USCA11 Case: 24-13558 Document: 26-1 Date Filed: 09/16/2025 Page: 1 of 11

NOT FOR PUBLICATION

In the United States Court of Appeals For the Eleventh Circuit ____________________ No. 24-13558 Non-Argument Calendar ____________________

ROBERT EDWARD FIEDLER, MURIEL FIEDLER, Plaintiffs-Appellants, versus

JUDGE SUSAN STACY, NANCY BRANDT, Esq., GENNIFER BRIDGES, Esq., GINGER BOYD, Esq., ADAM J. KNIGHT, Esq., et al., Defendants-Appellees, WELLS FARGO BANK N.A., et al., Defendants. USCA11 Case: 24-13558 Document: 26-1 Date Filed: 09/16/2025 Page: 2 of 11

2 Opinion of the Court 24-13558

____________________ Appeal from the United States District Court for the Middle District of Florida D.C. Docket No. 6:23-cv-01958-CEM-RMN ____________________

Before JORDAN, JILL PRYOR, and BRASHER, Circuit Judges. PER CURIAM: In 2015, Wells Fargo Bank filed a foreclosure action in Flor- ida state court against Robert Fiedler and Muriel Fiedler after they defaulted on their residential mortgage loan. The Fiedlers, pro- ceeding pro se, challenged the foreclosure proceedings, arguing that the promissory note was invalid and, therefore, Wells Fargo lacked legal authority to enforce the mortgage. The Fiedlers also alleged fraud, judicial bias, and violations of state procedural rules. In September of 2023, the Fiedlers appealed an adverse rul- ing by the state trial court to Florida’s Fifth District Court of Ap- peal. The Fifth District dismissed their appeal for lack of jurisdic- tion because the foreclosure action was still pending, and the ruling was not ripe for appellate review. The Fiedlers then filed the present action in federal court against a state judge, various attorneys, and Wells Fargo, asserting that continuation of the state foreclosure proceedings would vio- late their constitutional rights. They also asked that the district court enjoin the enforcement of state court orders that estopped them from raising some defenses and engaging in certain actions, USCA11 Case: 24-13558 Document: 26-1 Date Filed: 09/16/2025 Page: 3 of 11

24-13558 Opinion of the Court 3

including sequestering the promissory note to examine its authen- ticity. The Fielders also filed a motion to proceed in forma pauperis. The magistrate judge issued a report and recommendation suggesting that the district court deny the in forma pauperis motion and dismiss the Fiedlers’ complaint on Younger abstention grounds, while granting them leave to file an amended complaint. See Younger v. Harris, 401 U.S. 37, 54 (1971). The Fiedlers objected to the report and recommendation on numerous grounds and filed an amended motion to proceed in forma pauperis. The magistrate judge then issued a second report and recommendation, reiterating the same position in its first report and recommendation over the Fiedlers’ objections. Fiedlers then sought to withdraw their in forma pauperis motion, expecting to receive an inheritance. The magis- trate judge denied their motion to withdraw, concluding that the in forma pauperis motions would be denied as moot once the Fiedlers paid the filing fee, which they were free to do at any time. The district court entered an order adopting the magistrate judge’s reports and recommendations dismissing their claims for injunctive relief on Younger abstention grounds and staying their claims for monetary relief. The Fiedlers now appeal. I The Fiedlers allege due process and equal protection viola- tions under the Fourteenth Amendment and claim that the foreclo- sure action was pursued in bad faith and in retaliation. They chal- lenge the district court’s dismissal of their claims, the denial of their USCA11 Case: 24-13558 Document: 26-1 Date Filed: 09/16/2025 Page: 4 of 11

