditional
notions of ‘fair play and substantial justice.’” Del Valle v. Trivago
GMBH, 56 F.4th 1265, 1275 (11th Cir. 2022) (quoting Louis Vuitton,
736 F.3d at 1355). The plaintiff bears the burden of establishing the
first two requirements, and then the burden shifts to the defendant
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10 Opinion of the Court 23-12580
to establish that our exercise of jurisdiction would offend principles
of fair play and substantial justice. Louis Vuitton, 736 F.3d at 1355.
The buyers argue that the district court has personal juris-
diction because the sellers committed torts against them in Florida
while negotiating and executing the deal and again after the deal.
Specifically, the buyers say that the sellers committed fraud and re-
lated torts when they made misrepresentations by placing docu-
ments in a virtual data room that the buyer’s closing counsel ac-
cessed from Florida. As for post-deal conduct, the buyers say,
among other things, that the sellers conspired with the new com-
pany’s employees in Florida after the sale to induce a breach of fi-
duciary duty and commit other tortious acts. We will address each
of these theories separately, starting with the sellers’ pre-deal con-
duct.
1.
We start with the buyers’ allegations of tortious conduct be-
fore and when the parties executed the stock purchase agree-
ment—the pre-closure period. Before the deal closed, neither the
buyers nor the sellers were residents of Florida, and the company
was not based in Florida. The sellers argue that any pre-closure
connection between themselves and Florida resulted entirely from
the buyers’ decision to hire a Florida lawyer to represent them in
the transaction, which required the sellers to communicate with
that lawyer as the buyers’ agent. They say that personal jurisdiction
cannot be based on such a tenuous link with the forum state. We
agree.
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As an initial matter, we believe the question under the long-
arm statute—whether the sellers “commit[ted] a tortious act
within” Florida—is a difficult one. Fla. Stat. § 48.193(1)(a)(2). On
one hand, the sellers placed the allegedly fraudulent representa-
tions in the virtual data room so they could be viewed by the buy-
ers and their representatives. The buyers’ attorney was in Florida
and, presumably, viewed the documents there. See Wendt v. Horo-
witz, 822 So. 2d 1252, 1253 (Fla. 2002) (torts may be committed in
the state for long-arm purposes electronically or telephonically).
On the other hand, the alleged fraud was not committed against
the attorney in Florida, but against the buyers who lived elsewhere.
See Cruise v. Graham, 622 So. 2d 37 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 1993) (mis-
representations to an attorney are misrepresentations to the attor-
ney’s client). “Rather than attempting an Erie ‘guess’ as to how the
Florida Supreme Court would rule on this issue,” Pendergast v.
Sprint Nextel Corp., 592 F.3d 1119, 1143 (11th Cir. 2010), we will as-
sume without deciding that Florida’s long-arm statute authorizes
jurisdiction and go from there.
Turning to the federal question of whether jurisdiction
based on these pre-closing contacts would be consistent with due
process, we think the answer is a straightforward “no.” The sellers
have minimum contacts with Florida only if the (1) buyers’ claims
arose from the sellers’ contacts with Florida, (2) the sellers “pur-
posefully availed” themselves of the privilege of conducting activi-
ties in Florida and (3) the exercise of personal jurisdiction accords
with “traditional notions of ‘fair play and substantial justice.’” Del
Valle, 56 F.4th at 1275(quoting Louis Vuitton,736 F.3d at 1355
).
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Whatever may be said of the first requirement—arising out of—we
cannot conclude that the second two are met.
The buyers’ decision to hire Florida-based deal counsel does
not mean the sellers purposefully availed themselves of Florida
when they allegedly made misstatements to close the deal or that
it would be fair to make them litigate there. In cases of intentional
torts, we have applied two tests to assess “purposeful availment”:
the effects test and the minimum contacts test. SkyHop Techs., 58
F.4th at 1230. Under the effects test, the tort must have been
(among other things) “aimed at the forum state” and must have
“caused harm that the defendant should have anticipated would be
suffered in the forum state.” Del Valle, 56 F.4th at 1276. As a matter
of minimum contacts, the defendant’s contacts with the forum
state must (among other things) “involve some act by which the
defendant purposefully availed himself of the privileges of doing
business within the forum; and . . . are such that the defendant
should reasonably anticipate being haled into court in the forum.”
