USCA11 Case: 24-10998 Document: 45-1 Date Filed: 08/07/2025 Page: 1 of 34

[DO NOT PUBLISH] In the United States Court of Appeals For the Eleventh Circuit

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No. 24-10998 Non-Argument Calendar ____________________

ELENA LYADINA SAVILLE, Plaintiff-Appellant, versus CLARENCE WILLIAM WEBB, ROBERT ALLEN WHITWORTH, RANDY CLARENCE HOPPER, BILLY DALE MULL, RANDALL GENE MULL, et al.,

Defendants-Appellees.

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Appeal from the United States District Court for the Northern District of Georgia D.C. Docket No. 2:22-cv-00105-SCJ ____________________

Before JORDAN, LUCK, and WILSON, Circuit Judges. PER CURIAM: Plaintiff-Appellant Elena Saville, proceeding pro se, appeals the district court’s dismissal of her amended complaint alleging a Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organization Act (RICO) claim against her neighbor, Clarence Webb, who owns and operates a scrap metal recycling business on his property; a RICO conspiracy claim against Webb, his employees, and two local government of- ficials; 42 U.S.C. § 1983 claims against Habersham County, a local judge, and prosecutor; and state-law claims. After careful review, we vacate the district court’s dismissal of Saville’s § 1983 claim against Habersham County based on her claim the County’s public comment policy deprived her of her First Amendment rights. Because one of Saville’s federal claims was im- properly dismissed, we also vacate the district court’s decision not to exercise supplemental jurisdiction over her state-law claims. We remand for further proceedings on these claims. But we affirm as to all the remaining issues. USCA11 Case: 24-10998 Document: 45-1 Date Filed: 08/07/2025 Page: 3 of 34

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I. Factual Background1 Saville owned property located across a narrow drive from Webb’s Recycling. Since 2006, Webb operated the business with- out a business license and in violation of Habersham County’s land-use ordinances, which did not permit recycling businesses in low-intensity residential areas. In 2012, Webb obtained a business license using his middle name to hide his prior criminal history. Saville also alleged that Webb’s Recycling continuously violated federal environmental law and was not registered with the Georgia Sheriff’s Association, as required by state law, until 2019. From 2006 to 2018, “dozens of neighbors” filed complaints with Ha- bersham Code Enforcement about the scrapyard’s operations. More than 100 criminal cases have been filed in Habersham Courts against Webb’s five employees. The employees regularly violated traffic laws on the road leading to the scrap yard, such as driving cars without a registration plate or with a covered plate and parking cars in inappropriate places. From 2017 to 2022, Saville complained about Webb’s scrapyard operations to Code Enforce- ment, the Sheriff, and other county officials. On May 3, 2017, Webb and his son-in-law visited Saville’s property and demanded a $80,000 “ransom” payment, although Saville did not explain the purpose of the requested payment. After

1 These facts come from Saville’s amended complaint. Because the district court dismissed the complaint, we must accept all well-pleaded allegations in the complaint as true and construe them in the light most favorable to the plaintiff. Hunt v. Aimco Props., L.P., 814 F.3d 1213, 1221 (11th Cir. 2016). USCA11 Case: 24-10998 Document: 45-1 Date Filed: 08/07/2025 Page: 4 of 34

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Saville refused to pay, Webb’s employees and associates began a “campaign of intimidation” against her. On April 23, 2018, Webb filed his first application for Saville’s criminal arrest for stalking. At a hearing on the application Habersham Magistrate Court Chief Judge Johnson prohibited Saville from taking pictures of Webb’s business and employees and ordering her to take down security cameras installed on her property. But Webb’s application was later dismissed because there was not probable cause to issue an arrest warrant. The Habersham County Board of Commissioners sched- uled a hearing for November 19, 2018, to determine whether to revoke Webb Recycling’s business license, and Saville planned to attend. But Saville could not attend the hearing. Earlier that month, Webb filed a second, identical application for Saville’s crim- inal arrest for stalking, which Magistrate Judge Thomas granted on November 13, 2018. This time, Saville was detained. Solicitor Wil- liam Oliver brought criminal charges against Saville, and she was released on bail with conditions prohibiting her from contacting Webb directly or indirectly. This prevented her from attending the November 19, 2018, license-revocation hearing. According to the minutes, during the November 19 li- cense-revocation hearing for Webb’s Recycling, Michael Beecham, the director of the planning department, reported that the neigh- bors had complained about trash in the yard. In January 2019, the Board of Commissioners granted Webb a conditional business li- cense, which Saville contended was based on false information and USCA11 Case: 24-10998 Document: 45-1 Date Filed: 08/07/2025 Page: 5 of 34

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issued because no one spoke against it at the hearing. She also al- leged Sheriff Joey Terrell provided the business with a certificate falsely attesting that the business was properly registered with the Georgia Sheriffs’ Association. At other meetings before the Habersham County Board of Commissioners, the Chairman of the Board demanded that criti- cism about individual county staff members be handled through the internal channels and not through a public forum. On August 16, 2021, the Board considered a presentation by the chief magis- trate judge to expand the court’s authority. Saville spoke during public comment and accused the judge of mishandling evidence. She was interrupted and forcefully escorted from the podium. She also asserted that the time limits applied to public comments are not applied equally and are only strictly enforced against people who have unfavorable things to say. Throughout this time, Webb and his employees threatened Saville with firearms, dogs, and vehicles. On February 2, 2020, Saville heard shooting from behind Webb’s property, and his em- ployee, Randy Hopper, carried a rifle from the scrap yard to an- other property in view of Saville’s home. On December 20, 2020, Webb or one of his employees brought a German Sheppard dog to the scrap yard and induced it to attack Saville on her porch. The dog chased Saville and forced her to hide inside her house. On Jan- uary 31, 2021, the dog attacked Saville again. Saville reported the incident to animal enforcement. Habersham County fined Webb’s associate for violating animal control regulations but later USCA11 Case: 24-10998 Document: 45-1 Date Filed: 08/07/2025 Page: 6 of 34

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suspended the fine for compliance. The same dog attacked Saville for a third time on February 2, 2022. II. Procedural History In June 2022, Saville sued (1) Webb; (2) four employees of Webb’s Recycling: Hopper, Robert Whitworth, Billy Mull, and Randall Mull; (3) Habersham County, Georgia; (4) Planning De- partment Director Beecham; (5) Sheriff Terrell; (6) Judge Thomas; and (7) Solicitor Oliver. Saville alleged that Webb had been oper- ating an illegal scrap yard, he and his employees had threatened her to thwart her from reporting their illegal activity, and county offi- cials enabled and assisted Webb’s operation. In an amended complaint, 2 Saville named the same defend- ants and raised: (1) a state and federal RICO claim against Webb; (2) a state and federal RICO conspiracy claim against Webb, his employees, Planning Director Beecham, and Sheriff Terrell; (3) a state-law claim for damages caused by gang activity against Webb and his employees; (4) a state-law malicious prosecution claim against Webb; and (5) a § 1983 claim against Habersham County, Judge Thomas, Solicitor Oliver, and Webb.