4 Opinion of the Court 24-13558

motion to proceed in forma pauperis, and the denial of their request to withdraw that motion. The district court dismissed the Fiedlers’ complaint under the Younger abstention doctrine, ruling that the abstention factors outlined in Middlesex County Ethics Committee v. Garden State Bar As- sociation, 457 U.S. 423, 432 (1982), were satisfied and that no excep- tion, including bad faith, applied. On appeal, the Fiedlers argue that Younger abstention did not preclude the court from hearing their claims. They argue that their case falls within an exception to Younger because the foreclosure proceedings were pursued in bad faith and in retaliation. Before turning to the merits, we first address a pending pro- cedural motion. The Fiedlers ask us to take judicial notice of sev- eral state court filings related to their ongoing foreclosure proceed- ings. Specifically, the Fiedlers request judicial notice of: (1) a mo- tion for reconsideration filed in state court; (2) a proposed order allegedly prepared by opposing counsel in the foreclosure action; and (3) docket entries and other correspondence purporting to show judicial bias or irregularities in the foreclosure process. We deny the motion in part as moot to the extent that it seeks judicial notice of a motion that is already part of the record. See Fed. R. Evid. 201(b)(2) (allowing a court to “judicially notice a fact that is not subject to reasonable dispute because it . . . can be accurately and readily determined from sources who accuracy can- not reasonably be questioned”); Paez v. Sec’y, Fla. Dep’t of Corr., 947 F.3d 649, 651 (noting that state court records “generally satisfy th[e USCA11 Case: 24-13558 Document: 26-1 Date Filed: 09/16/2025 Page: 5 of 11

24-13558 Opinion of the Court 5

Rule 201] standard”). We also deny the remainder of the motion because the additional documents do not assist us in resolving the legal questions presented in this appeal, are either duplicative of existing material in the record, or are not properly subject to judi- cial notice. See Bryant v. Avado Brands Inc., 187 F.3d 1271, 1278 (11th Cir. 1999) (concluding that judicial notice was not proper for mate- rials that are irrelevant or disputed). II We review a district court’s decision to abstain on Younger grounds for an abuse of discretion. See Wexler v. Lepore, 385 F.3d 1336, 1338 (11th Cir. 2004). That standard is deferential, and we will reverse only if the district court committed a clear error of judg- ment or an error of law. See id. Generally, “the pendency of an action in the state court is no bar to proceedings concerning the same matter in the [f]ederal court having jurisdiction.” Colo. River Water Conservation Dist. v. United States, 424 U.S. 800, 817 (1976) (internal citation and quota- tion marks omitted) (recognizing the limited abstention doctrines). Nonetheless, “[w]hile the federal courts have a virtually unflagging obligation to hear the cases before them, the Younger doctrine pre- sents a narrow exception.” Leonard v. Ala. State Bd. of Pharmacy, 61 F.4th 902, 907 (11th Cir. 2023) (internal citation and quotation marks omitted) (describing the limited exceptions that permit a fed- eral court to interfere with an ongoing state proceeding). “[O]nly the clearest of justifications merits abstention, and where Younger’s prerequisites are not satisfied, federal courts must exercise their USCA11 Case: 24-13558 Document: 26-1 Date Filed: 09/16/2025 Page: 6 of 11

6 Opinion of the Court 24-13558

jurisdiction.” Id. (internal citation and quotation marks omitted). The three types of state proceedings subject to Younger abstention are: “(1) criminal prosecutions; (2) civil enforcement proceedings; and (3) civil proceedings involving certain order that are uniquely in furtherance of the state courts’ judicial functions.” Id. at 907–08 (internal citation and quotation marks omitted). In Younger, the Supreme Court ruled that federal courts should generally abstain from enjoining ongoing criminal proceed- ings in state courts. See 401 U.S. at 43–49. That doctrine has since been extended to certain civil proceedings. See Middlesex, 457 U.S. at 432; New Orleans Pub. Serv., Inc. v. Council of City of New Orleans, 491 U.S. 350, 368 (1989). Where a federal lawsuit seeks to resolve the same issue pending in state court, and the federal court is asked to interfere in the state proceeding, the federal court will consider three factors to determine whether Younger abstention is war- ranted: (1) whether the state proceeding is ongoing at the same time as the federal one; (2) whether the state proceeding implicates an important state interest; and (3) whether the state proceeding provides an adequate opportunity to raise the federal claims. See Middlesex, 457 U.S. at 432; Leonard, 61 F.4th at 908. A We begin our inquiry by examining whether the Middlesex factors are satisfied. Courts have provided guidance on how to ap- ply each of the Middlesex factors. The first factor is met when a state proceeding is pending at the time the federal complaint is filed, and the state court maintains jurisdiction over the matter or is actively USCA11 Case: 24-13558 Document: 26-1 Date Filed: 09/16/2025 Page: 7 of 11