Id.
The buyers’ arguments fail both tests. Nothing in the com-
plaint suggests that the sellers “aimed” their alleged tortious con-
duct at Florida or “purposefully” availed themselves of the privi-
leges of doing business there. The complaint does not identify an-
ything that was communicated to the buyers’ lawyer in Florida that
was not communicated to the buyers themselves. Instead, the com-
plaint alleges that the sellers’ misrepresentations began “[f]rom the
inception of the ECB Representatives’ dealings with Voss in the fall
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of 2014”—long before the deal had any connection to Florida at all.
Likewise, there was no good reason for the sellers to anticipate
harm to anyone in Florida because no party to the deal was a Flor-
ida resident or business. Cf. Licciardello v. Lovelady, 544 F.3d 1280,
1288 (11th Cir. 2008) (effects test met when tort is “expressly aimed
at a specific individual in the forum whose effects were suffered in
the forum”).
The buyers argue that it is enough that their attorney “ac-
cessed documents in the data room from Miami-Dade County,
Florida,” which provided “incomplete, inaccurate, and untruthful”
information. We disagree. The location of the buyers’ attorney was
a happenstance from the sellers’ perspective. Personal jurisdiction
cannot be predicated “on a defendant’s ‘random, fortuitous, or at-
tenuated contacts’ or on the ‘unilateral activity’ of a plaintiff.” Wal-
den v. Fiore, 571 U.S. 277 (2014). Here, the sellers provided the Flor-
ida-based attorney with a link to the data room because the buyers
hired him. As we see it, the buyers “unilaterally” created the rela-
tionship between their attorney and the sellers. That relationship,
and, in turn, the connection to Florida, only existed so long as the
buyers said that it did. Such an “attenuated” connection to the fo-
rum state fails to “tether[]” the buyers in any meaningful way to
that forum. Id. at 290, 291. And although the buyers’ argument re-
lies on their Florida-based attorney’s location, their complaint ref-
erences other “professional advisors and consultants” who ac-
cessed the data room “elsewhere.” The sellers had to provide ac-
cess to the virtual data room “elsewhere”—whichever forums that
may have been—because of the buyers’ unilateral hiring choices.
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We are concerned with the sellers’ “intentional conduct” to
“create[] the necessary contacts with the forum.” Walden, 571 U.S.
at 286; see also Burger King Corp. v. Rudzewicz,471 U.S. 462, 475
(1985) (“Jurisdiction is proper . . . where the contacts proximately
result from actions by the defendant himself . . . .”); Shaffer v. Heit-
ner, 433 U.S. 186, 204 (1977) (explaining that to assess minimum
contacts, we focus on “the relationship among the defendant, the
forum, and the litigation”). The Due Process Clause ensures an
out-of-state defendant has fair notice that he might be haled into
the forum. See World-Wide Volkswagen Corp. v. Woodson, 444 U.S.
286, 291 (1980). And we cannot say that allowing a putative plaintiff
to establish jurisdiction by “unilateral[ly]” hiring an agent for a
business deal—after negotiations have started—provides a defend-
ant fair notice of where he will be subject to a court’s jurisdiction.
Walden, 571 U.S. at 291.
Although the buyers also say that the deal closed in Florida,
there is no basis for that inference. The actions of the buyers’ attor-
ney at closing, which included facilitating “escrow and payment ar-
rangements . . . in Florida,” is “precisely the sort of ‘unilateral ac-
tivity’ of a third party that ‘cannot satisfy the requirement of con-
tact with the forum State.’” Id.at 291 (citing Hanson v. Denckla,357 U.S. 235, 253
(1958)). Unable to rely on their attorney’s conduct in
Florida, nothing in the terms of the stock purchase agreement or
complaint support their argument that the deal, in fact, closed in
Florida. The terms of the stock purchase agreement specified two
permissible closing locations: a law office in Miami “or remotely by
electronic exchange of executed documents and other
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deliverables.” The disjunctive “or” permitted a virtual closing, and
that’s what occurred. Two sellers stated in their affidavits that, after
the parties met in Paris to finalize negotiations, the deal closed vir-
tually.