2 Webb and his employees each filed pro se answers, in which they summarily

denied the accusations. Habersham County, Planning Director Beecham, Sheriff Terrell, Judge Thomas, and Solicitor Oliver moved to dismiss the com- plaint, arguing that Saville failed to state a claim and that various immunities barred her claims. The district court granted the motion to dismiss but, be- cause Saville was proceeding pro se, granted her leave to file an amended com- plaint. USCA11 Case: 24-10998 Document: 45-1 Date Filed: 08/07/2025 Page: 7 of 34

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In Count 1, Saville alleged that Webb operated an enterprise consisting of a network of scrap yards in Habersham County. She argued that the enterprise operated in violation of federal and state environmental laws and county ordinances. Saville argued that Webb’s enterprise relied on a pattern of racketeering activity, in- cluding the following predicate acts: filing three applications for Saville’s arrest (Acts 1, 2, and 5), submitting false statements to the planning department two times (Acts 3 and 4); and inducing a dog to attack Saville (Act 6). For Act 3, Saville specifically alleged that, on December 5, 2018, Webb applied for a conditional business li- cense that falsely stated his legal name and property ownership in- formation. For Act 4, she alleged that, on December 11, 2018, he submitted a letter of intent that “falsely claimed that [the Environ- mental Protection Agency (EPA)] did not find any environmental violations” at Webb’s Recycling, despite violations issued by the Georgia Environmental Protection Division. In Count 2, Saville raised a federal and state RICO conspir- acy claim against Webb, his employees, Planning Director Bee- cham, and Sheriff Terrell, alleging that they conspired to further the criminal enterprise described in Count 1. Saville identified sev- eral predicate acts, including witness retaliation, threatened mur- der, and wire fraud. Counts 3 and 4 of the amended complaint al- leged violations of state law. Count 5 raised a § 1983 claim against Habersham County, Judge Thomas, Solicitor Oliver, and Webb. First, against Ha- bersham County, she argued that Habersham County’s official USCA11 Case: 24-10998 Document: 45-1 Date Filed: 08/07/2025 Page: 8 of 34

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policy3 limiting public comments at the Board of Commissioner’s meetings imposed impermissible content-based limitations on speech by prohibiting “improper conduct.” She also argued that Habersham County should be liable for Judge Johnson’s actions during the May 8, 2018, hearing on Webb’s first petition for her arrest. And she alleged that Habersham County should be liable for its animal control employees, who assisted Webb’s group by allowing repeated dog attacks against Saville. Saville contended that Planning Director Beecham and Habersham County’s issuing business licenses to Webb’s Recycling allowed the business to vio- late her constitutional rights. Finally, she argued that Sheriff Ter- rell, by failing to stop the business’s unlawful activity, caused her to be deprived of her Fourth Amendment right to be secure in her person, home, and property. Next, Saville argued that Judge Thomas violated her First Amendment right to petition the government for redress of griev- ances by ordering Saville not to contact law enforcement. She ar- gued that Judge Thomas was acting outside her judicial capacity because magistrate court judges, when considering an application for an arrest warrant, lack the authority to enter an injunction.

3 Saville attached an excerpt from the Habersham County Board of Commis-

sioner’s March 2021 Rules of Procedure to her amended complaint. The rules stated that individuals wishing to speak during board meetings (1) must sign in; (2) are limited to three minutes, or five minutes if they sign up in advance; (3) are not permitted to enter into any discussion with board members with- out permission from the chair; and (4) are not allowed “to make impertinent, derogatory, offensive, or slanderous remarks.” USCA11 Case: 24-10998 Document: 45-1 Date Filed: 08/07/2025 Page: 9 of 34

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Saville also argued that Judge Thomas and Webb conspired to pre- vent her from speaking at the license-revocation hearing, in viola- tion of her right to petition the government for redress of griev- ances. Saville argued that Solicitor Oliver deprived her of (1) her right to petition by criminally charging her for reporting violations to the sheriff and code enforcement and (2) her Fourteenth Amendment right to due process and equal protection by keeping her on bail for nearly three years without a trial. She argued that Oliver should not be granted prosecutorial immunity because he acted under a conflict of interest and was essentially acting as a pri- vate attorney for Webb’s enterprise. Habersham County, Planning Director Beecham, Sheriff Terrell, Judge Thomas, and Solicitor Oliver (collectively, the Ha- bersham County Defendants) moved to dismiss Saville’s amended complaint, arguing that Saville’s amended complaint failed to state a claim. Six days after the deadline, Webb filed a pro se motion to dismiss. Webb’s employees filed nothing in response to Saville’s amended complaint. Saville responded and sought leave “to ser- vice supplemental pleading” to add events that had taken place since her initial complaint in June 2022. The district court granted the motions to dismiss, dismissed all claims against the Habersham County Defendants, Webb, and Webb’s employees, and denied Saville’s motion for a supplemental pleading. In a footnote, the court noted that it would consider Webb’s motion to dismiss despite its untimeliness and his USCA11 Case: 24-10998 Document: 45-1 Date Filed: 08/07/2025 Page: 10 of 34