24-13558 Opinion of the Court 7

enforcing its orders. See 31 Foster Child. v. Bush, 329 F.3d 1255, 1276 (11th Cir. 2003). The second factor is satisfied when the state pro- ceeding implicates a significant state interest, such as the operation of its judicial system or the enforcement of court judgments, par- ticularly those involving property rights. See Pennzoil Co. v. Texaco, Inc., 481 U.S. 1, 12–13 (1987). The third factor is fulfilled when the state forum permits the litigants to raise their federal constitutional claims. A forum is generally adequate unless the plaintiff is proce- durally barred from presenting such claims, and general objections to the complexity or adequacy of state procedures are insufficient. See Pompey v. Broward Cnty., 95 F.3d 1543, 1551 (11th Cir. 1996); Leonard, 61 F.4th at 909. In this case, all three Middlesex factors are satisfied so as to warrant Younger abstention. First, the state foreclosure action re- mained active in state court when the Fiedlers filed their federal complaint in October of 2023. Indeed, Florida’s Fifth District dis- missed the Fiedlers’ interlocutory appeal for lack of jurisdiction be- cause the foreclosure proceedings were still ongoing. See also 31 Fos- ter Child., 329 F.3d at 1276 (determining that an ongoing state judi- cial proceeding exists when the state court is actively involved in overseeing or enforcing orders in a case). Second, Florida has a compelling interest in adjudicating mortgage foreclosure actions and enforcing court orders involving real property. See BFP v. Resol. Tr. Corp., 511 U.S. 531, 544 (1994) (“[T]he general welfare of society is involved in the security of the titles to real estate and the power to ensure that security inheres in the very nature of [state] govern- ment[.]”) (internal citation and quotation marks omitted). Third, USCA11 Case: 24-13558 Document: 26-1 Date Filed: 09/16/2025 Page: 8 of 11

8 Opinion of the Court 24-13558

the Fiedlers have the opportunity to raise their constitutional con- cerns in state court. Their filings alleged judicial misconduct and procedural unfairness, and Florida law permits constitutional chal- lenges to be raised at both the trial and appellate level. Indeed, “state courts have inherent authority, and are thus presumptively competent, to adjudicate claims arising under the laws of the United States.” Burt v. Titlow, 571 U.S. 12, 19 (2013) (citation omit- ted). See also Pompey, 95 F.3d at 1551 (explaining that the third Mid- dlesex factor is contingent on whether the plaintiff was procedurally prevented from raising his constitutional claims in state court, from which a certiorari petition can be filed seeking review on the merits in the United States Supreme Court). Moreover, the Fiedlers’ federal complaint implicated “or- ders that [were] uniquely in furtherance of the state courts’ ability to perform their judicial functions.” New Orleans Pub. Serv., Inc., 491 U.S. at 368. We consider this to be one of the “three types of state proceedings” warranting Younger abstention. See Leonard, 61 F.4th at 907–08. Because its assessment of the Middlesex factors was con- sistent with precedent and supported by the record, the district court did not abuse its discretion in abstaining under Younger. B The Fiedlers argue that, even if the Middlesex factors are met, the district court should not have abstained because their case pre- sents an “extraordinary circumstance.” Leonard, 61 F.4th at 908. The exceptions that qualify as extraordinary circumstances are nar- row, and the plaintiff bears the burden of proving them. See Tokyo USCA11 Case: 24-13558 Document: 26-1 Date Filed: 09/16/2025 Page: 9 of 11