Finally, we cannot say the buyers’ attorney-based theory is
consistent with traditional notions of fair play and substantial jus-
tice. Louis Vuitton, 736 F.3d at 1355. As we see it, Florida has little
“interest in adjudicating [a] dispute” about the sale of a Delaware
company that was negotiated in France at a time when neither the
sellers nor buyers were residents of Florida. World-Wide
Volkswagen, 444 U.S. at 292. Parties to commercial transactions hire
agents—whether counsel, consultants, or accountants—based on
skill and expertise wherever they may be. The location of such
agents may be relevant to personal jurisdiction when a business
deal goes bad. But a rule that provides for personal jurisdiction
based on the location of such an agent alone would be unfair and
unworkable. Forum selection would be a game of gotcha, not of
fairness. We decline to adopt such a rule.
2.
Next, we address the post-closure conduct. The buyers ar-
gue that jurisdiction is appropriate based on post-closure contacts
because a non-party co-conspirator committed a tort in Florida,
they felt the effects of the tortious conduct in Florida, and their at-
torney received a tortious communication in Florida. We address
each argument in turn.
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We begin our analysis of the co-conspirator theory of juris-
diction with the Florida long-arm statute. In doing so, we need not
take an Erie “guess,” Pendergast, 592 F.3d at 1143, as to how the
Florida courts would rule. They’ve addressed the pleading require-
ments of a conspiracy claim as an alleged basis for jurisdiction un-
der the Florida long-arm statute. See Mazer, 556 F.3d at 1281. When
a civil conspiracy is the “tortious act,” “some of [the] acts” of a con-
spirator must “alleged[ly] . . . have been accomplished within the
state of Florida.” Wilcox v. Stout, 637 So. 2d 335, 337 (Fla. Dist. Ct.
App. 1994). And the “threshold question that must be determined
is whether the allegations of the complaint state a cause of action”
for conspiracy. Wendt, 822 So. 2d at 1260.
We cannot say the buyers’ co-conspirator theory satisfies the
Florida long-arm statute for two reasons.
First, the buyers’ allegations about a non-party co-conspira-
tor’s Florida-based conduct rely on conclusory and general state-
ments. Across the forty pages of the complaint, we identify six al-
legations that explicitly reference alleged co-conspirators’ conduct
in Florida after the deal closed:
• “during the period that Schratter was headquartered in Mi-
ami, and until his termination, Voss continued to be the In-
side Man for the [sellers’] Conspiracy and committing
wrongful acts designed to continue and conceal the frauds”;
• “Voss and Proust, much of the time from Miami, ‘cooked
the books’ of [the company] to make it appear that [its] busi-
ness was doing far better than it actually was”;
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• “[t]he wrongful conduct continued as Schratter moved its
headquarters to Miami-Dade County, Florida, which move
started in 2015 and continued through 2017”;
• “Voss committed acts in furtherance of the [sellers’] Con-
spiracy while a director and president of Atlantic Ventures,
a Florida corporation”;
• “[d]uring the years 2016 through 2018, Savencia Cheese di-
rected communications in furtherance of the Distribution
Fraud to Plaintiffs in Florida, including, but not limited to,
sending invoices for payment for foreign affiliate cheeses
and domestic cheeses to Florida”; and
• “[d]uring the ensuing years” after the deal closed, “Voss in
his conflicting roles as Schratter’s president and CEO, Atlan-
tic Venture’s president and director, and the [sellers’] Con-
spiracy’s inside man, continued his tortious conduct on be-
half of the [sellers’] Conspiracy in Miami.”
None of these allegations are “clear, positive and specific.”