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previously filed answer because of the leniency afforded to pro se litigants and because failure to state a claim was a “non-waivable defect.” As for Saville’s federal RICO claims, the court found that she did not allege predicate acts that constituted racketeering activity under the federal RICO statute nor did she state a claim for RICO conspiracy using those predicate acts. On the § 1983 claims, the district court found that the claim against Webb failed because Saville did not allege anything beyond conclusory allegations to show that he was acting in concert with the government. For her claims against Habersham County, the court found that her free- speech claim was due to be dismissed because she did not show that her constitutional rights were violated by a policy or custom. The court found that Saville had not alleged that Habersham County had a custom or policy of knowingly issuing improper busi- ness licenses or allowing its animal control officers to knowingly disregard violations. As for the claim against Judge Thomas, the court found that the judge was entitled to absolute judicial immunity because the complained of acts were squarely within the judge’s judicial capac- ity. Similarly, the court found that Saville’s claim against Solicitor Oliver was barred by prosecutorial immunity because the com- plained of actions were done in his role as county solicitor general. Because Saville’s federal claims were due to be dismissed, the district court declined to exercise supplemental jurisdiction over her state-law claims. As for Saville’s motion to supplement USCA11 Case: 24-10998 Document: 45-1 Date Filed: 08/07/2025 Page: 11 of 34

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the amended complaint, the court found that the supplemental al- legations failed to state a claim. Because the amendment would be futile, the motion for supplemental pleading was denied. Saville timely appealed. III. Motion to Dismiss The district court dismissed Saville’s amended complaint, which alleged RICO, RICO conspiracy, and § 1983 claims against Webb, his employees, government officials, and Habersham County. “We review the district court’s grant of a motion to dismiss for failure to state a claim de novo, accepting the allegations in the complaint as true and construing them in the light most favorable to the plaintiff.” Hunt v. Aimco Props., L.P., 814 F.3d 1213, 1221 (11th Cir. 2016). A sua sponte dismissal for failure to state a claim is re- viewed de novo. Am. United Life Ins. Co. v. Martinez, 480 F.3d 1043, 1057 (11th Cir. 2007). We liberally construe pro se pleadings. Campbell v. Air Ja- maica Ltd., 760 F.3d 1165, 1168 (11th Cir. 2014). That “leniency does not give a court license to serve as de facto counsel for a party, or to rewrite an otherwise deficient pleading in order to sustain an action.” Id. at 1168–69. To withstand a motion to dismiss under Rule 12(b)(6), a complaint must include “enough facts to state a claim to relief that USCA11 Case: 24-10998 Document: 45-1 Date Filed: 08/07/2025 Page: 12 of 34

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is plausible on its face.” 4 Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 570 (2007). “A claim has facial plausibility when the plaintiff pleads fac- tual content that allows the court to draw the reasonable inference that the defendant is liable for the misconduct alleged.” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009). “[C]onclusory allegations, unwar- ranted deductions of facts or legal conclusions masquerading as facts will not prevent dismissal.” Oxford Asset Mgmt., Ltd. v. Jaharis, 297 F.3d 1182, 1188 (11th Cir. 2002). Saville argues that the district court erred in dismissing her RICO claim against Webb and her RICO conspiracy claim against Webb, his employees, and local government officials because she adequately alleged predicate offenses that formed a pattern of rack- eteering activity. She also argues that the court erred in dismissing her § 1983 claim against Habersham County because she ade- quately alleged the existence of policies or customs that resulted in the deprivation of her constitutional rights. And she argues that her § 1983 claims against a judge and prosecutor should not have been dismissed because they were not protected by absolute im- munity, and her § 1983 claim against Webb should proceed because he was conspiring with state actors. We will address each argu- ment in turn.

4 Exhibits attached to a complaint may be considered on a Rule 12(b)(6) mo-

tion, as they are considered part of the complaint. Griffin Indus., Inc. v. Irvin, 496 F.3d 1189, 1205–06 (11th Cir. 2007). But a district court may not consider the contents of documents attached to earlier versions of the complaint but were not attached to the most recently amended complaint. Hoefling v. City of Miami, 811 F.3d 1271, 1277 (11th Cir. 2016). USCA11 Case: 24-10998 Document: 45-1 Date Filed: 08/07/2025 Page: 13 of 34

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A. Substantive RICO Claim Saville argues that she sufficiently alleged predicate acts, in- cluding extortion, fraud, and threats, that constituted racketeering activity to state a RICO claim against Webb. 5 She asserts that she complied with the heightened pleading standard for fraud allega- tions. To state a civil RICO claim, a private plaintiff must plausibly allege that “the defendants (1) operated or managed (2) an enter- prise (3) through a pattern (4) of racketeering activity that included at least two predicate acts of racketeering, which (5) caused (6) in- jury to the business or property of the plaintiff.” Cisneros v. Petland, Inc., 972 F.3d 1204, 1211 (11th Cir. 2020). “[R]acketeering activity” is any indictable act under a list of criminal offenses enumerated in 18 U.S.C. § 1961(1), as well as “any act or threat involving murder, kidnapping, gambling, arson, robbery, bribery, extortion, dealing in obscene matter, or dealing in a controlled substance.” 18 U.S.C. § 1961(1). “A plaintiff must put forward enough facts with respect

5 Saville argues that the district court erred by granting Webb’s pro se motion

to dismiss because the filing was late, failed to state a basis for dismissal, and did not satisfy several technical requirements in the Federal Rule of Civil Pro- cedure. But considering the leniency given to pro se litigants, Saville fails to show that the district court erred in granting Webb’s pro se motion to dismiss despite its technical deficiencies. See Castro v. United States, 540 U.S. 375, 381– 82 (2003) (explaining that courts have some leeway to recharacterize a pro se filing “to avoid inappropriately stringent application of formal labeling re- quirements”). USCA11 Case: 24-10998 Document: 45-1 Date Filed: 08/07/2025 Page: 14 of 34

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to each predicate act to make it independently indictable as a crime.” Cisneros, 972 F.3d at 1215. “Civil RICO claims, which are essentially a certain breed of fraud claims, must be pled with” the “increased level of specificity” required by Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 9(b). Ambrosia Coal & Const. Co. v. Pages Morales, 482 F.3d 1309, 1316 (11th Cir. 2007). Rule 9(b) requires plaintiffs to plead allegations of fraud “with par- ticularity.” Fed R. Civ. P. 9(b). “Plaintiffs must allege (1) the pre- cise statements, documents, or misrepresentations made; (2) the time, place, and person responsible for the statement; (3) the con- tent and manner in which these statements misled the Plaintiffs; and (4) what the defendants gained by the alleged fraud.” Brooks v. Blue Cross & Blue Shield of Fla., Inc., 116 F.3d 1364, 1380–81 (11th Cir. 1997) (per curiam). Saville alleged the following predicate acts:6 (1) witness re- taliation in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1513(b); (2) fraud in connection with identification documents in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1028; and (3) wire fraud in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1343.