24-13558 Opinion of the Court 9

Gwinnett, LLC v. Gwinnett Cnty., 940 F.3d 1254, 1267 (11th Cir. 2019) (noting that vague and conclusory allegations do not rise to the level necessary to justify an exception to Younger abstention). The Fiedlers assert that the foreclosure proceeding falls within the bad faith exception to Younger abstention. This excep- tion applies only when the state proceeding was brought with no reasonable expectation of success and for the purpose of harassing the party for constitutionally protected conduct. See Wexler, 385 F.3d at 1340. We are not persuaded by the Fiedlers’ argument. First, the Fiedlers never specifically raised a bad faith argu- ment in the district court. See Ramirez v. Sec’y, Dep’t of Transp., 686 F.3d 1239, 1249–50 (11th Cir. 2012) (arguments not raised below are considered forfeited on appeal). The Fiedlers’ complaint was framed broadly, in general terms, and primarily alleged that the foreclosure judgment was “unfair” because the state trial court ig- nored evidence, refused to vacate prior rulings, and accepted alleg- edly fraudulent documentation. But such mere allegations alone do not present a cognizable claim of bad faith prosecution or inten- tional harassment. See Younger, 401 U.S. at 46–47. Second, even assuming that the bad faith issue had been pre- served, the Fiedlers’ argument fails on the merits. The bad faith ex- ception is narrow and applies only when a proceeding is brought without a reasonable expectation of success and in retaliation for constitutionally protected conduct. See Wexler, 385 F.3d at 1340 (ex- plaining that bad faith involves improper motivation, such as retal- iation); Kugler v. Helfant, 421 U.S. 117, 126 n.6 (1975) (identifying the USCA11 Case: 24-13558 Document: 26-1 Date Filed: 09/16/2025 Page: 10 of 11

10 Opinion of the Court 24-13558

bad faith exception to Younger exception as where “a prosecution has been brought without a reasonable expectation of obtaining a valid conviction”). Here, Wells Fargo initiated the foreclosure action based on the Fiedlers’ admitted default on their mortgage obligations. The Fiedlers’ complaint contains no credible allegations that the lawsuit was retaliatory or frivolous. Although the Fiedlers take issue with the state court’s rulings and procedures, adverse judicial decisions, without more, do not give rise to federal jurisdiction or qualify for the Younger exception. See Huffman v. Pursue, Ltd., 420 U.S. 592, 611 (1975) (dissatisfaction with the decision of a state trial court does not warrant federal intervention unless one of the Younger excep- tions applies). C We review rulings on motions to proceed in forma pauperis and to withdraw such motions for abuse of discretion. See Martinez v. Kristi Kleaners, Inc. 364 F.3d 1305, 1306–07 (11th Cir. 2004). The district court correctly determined that the Fiedlers were not enti- tled to proceed in forma pauperis. The court ruled that the Fiedlers were able to pay the filing fee and that none of their substantial rights were affected by the denial of their motion. The court also denied the Fiedlers’ request to withdraw the in forma pauperis mo- tion because it viewed their request as an attempt to avoid a ruling on their financial eligibility. Because these rulings did not affect the Fiedlers’ substantial rights and appellate courts should generally disregard errors that do not affect the substantial rights of the USCA11 Case: 24-13558 Document: 26-1 Date Filed: 09/16/2025 Page: 11 of 11

24-13558 Opinion of the Court 11

parties, we conclude that the district court did not commit reversi- ble error in denying both motions. See 28 U.S.C. § 2111; Fed. R. Civ. P. 61. D Finally, although we construe pro se filings liberally, “issues not briefed on appeal by a pro se litigant are deemed abandoned.” Timson v. Sampson, 518 F.3d 870, 874 (11th Cir. 2008) (citation omit- ted). An appellant fails to adequately brief a claim when he or she does not plainly and prominently raise it in his or her opening brief. See Sapuppo v. Allstate Floridian Ins. Co., 739 F.3d 678, 681 (11th Cir. 2014). The Fiedlers included only a passing reference to the district court’s stay of their monetary claims. Because the Fiedlers failed to raise any developed argument challenging that ruling, we consider the issue abandoned and do not reach it. III We conclude that the district court did not abuse its discre- tion in dismissing the Fiedlers’ claims for injunctive relief on Younger abstention grounds because all three Middlesex factors were met and no exception to abstention applied. We also affirm the dis- trict court’s denial of the Fiedlers’ in forma pauperis motion and sub- sequent request to withdraw that motion. AFFIRMED.