Parisi v. Kingston, 314 So. 3d 656, 661 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 2021). In-
stead, these allegations recite the elements of a Florida civil con-
spiracy claim, relying on conclusory allegations. See id. But Florida
law demands more than general statements to satisfy its long-arm
statute: “a court will decline to apply the co-conspirator theory to
extend jurisdiction over nonresidents if the plaintiff fails to plead
with specificity any facts supporting the existence of the conspiracy
and provides nothing more than vague and conclusory allegations
regarding a conspiracy involving the defendants.” NHB Advisors,
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Inc. v. Czyzyk, 95 So. 3d 444, 448 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 2012). We can-
not say that allegations of “tortious conduct,” “tortious acts,”
“wrongful acts,” “cook[ing] the books” or “committing acts in fur-
therance of” illegal conduct pleads with sufficient specificity the ex-
istence of an unlawful conspiracy that included the sellers’ non-
party co-conspirator in Florida. See Parisi, 314 So. 3d at 662 (finding
that a party failed to satisfy the long-arm statute by alleging “simply
that the co-defendants had an ‘agreement’” involving an “illegal”
transfer without explaining “how” the individuals conspired).
Second, the complaint’s only specific allegation of post-clo-
sure tortious conduct never says whether the conduct occurred
within Florida. See Fla. Stat. § 48.193(1)(a)(2). The crux of the buy-
ers’ co-conspirator claim—Voss’s fraudulent renegotiation of the
stock purchase agreement through a new distribution agree-
ment—never says whether that “overt act” took place in Florida.
Instead, the buyers allege when but not where the conduct took
place: “working with their co-conspirator Voss, caused Schratter to
revoke and give away substantial pricing discounts and rights
through the execution of a distribution agreement between Saven-
cia Cheese and Schratter on June 30, 2015.”
Without an allegation that says the renegotiation occurred
in Florida, we must piece together other allegations to infer those
jurisdictional facts. See Mazer, 556 F.3d at 1276. Elsewhere, the buy-
ers allege that Schratter moved its headquarters to Miami in “early
2015.” But they did not complete that move until 2017—over a year
after Voss’s allegedly tortious conduct to execute the new
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distribution agreement on behalf of Schratter. The complaint also
fails to inform us whether Voss worked in Florida, and if so, when
he began working there. The allegations (or lack thereof) fail to
provide us with “viable facts from which the inference could rea-
sonably be drawn that” the sellers were “part of a conspiracy either
engineered in Florida or pursuant to which a tortious act in further-
ance was committed in Florida.” Id. at 1283.
Because the post-closure allegations of the co-conspirators’
tortious conduct within Florida are neither “clear, positive [nor]
specific,” the buyers have failed to meet their burden to establish
jurisdiction under the Florida long-arm statute. Parisi, 314 So. 3d at
663.
In addition to their co-conspirator theory of personal juris-
diction, the buyers argue that their attorney’s location in Florida
and their post-closing move to Florida allow for personal jurisdic-
tion. Specifically, the buyers allege that one seller sent fraudulent
financial statements to their Florida-based attorney after the deal
closed. And they allege that the execution of the distribution agree-
ment caused a “substantial portion of [the] injuries” to be felt in
Florida because they moved there after the deal.
Even assuming these allegations established enough to sat-
isfy Florida’s long-arm statute, they would fail due process for the
same reasons the pre-closing contacts fail due process. As with their
pre-closure arguments, these theories rely on the buyers’—not the
sellers’—conduct directed at the forum state. The parties required
that the buyers send the financial audits as part of the stock
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20 Opinion of the Court 23-12580
purchase agreement—without specifically mentioning Florida—
and the buyers then directed the sellers to send those documents
into Florida. And the buyers moved to Florida after the sale—tak-
ing any injury with them. We do not rely solely on the effects of
tortious conduct in a forum to establish jurisdiction. See Herederos
De Roberto Gomez Cabrera, LLC v. Teck Res. Ltd., 43 F.4th 1303, 1311
(11th Cir. 2022) (explaining that the incidental effects of a defend-
ant’s actions are not by themselves sufficient to justify personal ju-
risdiction).
* * *
Because the buyers have neither alleged pre-closure nor
post-closure conduct sufficient to establish personal jurisdiction
over the sellers, the district court was correct to dismiss their com-
plaint.
B.
We now turn to the claims brought against Savencia
Cheese. The buyers argue that the district court erred in dismissing
five claims: (1) conspiracy to commit fraud; (2) aiding and abetting
breach of fiduciary duties; (3) conspiracy to commit breach of fidu-
ciary duties; (4) conspiracy to commit constructive fraud; and (5)
tortious interference with a contract.
Two pleading rules matter here. First, the general pleading
rule requires that a complaint include “a short and plain statement
of the claim showing that the pleader is entitled to relief.” Fed. R.