6 On appeal, Saville mentions that she adequately alleged extortion by alleging

that Webb demanded $80,000 on May 8, 2018, and that the purpose of his de- mand was “to eliminate neighbors as witnesses of his wrongful operations.” But in her amended complaint, Saville did not list extortion as a predicate of- fense, nor did she connect the allegation to her RICO claim. While pro se litigants are given leniency, it does not allow the court “to serve as de facto counsel for a party, or to rewrite an otherwise deficient pleading in order to sustain an action.” Campbell v. Air Jamaica Ltd., 760 F.3d 1165, 1168 (11th Cir. 2014). USCA11 Case: 24-10998 Document: 45-1 Date Filed: 08/07/2025 Page: 15 of 34

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To support the predicate act of witness retaliation, Saville asserts that she provided sufficient factual allegations about Webb inducing a dog to attack Saville on her porch. A person illegally retaliates against a witness when he knowingly “causes bodily in- jury to another person or damages the tangible property of another person, or threatens to do so” with the intent to retaliate against that person for giving information about a possible federal crime to a law enforcement officer. 18 U.S.C. § 1513(b)(2). Construing Saville’s complaint liberally, she adequately al- leges that the dog chased her and forced her to hide inside her house, causing her to feel threatened and intimidated. But Saville did not offer any details about how Webb “induced” the dog, nor did she allege any facts, beyond her own belief, to support the in- ference that the incident with the dog was in retaliation for Saville reporting Webb to law enforcement. 7 Thus, Saville failed to estab- lish the predicate act of witness retaliation based on the alleged dog attack. To support the predicate act of fraud in connection with identification documents, Saville asserts that she provided suffi- cient factual allegations that Webb applied for a conditional

7 Saville argues that she adequately alleged that Webb’s dog physically at-

tacked her, and Webb induced the attack, pointing to photos she attached to her initial complaint. Even though the court can consider exhibits to the com- plaint, the court cannot consider contents of documents attached to prior ver- sions of a complaint but not the operative complaint because the filing of an amended complaint makes the previous complaints became a “legal nullity.” Hoefling, 811 F.3d at 1277. USCA11 Case: 24-10998 Document: 45-1 Date Filed: 08/07/2025 Page: 16 of 34

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business license under a “falsified legal name.” To be guilty of fraud in connection with identification documents, the person must knowingly use, without lawful authority, “a means of identi- fication of another person . . . in connection with, any unlawful ac- tivity.” 18 U.S.C. § 1028(a)(7) (emphasis added). Saville alleges that Webb used his own middle name—Wil- liam—to apply for a business license. This is not enough to support a reasonable inference that Webb used the name of another per- son. See Ashcroft, 556 U.S. at 678. Because Saville asserted only in a conclusory manner that Saville used a false name for an unlawful reason, she fails to plead her allegations of fraud with particularity. Brooks, 116 F.3d at 1380–81. Thus, Saville failed to establish the predicate act of fraud in connection with identification documents based on Webb’s business license using a false name. To support the predicate act of wire fraud, Saville asserts that she adequately alleged wire fraud, and the district court failed to consider that her wire fraud allegations were part of a broader predicate act—Webb’s use of fraudulent means to obtain a business license. To be guilty of wire fraud, the person “(1) intentionally participates in a scheme to defraud another of money or property and (2) uses the wires to further that scheme.” Otto Candies, LLC v. Citigroup Inc., 137 F.4th 1158, 1196 (11th Cir. 2025) (internal quota- tion marks omitted); see also 18 U.S.C. § 1343. The phrase “money or property” is key, meaning “[a] defendant commits federal wire fraud . . . only if he both engaged in deception and had money or USCA11 Case: 24-10998 Document: 45-1 Date Filed: 08/07/2025 Page: 17 of 34

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property as an object of his fraud.” Kousisis v. United States, 145 S. Ct. 1382, 1390 (2025) (internal quotation marks omitted). Saville alleges that Webb committed wire fraud based on (1) his business license application and (2) a letter of intent in which he allegedly misrepresented his environmental record. But Saville fails to explain how these statements were part of a scheme to gain “money or property” from a victim, or who that victim might be. Kousisis, 145 S. Ct. at 1390. Again, Saville fails to allege fraud with particularity because she does not provide what Webb “gained by the alleged fraud,” nor explain what the purpose of the letter of the intent was. Brooks, 116 F.3d at 1380–81. Thus, Saville failed to es- tablish the predicate act of wire fraud with Webb’s business appli- cation and the letter of intent. The district court did not err in granting Webb’s pro se mo- tion to dismiss Saville’s RICO claim because she failed to ade- quately allege predicate acts constituting racketeering activity. B. RICO Conspiracy Claim Saville argues that she has adequately alleged Webb, his em- ployees, Planning Director Beecham, and Sheriff Terrell agreed to commit two predicate acts, specifically witness retaliation, threat- ened murder, and wire fraud. It is “unlawful for any person to conspire to violate” 18 U.S.C. § 1962(c). 18 U.S.C. § 1962(d). “[A] bare assertion of con- spiracy will not suffice to prove a RICO conspiracy.” Otto Candies, 137 F.4th at 1201 (quotation marks omitted). A plaintiff may estab- lish a conspiracy either by (1) “showing that the defendant agreed USCA11 Case: 24-10998 Document: 45-1 Date Filed: 08/07/2025 Page: 18 of 34