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23-12580 Opinion of the Court 21
Civ. P. 8(a)(2). This standard applies to the buyers’ aiding and abet-
ting claims and the tortious inference claim.
Second, the pleading rule for fraud claims requires that “a
party must state with particularity the circumstances constituting
fraud or mistake.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 9(b). We explained that a com-
plaint may satisfy Rule 9(b) by illustrating the following: “(1) pre-
cisely what statements were made in what documents or oral rep-
resentations or what omissions were made”; “(2) the time and place
of each such statement and the person responsible for making (or,
in the case of omissions, not making) same”; “(3) the content of
such statements and the manner in which they misled the plaintiff”;
and “(4) what the defendants obtained as a consequence of the
fraud.” Brooks v. Blue Cross & Blue Shield of Fla., Inc., 116 F.3d 1364,
1371 (11th Cir. 1997) (citation modified). Following this list, we
noted that plaintiffs can satisfy Rule 9(b) through alternative means
that identify the nature or subject of the statements constituting
the fraud. Id.
Twombly and Iqbal instruct our analysis of whether a com-
plaint meets these pleading rules. We omit conclusory statements
of a claim from a motion to dismiss analysis. Bell Atl. Corp. v.
Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 561 (2007). Because Rule 12(b)(6) “requires
more than labels and conclusions, and a formulaic recitation of the
elements of a cause of action,” allegations must rise beyond a “spec-
ulative level” to “state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.”
Id. at 555, 570. Iqbal made clear that Twombly’s standard applies to
all civil actions and explained the “working principles” that guide
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22 Opinion of the Court 23-12580
our Rule 12(b)(6) analysis: (1) “the tenet that a court must accept as
true all of the allegations contained in a complaint is inapplicable
to legal conclusions” and (2) “only a complaint that states a plausi-
ble claim for relief survives a motion to dismiss.” Ashcroft v. Iqbal,
556 U.S. 662, 678–79 (2009).
With these standards in mind, we assess each claim.
1.
We begin with the three conspiracy claims. The buyers al-
lege that Savencia Cheese conspired to commit fraud, conspired to
commit breach of fiduciary duties, and conspired to commit con-
structive fraud. To establish a civil conspiracy claim, the buyers
must plead sufficient facts that show (1) “an agreement between
two or more parties,” (2) “to do an unlawful act or to do a lawful
act by unlawful means,” (3) “the doing of some overt act in pursu-
ance of the conspiracy,” and (4) “damage to plaintiff as a result of
the acts done under the conspiracy.” Raimi v. Furlong, 702 So. 2d
1273, 1284 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 1997).
To start, the complaint alleges that Savencia Cheese partici-
pated in a distribution agreement scheme. That allegation, as we
read the complaint, is the only one that focuses on Savencia
Cheese’s conduct instead of the conduct of the sellers. So, as we see
it, all three conspiracy claims depend on whether the allegation of
the “distribution agreement fraud” meets the pleading require-
ments. To support that allegation of Savencia Cheese’s conduct,
the buyers allege that Savencia Cheese signed a distribution agree-
ment that “change[d] the terms” of the stock purchase agreement.
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23-12580 Opinion of the Court 23
This agreement occurred because the sellers “and Savencia Cheese,
working with their co-conspirator, Voss, caused Schratter to re-
voke and give away substantial pricing discounts and rights
through the execution of [the] distribution agreement.” Because of
the agreement, Savencia Cheese “overcharge[d] for foreign cheese
it sold to Schratter” and “cease[d] to distribut[e] other foreign
cheese to Schratter.”
We cannot say that these allegations satisfy the applicable
pleading standards. As Twombly made clear, Rule 12(b)(6) “requires
more than labels and conclusions, and a formulaic recitation of the
elements of a cause of action.” 550 U.S. at 555. The buyers’ com-
plaint falls short of that standard because it relies on legal conclu-
sions and the elements of a conspiracy: “each of the [sellers] and
Savencia Cheese acted in furtherance of” the conspiracy; “[t]he
[sellers’] Conspiracy also required the participation of Savencia
Cheese to undermine valuable rights to discounts provided to [the
buyers] in the Stock Purchase Agreement”; and “[i]n the months
before June 30, 2014, the [sellers] and their co-conspirators agreed
to implement the [sellers’] Conspiracy.”
Alleging that the parties “agreed” and “acted in furtherance”
of the conspiracy restates the language of a Florida conspiracy
claim. Raimi, 702 So. 2d at 1284. And the allegation that the con-
spiracy required Savencia Cheese’s participation fails to tell us “any
facts evidencing how” Savencia Cheese participated. Parisi, 314 So.
3d at 662. That allegation assumes that the necessity of one party
to a conspiracy’s success proves that party’s participation. But such
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24 Opinion of the Court 23-12580
an assumption transforms civil conspiracy claims into strict liability
offenses.
Moreover, we find an “obvious alternative explanation” for
Savencia Cheese’s conduct. Twombly 550 U.S. at 567. Among plau-
sible alternatives, Savencia Cheese, as a distributor to Schratter,
could have signed the agreement for a lawful purpose: to increase
profits. This lawful rationale would serve as another justification
for execution of the agreement.
Because the three conspiracy claims against Savencia Cheese
rest on conclusory and implausible facts, the district court correctly
dismissed those claims.
2.
Now to the buyers’ aiding and abetting claims. To prove
that Savencia Cheese aided and abetted Voss to breach his fiduciary
duty, the buyers must establish the following: (1) “a fiduciary duty
on the part of a primary wrongdoer”; (2) “a breach of that fiduciary
duty”; (3) “knowledge of the breach by the alleged aider and abet-
tor”; and (4) “the aider and abettor’s substantial assistance or en-
couragement of the wrongdoing.” Fonseca v. Taverna Imps., Inc., 212
So. 3d 431, 442 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 2017).
The buyers argue, on appeal, that their complaint alleges “in
detail” that Savencia Cheese knew of Voss’s role and “fraudulently”
induced the buyers to “take him as a fiduciary.” We read the com-
plaint differently.
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23-12580 Opinion of the Court 25
We begin our analysis with the complaint’s language:
“Savencia Cheese also aided and abetted the breaches of fiduciary
duty so that it could undermine the discounted cheese prices and
distribution rights contained in the Stock Purchase Agreement.”
The sellers “and Savencia Cheese aided and abetted Voss’s actions
to undermine Plaintiffs’ rights to discounted cheese prices and dis-
tribution rights which were contained in the Stock Purchase Agree-
ment.” “Savencia Cheese caused special damages” by “caus[ing]
Voss’s execution of the Distribution Agreement.” And “Savencia
Cheese acted with malicious disregard for Plaintiffs” knowing the
financial impact of the agreement.
These allegations recite the elements of an aiding and abet-
ting claim. Although “the pleading standard Rule 8 announces does
not require ‘detailed factual allegations,’ . . . it demands more than
an unadorned, the-defendant-unlawfully-harmed-me accusation.’”
Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678(quoting Twombly,550 U.S. at 555
). The com-
plaint fails to meet this standard. It alleges that other defendants—
not Savencia Cheese—had knowledge of Voss’s role and planned
to defraud Schratter leveraging his inside role. The buyers ask us to
infer from these allegations that Voss signing the distribution
agreement sufficiently demonstrates that Savencia Cheese encour-
aged Voss to breach his duty. But that inference requires us to
“speculate” as to a required element of this claim. Pleading requires
more: “[f]actual allegations”—“assum[ing] that all the allegations
in the complaint are true”—“must be enough to raise a right to re-
lief above the speculative level.” Twombly, 550 U.S. at 555.
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26 Opinion of the Court 23-12580
As a result, the complaint fails to allege facts to establish that
Savencia Cheese aided and abetted Voss in breaching his fiduciary
duty.
3.
We end with the buyers’ tortious interference with a con-
tract claim. Florida law requires five elements to establish a cause
of action for tortious interference with a contractual relationship:
“(1) [t]he existence of a contract”; “(2) [t]he defendant’s knowledge
of the contract”; “(3) [t]he defendant’s intentional procurement of
the contract’s breach”; “(4) [a]bsence of any justification or privi-
lege”; and “(5) [d]amages resulting from the breach.” McKinney-
Green, Inc. v. Davis, 606 So. 2d 393, 397–98 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 1992).