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to the overall objective of the conspiracy”; or (2) “showing that the defendant agreed to commit two predicate acts.” Id. For witness retaliation, Saville points to: (1) Webb and Whitworth conspiring to testify falsely at the May 8, 2018, hearing on Webb’s petition for Saville’s arrest, (2) Webb and Whitworth doing the same at a June 12, 2018, hearing, (3) Webb and Hopper conspiring to testify falsely at a November 13, 2018, hearing, (4) Webb and Hopper conspiring to threaten Saville with a gun, (5) Webb and Billy Mull conspiring to testify falsely at a July 22, 2020, hearing, and (6) Sheriff Terrell knowingly and willfully failing to enforce traffic law against Webb’s employees and associates when, on March 15, 2022, Webb, with Sherrif Terrell’s assistance, drove his truck down the wrong lane and caused a collision with Saville’s car. As noted, a person illegally retaliates against a witness when he knowingly “causes bodily injury to another person or damages the tangible property of another person, or threatens to do so.” 18 U.S.C. § 1513(b). Testifying, even falsely, does not cause damage to tangible property nor bodily injury. To survive a motion to dis- miss based on failure to state a claim, Saville needs to allege that testifying falsely amounted to threats to cause bodily injury or damage property. See id. But Saville did not specify what state- ments were made, so she has failed to state a claim for RICO con- spiracy based on these predicate acts. Turning to the claim that Webb and his employee, Hopper, threatened Saville with a gun, Saville alleged that she heard gun USCA11 Case: 24-10998 Document: 45-1 Date Filed: 08/07/2025 Page: 19 of 34

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shots from behind Webb’s property, and she then saw Hopper car- rying a shotgun from Webb’s Recycling to another property on the same street. While carrying a shotgun could be seen as threat, Saville does not allege that Hopper knew Saville was home, he walked toward her property, or that there was any interaction other than seeing Hopper walking down the street to another prop- erty “fully visible” from Saville’s home. This amounts to “unwar- ranted deductions of facts” and does not support a claim for witness retaliation. Oxford Asset Mgmt., 297 F.3d at 1188. Thus, Saville has failed to state a claim for RICO conspiracy based on the predicate act. Turning to Sheriff Terrell’s failure to enforce traffic laws, Saville only offers conclusory allegations about Sheriff Terrell’s in- volvement in the traffic accident in March 2022, which cannot meet her burden. Ashcroft, 556 U.S. at 679. Thus, Saville has failed to state a claim for RICO conspiracy based on the predicate act. For wire fraud, Saville alleges: (1) Planning Director Bee- cham knowingly hid damaging information about Webb’s business from the Board of Commissioners at the November 19, 2018, li- cense-revocation hearing; (2) Webb and Planning Director Bee- cham conspired to produce two illegal business licenses; and (3) Planning Director Beecham allowed records of Webb’s business to be made “unsearchable” in the county database of business li- censes. Although Saville provides factual details, she does not show that the challenged acts were part of a scheme to defraud her or someone else of their money and property, and the amended USCA11 Case: 24-10998 Document: 45-1 Date Filed: 08/07/2025 Page: 20 of 34

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complaint does not allow the reasonable inference that Webb and Planning Director Beecham agreed to violate the law. See Brooks, 116 F.3d at 1380–81; see also Kousisis, 145 S. Ct. at 1390; Otto Candies, 137 F.4th at 1201. Saville has thus failed to state a claim for RICO conspiracy based on wire fraud. So, the district court did not err in dismissing Saville’s RICO conspiracy claim because she failed to adequately allege facts show- ing that the defendants agreed to commit predicate acts constitut- ing racketeering activity. 8 C. Section 1983 Claims Next, Saville argues that the district court erred in dismissing her 42 U.S.C. § 1983 claims against Habersham County, Judge Thomas, Solicitor Oliver, and Webb. Section 1983 provides a

8 As we explained at note 5, supra, the district court did not err when it liberally

construed and ruled on Webb’s pro se motion to dismiss, despite its technical deficiencies. See Castro, 540 U.S. at 381–82. Even though Webb’s employees did not move to dismiss the claims against them, the district court did not err in sua sponte dismissing Saville’s claims against Webb’s employees. We have prohibited sua sponte dismissals for fail- ure to state a claim where (1) “the defendant had not filed an answer and the plaintiff still had a right to amend h[er] complaint pursuant to Rule 15(a),” (2) “the plaintiff brought h[er] claim in good faith,” and (3) “the district court failed to provide the plaintiff with notice of its intent to dismiss or an oppor- tunity to respond.” Am. United Life Ins. Co. v. Martinez, 480 F.3d 1043, 1057 (11th Cir. 2007). While the district court did not find that Saville’s action was brought in bad faith or expressly give her another opportunity to amend, Saville was on notice that the other defendants were arguing that she failed to state a claim, she had an opportunity to respond, and the dismissal was with- out prejudice. See id. USCA11 Case: 24-10998 Document: 45-1 Date Filed: 08/07/2025 Page: 21 of 34

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private cause of action to sue persons acting under color of law for the deprivation of constitutional rights. Crocker v. Hakes, 616 F.2d 237, 239–40 (5th Cir. 1980) (per curiam). 9 A plaintiff cannot state a § 1983 claim based on alleged violations of state or local law unless she demonstrates the violation affected her constitutional rights. See id. We address each defendant’s actions in turn. i. Habersham County Saville argues that she adequately alleged the existence of policies or customs by Habersham County that resulted in the dep- rivation of her constitutional rights. A municipality cannot be held liable under § 1983 for the ac- tions of its employees under a respondeat superior theory. Monell v. Dep’t of Soc. Servs., 436 U.S. 658, 691 (1978). Rather, a municipal- ity can only be held liable for its official policies. Id. Thus, to state a claim against a municipality, Saville must show Habersham County’s action was based on an official policy or “a practice or custom that is so pervasive, as to be the functional equivalent of a policy adopted by the final policymaker.” Khoury v. Miami-Dade Cnty. Sch. Bd., 4 F.4th 1118, 1131 (11th Cir. 2021) (quotation marks omitted). Saville has identified Habersham County Board of Com- missioners’ public comment policy and attached a copy of the pol- icy to her amended complaint.

9 All decisions rendered by the Fifth Circuit before the close of business on

September 30, 1981, are binding precedent in the Eleventh Circuit. Bonner v. City of Prichard, 661 F.2d 1206, 1207 (11th Cir. 1981) (en banc). USCA11 Case: 24-10998 Document: 45-1 Date Filed: 08/07/2025 Page: 22 of 34

22 Opinion of the Court 24-10998

Next, Saville must show that a county policy or custom caused the violation of her constitutional rights. Id. Saville asserts Habersham County public comment policy violated her First Amendment rights because the policy imposes content-based limi- tations on speech at public meetings.10 Under the First Amendment, public meetings, such as Ha- bersham County Board of Commissioners meetings, are typically considered limited public forums because they are created “for cer- tain groups or for the discussion of certain topics.” McDonough v. Garcia, 116 F.4th 1319, 1324 (11th Cir. 2024) (en banc) (quotation marks omitted). In such meetings, the government may limit speech so long as the regulations do “not discriminate against speech on the basis of viewpoint” and are “reasonable in light of the purpose served by the forum.” Id. at 1329 (quotation marks omitted). But “[r]estrictions that bar offensive or otherwise unwel- come speech are impermissible, regardless of the forum in which the government seeks to impose them.” Moms for Liberty-Brevard Cnty. v. Brevard Pub. Sch., 118 F.4th 1324, 1334 (11th Cir. 2024). The question is whether the Habersham County Board of Commissioners’ public comment policy discriminates based on viewpoint and is reasonable. We find that policy, which prohibits comments that are “impertinent, derogatory, offensive, or

10 Saville has adequately alleged that she was injured by this policy because she

alleged that, on August 16, 2021, while she was speaking during public com- ment, she was “induced to leave” the podium. See Moms for Liberty-Brevard Cnty. v. Brevard Pub. Sch., 118 F.4th 1324, 1330 (11th Cir. 2024). USCA11 Case: 24-10998 Document: 45-1 Date Filed: 08/07/2025 Page: 23 of 34

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slanderous,” discriminates based on viewpoint. See id. at 1334–35; see also Matal v. Tam, 582 U.S. 218, 243 (2017) (“Giving offense is a viewpoint.”). Thus, the district court 11 erred in dismissing Saville’s § 1983 claim against Habersham County based on its public com- ment policy because she adequately alleged the existence of a county policy that caused her to be deprived of her constitutional right to free speech. Next, Saville argues that Habersham County allowed Judge Johnson to infringe on her First Amendment right to petition the government for redress of grievances when it enjoined her from taking photos of Webb’s alleged criminal activity or reporting it to law enforcement. Thus, Saville asserts that Habersham County is liable for Judge Johnson’s acts. But Habersham County may be held liable under § 1983 “only for acts for which it is actually responsible, acts which the local government has officially sanctioned or ordered.” Turquitt v. Jefferson Cnty., 137 F.3d 1285, 1287 (11th Cir. 1998) (en banc) (cita- tion modified). To determine whether a local government is liable

11 We note two things about Saville’s First Amendment claim. First, the dis- trict court did not have the benefit of our decision in Moms for Liberty-Brevard County v. Brevard Public School, when it issued its order. Second, while the Ha- bersham County Defendants argue that there may have been a legitimate rea- son that Saville was silenced, and while that may be true after discovery, at this stage we must accept all allegations in the complaint as true and construe them in the light most favorable to the plaintiff. See Hunt, 814 F.3d at 1221. Under that standard, Saville alleged that she was cut off from speaking at a public meeting because she expressed a viewpoint unflattering to Habersham County. USCA11 Case: 24-10998 Document: 45-1 Date Filed: 08/07/2025 Page: 24 of 34

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under § 1983, a court must determine whether the actor responsi- ble for the allegedly unconstitutional action was acting as a local government actor or a “policymaker” when he engaged in those activities. Id. If the actor was acting as an “arm of the State,” then Eleventh Amendment immunity bars relief. Manders v. Lee, 338 F.3d 1304, 1308 (11th Cir. 2003) (en banc). To determine whether an official acts as an “arm of the State,” we consider “(1) how state law defines the entity; (2) what degree of control the State main- tains over the entity; (3) where the entity derives its funds; and (4) who is responsible for judgments against the entity.” Id. at 1309. The question becomes whether Judge Johnson is a local gov- ernment actor or an “arm of the State.” First, Georgia’s state con- stitution vests “[t]he judicial power of the state” in several kinds of courts, including magistrate courts. Ga. Const. art. VI, § 1, ¶ I. Sec- ond, the state constitution, prohibits counties from taking any “[a]ction affecting any court or the personnel thereof,” which are instead regulated by the state legislature. Id. art. IX, § 2, ¶ I. Third, the county pays for magistrate courts, but Georgia sets salaries for magistrate judges. O.C.G.A. § 15-10-23(a)(2), (d), (g). Finally, counties are not liable for judgments against magistrate court judges. Id. § 36-1-4. Thus, the magistrate judge is an arm of the state—not a county policymaker. See Manders, 338 F.3d at 1319 (finding that even though the county funded a sheriff’s office, Geor- gia state law mandated it, so the sheriff was an arm of the state). Because Judge Johnson was not a county policymaker, Habersham County could not be held liable, and the district court did not err in dismissing that claim. USCA11 Case: 24-10998 Document: 45-1 Date Filed: 08/07/2025 Page: 25 of 34

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Finally, Saville asserts that Habersham County is liable based on its policy or custom of deliberate indifference to constitutional violations because its judges, prosecutors, and sheriffs allowed dog attacks and issued improper business licenses to Webb. But Saville does not have “a judicially cognizable interest” in Webb’s “prosecu- tion or nonprosecution.” Smith v. Shook, 237 F.3d 1322, 1324 (11th Cir. 2001) (per curiam) (quotation marks omitted). And Saville can- not base her claim on Habersham County’s alleged failure to en- force its zoning and animal control regulations because she has not shown that this nonenforcement violated any of her constitutional rights. Crocker, 616 F.2d at 240. Thus, the district court did not err in dismissing the rest of Saville’s § 1983 claims against Habersham County. ii. Judge Thomas and Solicitor Oliver Saville also argues that the district court erred when it found that Judge Thomas and Solicitor Oliver were entitled to absolute immunity on her § 1983 claims because the complained-of actions were done in their role either as judge or prosecutor.12 First, Saville argues that Judge Thomas is not entitled to ju- dicial immunity. According to Saville, Judge Thomas enjoined her from contacting law enforcement to report alleged unlawful activ- ity by Webb and from contacting Webb directly or indirectly. Saville contends that this “injunction” was outside the normal

12 We review questions of immunity de novo. Smith v. Shook, 237 F.3d 1322, 1325 (11th Cir. 2001) (per curiam). USCA11 Case: 24-10998 Document: 45-1 Date Filed: 08/07/2025 Page: 26 of 34

26 Opinion of the Court 24-10998

judicial function and exceeded magistrate authority under Georgia law. “Judges are entitled to absolute judicial immunity from dam- ages for those acts taken while they are acting in their judicial ca- pacity unless they acted in the clear absence of all jurisdiction.” Bolin v. Story, 225 F.3d 1234, 1239 (11th Cir. 2000) (per curiam) (in- ternal quotation marks omitted). To determine whether a judge was acting in his or her “judicial capacity,” we consider whether (1) the precise act complained of is a normal judicial function; (2) the events involved occurred in the judge’s chambers; (3) the controversy centered around a case then pending before the judge; and (4) the confrontation arose directly and immediately out of a visit to the judge in his official capacity.