The complaint alleges that “Savencia intentionally interfered
with the provisions of the Stock Purchase Agreement”; “Savencia
Cheese had knowledge of the foregoing provisions of the Stock Pur-
chase Agreement”; “Savencia Cheese procured an intentional and
unjustified breach of the discounted pricing and rights to distribute
the Savencia products” ; and “[a]s a direct and proximate result of
the above-described wrongful conduct, the buyers have sustained
damages in an amount to be proven at trial.”
But these facts do not inform us of when, how, and why
Savencia Cheese executed this intentional breach. True, we apply
the less demanding pleading standard to this claim. But even apply-
ing this standard, we must omit “conclusory statement[s] of [a]
claim” from our analysis. Twombly, 550 U.S. at 544. Omitting these
conclusions—that Savencia Cheese “had knowledge” and
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23-12580 Opinion of the Court 27
“procured an intentional and unjustified breach”—the complaint
fails to state a claim for tortious interference. Because we require
“more than . . . a formulaic recitation of the elements” of a tortious
interference claim, we consider the complaint’s allegations insuffi-
cient to satisfy the relevant pleading standards. Id. at 555.
IV.
We AFFIRM the district court.
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23-12580 JORDAN, J., Concurring in Part and Dissenting in Part 1
JORDAN, Circuit Judge, Concurring in Part and Dissenting in Part:
I agree with and concur in the majority’s opinion except for
the resolution of the tortious interference claim against Savencia
Cheese. In my view, the complaint contained sufficient allegations
for this claim to survive a motion to dismiss.
Under Florida law, a tortious interference claim requires the
following elements: (1) the existence of a business relationship or
contract; (2) knowledge of the relationship or contract on the part
of the defendant; (3) an intentional and unjustified interference
with the relationship or contract by the defendant; and (4) damage
to the plaintiff as a result of the breach of the relationship or con-
tract. See Ethan Allen, Inc. v. Georgetown Manor, Inc., 647 So. 2d 812,
814(Fla. 1985); Howard v. Murray,184 So. 3d 1155, 1166
(Fla. 1st
DCA 2015). I think the complaint adequately alleged these ele-
ments in a non-conclusory fashion.
The plaintiffs alleged that they entered into a stock pur-
chase agreement in December of 2014 with the Bongrain defend-
ants for the purchase of Schratter, and that this agreement included
a “commitment by the Bongrain [d]efendants that Schratter would
be given discounted pricing on, and the right to distribute, Savencia
[Cheese] products for a period of ten years.” Am. Compl. ¶¶ 91,
146.
The plaintiffs alleged that Savencia Cheese knew about
these provisions in the stock purchase agreement. See id. ¶ 219.
The plaintiffs alleged that Savencia Cheese, working
through Alain Voss, the “inside man” at Schratter, intentionally and
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2 JORDAN, J., Concurring in Part and Dissenting in Part 23-12580
unjustifiably interfered with the stock purchase agreement. It did
so by “caus[ing] Schratter to revoke and give away substantial pric-
ing discounts and rights through the execution of a distribution
agreement between Savencia Cheese and Schratter” in June of 2015
which purported to “change the terms” of the stock purchase
agreement without the knowledge or consent of the plaintiffs. See
id. ¶¶ 15, 36. The distribution agreement in part “allowed Savencia
Cheese to (a) overcharge for the foreign cheeses it sold to Schratter;
and (b) to cease distributing other foreign cheeses to Schratter.” Id.
¶ 37.
The plaintiffs alleged that they were harmed by Savencia
Cheese’s tortious interference due to the “inflated prices and denial
of products, together with the loss of value of Schratter as an on-
going concern.” Id.
On this record, and accepting all of the plaintiffs’ factual al-
legations as true, there is enough in the complaint to make the
claim “plausible on its face.” Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544,
570 (2007). Because a “well-pleaded complaint may proceed even
if it strikes a savvy judge that actual proof of those facts is improb-
able, and ‘that a recovery is very remote and unlikely,’” id. at 556
(citation omitted), I would reverse the dismissal of the tortious in-
terference claim.
Reference
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