Dykes v. Hosemann, 776 F.2d 942, 946 (11th Cir. 1985) (per curiam) (citation modified). Even though Saville uses the term “injunction” to describe what Judge Thomas did, Saville’s factual allegations about the hear- ing show that Judge Thomas was setting bail conditions for Saville, not issuing an injunction.13 Judge Thomas acted in her judicial ca- pacity because issuing an arrest warrant and setting bail conditions

13 This is further supported by the state court order from that November 13,

2018, hearing. Although the order setting bail conditions in Saville’s state court case is not included in the record before us, we may take judicial notice of this order. See Paez v. Sec’y, Fla. Dep’t of Corr., 947 F.3d 649, 651–52 (11th Cir. 2020); Fed. R. Evid. 201(b)(2). USCA11 Case: 24-10998 Document: 45-1 Date Filed: 08/07/2025 Page: 27 of 34

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are normal judicial functions, and setting the bail conditions oc- curred during a hearing and concerned a petition for arrest that was properly pending before her. See Dykes, 776 F.2d at 946. Saville also argues that Judge Thomas exceeded the author- ity of a magistrate judge in issuing the injunction. Under Georgia law, magistrate courts have jurisdiction over “applications for and the issuance of arrest and search warrants,” among other matters, including setting bond conditions. O.C.G.A. § 15-10-2(a)(1), (a)(2). Magistrate courts do not have jurisdiction over suits in equity. See id. § 15-10-2. But Judge Thomas did not issue an injunction, instead she set bail conditions which falls within magistrate courts’ pow- ers. 14 Id. § 15-10-2(a)(2). Thus, the district court did not err in dis- missing Saville’s claims against Judge Thomas. 15 Turning to Solicitor Oliver, Saville argues that Oliver is not shielded by prosecutorial immunity because he acted under a

14 But even if Judge Thomas’s prohibitions qualified as an injunction, she prob-

ably still enjoys judicial immunity. Acting “in excess of jurisdiction” is not enough to deprive a judge of absolute judicial immunity—the judge must act despite “the clear absence of all jurisdiction.” Stump v. Sparkman, 435 U.S. 349, 356 n.6 (1978). Because “the scope of the judge’s jurisdiction must be con- strued broadly” in questions of judicial immunity, id. at 356, Judge Thomas’s actions likely were not in “the clear absence of all jurisdiction.” Id. at 356 n.6. 15 In a conclusory fashion, Saville says that declaratory and injunctive relief is

not covered by judicial immunity. Saville has abandoned this claim. Sapuppo v. Allstate Floridian Ins. Co., 739 F.3d 678, 681 (11th Cir. 2014) (“[S]imply stating that an issue exists, without further argument or discussion, constitutes aban- donment of that issue and precludes [this court’s] considering the issue on ap- peal.”). USCA11 Case: 24-10998 Document: 45-1 Date Filed: 08/07/2025 Page: 28 of 34

28 Opinion of the Court 24-10998

“grave” conflict of interest when he criminally charged her for re- porting violations to the Sheriff and Code Enforcement. Saville also asserts that Oliver violated her Fourteenth Amendment right to due process and equal protection by keeping her on bail for nearly three years without a trial. Prosecutors are absolutely immune from liability for dam- ages for activities that are intimately associated with the judicial phase of the criminal process. Imbler v. Pachtman, 424 U.S. 409, 430– 31 (1976). Prosecutorial immunity extends to all actions that the prosecutor takes while performing her role as an advocate for the government, including the initiation and pursuit of criminal prose- cution, all appearances before the court, examining witnesses, and presenting evidence. Rowe v. City of Fort Lauderdale, 279 F.3d 1271, 1279 (11th Cir. 2002). Absolute immunity can cover “even wrong- ful or malicious acts by prosecutors.” Hart v. Hodges, 587 F.3d 1288, 1298 (11th Cir. 2009) (per curiam). Oliver’s initiation and pursuit of Saville’s criminal prosecu- tion is part of his role as an advocate for the government and thus entitles him to prosecutorial immunity. See Rowe, 279 F.3d at 1279. Even though Saville asserts that Oliver conspired with Webb to prosecute her for malevolent reasons, our case law still provides absolute immunity for these acts. See Hart, 587 F.3d at 1298. Thus, the district court did not err in dismissing Saville’s claims against USCA11 Case: 24-10998 Document: 45-1 Date Filed: 08/07/2025 Page: 29 of 34

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Solicitor Oliver because they were protected by absolute immun- ity. 16 iii. Webb Saville argues that her § 1983 claim against Webb should proceed because he was conspiring with state actors. Section 1983 only provides a remedy for acts performed “under color of law.” A private party cannot be sued under § 1983 except for in the “rare circumstances” when the party can be viewed as a state actor. Har- vey v. Harvey, 949 F.2d 1127, 1130 (11th Cir. 1992). Although Saville alleges that Webb conspired with state actors, she did not ade- quately allege that Webb was acting as a state actor. Thus, the dis- trict court also did not err in dismissing her § 1983 claim against Webb because he was not a state actor. * * * To recap, the district court erred in dismissing Saville’s § 1983 claim against Habersham County based on its public com- ment policy because Saville adequately alleged the existence of a county policy that caused her to be deprived of her First Amend- ment right to free speech. But the district court did not err in

16 Saville also asserts that declaratory and injunctive relief is not covered by

prosecutorial immunity. Unlike her argument against Judge Thomas, Saville provides more discussion to support her assertion. But Saville’s allegations were about past events, and she did not allege facts showing a serious risk of continuing or future harm. Thus, the district court did not err in finding that Saville was not entitled to declaratory or injunctive relief. See Bolin v. Story, 225 F.3d 1234, 1242 (11th Cir. 2000) (per curiam). USCA11 Case: 24-10998 Document: 45-1 Date Filed: 08/07/2025 Page: 30 of 34

30 Opinion of the Court 24-10998

dismissing the rest of her § 1983 claims against Habersham County, Judge Thomas, Solicitor Oliver, and Webb. IV. Supplemental Jurisdiction on State Law Claims Saville also argues that the district court should have heard her state-law claims. A district court’s decision not to exercise sup- plemental jurisdiction is reviewed for an abuse of discretion. Parker v. Scrap Metal Processors, Inc., 468 F.3d 733, 738 (11th Cir. 2006). A district court has original subject matter jurisdiction over claims arising under federal law. 28 U.S.C. § 1331. A district court may exercise supplemental jurisdiction over state-law claims that “form part of the same case or controversy” as claims over which the district court has original jurisdiction. Id. § 1367(a). “When- ever a federal court has supplemental jurisdiction under section 1367(a), that jurisdiction should be exercised unless section 1367(b) or (c) applies.” Parker, 468 F.3d at 743. Because the district court erred in dismissing one of the claims over which it had original jurisdiction—Saville’s First Amendment claim against Habersham County—it did not have the discretion to decline to exercise jurisdiction over the state-law claims under § 1367(c)(3). See Parker, 468 F.3d at 743. Thus, we vacate the district court’s decision not to exercise supplemental ju- risdiction and remand for further proceedings. 17

17 Although § 1367(c)(3) does not apply, the district court may decline to exer-

cise supplemental jurisdiction over a state-law claim for other reasons under § 1367(c). USCA11 Case: 24-10998 Document: 45-1 Date Filed: 08/07/2025 Page: 31 of 34

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V. Motion to Amend Next, Saville argues that she should have been allowed to amend her complaint to add new predicate acts, a new constitu- tional violation by Habersham County, and new allegations show- ing the prosecutor was not entitled to immunity. A district court’s denial of a motion to amend a complaint is reviewed for abuse of discretion, although the underlying legal conclusion of whether a particular amendment to the complaint would be futile is reviewed de novo. Corsello v. Lincare, Inc., 428 F.3d 1008, 1012 (11th Cir. 2005) (per curiam). After review, we agree with the district court’s thorough analysis of Saville’s motion to supplement. The court correctly found that the allegations about new business licenses failed to as- sert the elements of a federal wire fraud violation. And the district court properly found that Saville’s allegations about animal control releasing a trapped dog did not plausibly constitute any federal racketeering activity. For Saville’s claim against Habersham County related to the allegedly unconstitutional search, the court appropriately found that she did not allege that the search was in accordance with a custom or policy of Habersham County. For her claim against Ha- bersham County for its adoption of a policy directing certain ap- peals to the Superior Court of Georgia, the district court correctly found that Saville did not have standing to challenge the policy be- cause she failed to allege that she had appealed a decision under the new policy or otherwise been injured. As to her new allegations USCA11 Case: 24-10998 Document: 45-1 Date Filed: 08/07/2025 Page: 32 of 34

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against Solicitor Oliver, the court properly found that his subse- quent judgeship had no bearing on whether he was entitled to pros- ecutorial immunity for his actions prosecuting her. Thus, the district court did not err in determining that Saville’s amendment to her complaint would be futile because her new allegations would not save any of the claims that were properly dismissed. VI. Motion for Sanctions Finally, Saville argues that the court should have imposed sanctions against the Habersham County Defendants because they threatened her by serving her with a motion for sanctions. After filing her amended complaint, Saville moved for sanc- tions against the Habersham County Defendants under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 11. She asserted that, on April 13, 2023, she received an email from the Habersham County Defendants’ at- torney, who attached a motion for sanctions against Saville. Saville argued that, because the motion for sanctions was never filed by the defendants, the email from their attorney constituted a private threat separate from the judicial process. She also argued that the defendants were misrepresenting the record by referring to a mo- tion for sanctions that had not been filed, which was part of the defendants’ pattern of falsifying records. The district court denied Saville’s motion for sanctions, finding that the Habersham County Defendants did not behave improperly by sending her a letter warning it would seek sanctions because it was required under Rule 11. USCA11 Case: 24-10998 Document: 45-1 Date Filed: 08/07/2025 Page: 33 of 34

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We review rulings on sanctions for abuse of discretion. Didie v. Howes, 988 F.2d 1097, 1103 (11th Cir. 1993). Under Rule 11, a party who believes that its opposing party has submitted a frivo- lous pleading may move for sanctions. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 11(b)(2), (c)(2). The motion must first be served to the opposing party, “but it must not be filed or be presented to the court if the challenged paper . . . is withdrawn or appropriately corrected within 21 days after service or within another time the court sets.” See id. 11(c)(2). Here, the Habersham County Defendants served Saville with a motion for sanctions as required under Rule 11 arguing that the claims in Saville’s amended complaint were frivolous. Also, in accordance with Rule 11, the Habersham County Defendants did not simultaneously file anything with the court. Thus, they com- plied with the Rule 11 requirements, and the district court did not err in denying Saville’s motion for sanctions because the defend- ants did not behave inappropriately. VII. Conclusion In conclusion, we VACATE the district court’s dismissal of Saville’s § 1983 claim against Habersham County based on the pub- lic comment policy allegedly depriving her of her First Amendment rights. Because one of Saville’s federal claims was not due to be dismissed, we also VACATE the district court’s decision not to ex- ercise supplemental jurisdiction over her state-law claims. We USCA11 Case: 24-10998 Document: 45-1 Date Filed: 08/07/2025 Page: 34 of 34

34 Opinion of the Court 24-10998

REMAND for further proceedings on these claims. We AFFIRM as to all other issues. 18

18 Saville also argues that the court erred in its order awarding payment of

expenses to Saville because the court miscalculated the date payments were due. If a plaintiff requests waiver of service and a defendant, without good cause, fails to waive service, the court must impose on the defendant the ex- penses incurred in making service and reasonable expenses involved in a mo- tion to collect those expenses. Fed. R. Civ. P. 4(d)(2). But Saville did not make any argument about the propriety of the order awarding payment of expenses below, so we will not address it on appeal. See Wright v. Hanna Steel Corp., 270 F.3d 1336, 1342 (11th Cir. 2001).