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NOT FOR PUBLICATION

In the United States Court of Appeals For the Eleventh Circuit ____________________ No. 22-12801 Non-Argument Calendar ____________________

MICHAEL TRAMEL, Petitioner-Appellant, versus

SECRETARY, DEPARTMENT OF CORRECTIONS, ATTORNEY GENERAL, STATE OF FLORIDA, Respondents-Appellees. ____________________ Appeal from the United States District Court for the Middle District of Florida D.C. Docket No. 3:19-cv-01071-MMH-MCR ____________________

Before JILL PRYOR, LUCK, and BRASHER, Circuit Judges. PER CURIAM: USCA11 Case: 22-12801 Document: 36-1 Date Filed: 09/16/2025 Page: 2 of 20

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Michael Tramel appeals the denial of his petition for a writ of habeas corpus under 28 U.S.C. section 2254. After careful re- view, we affirm.

FACTUAL BACKGROUND AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY Tramel’s half-brother was shot and killed. At the funeral, in front of his family, Tramel got into a fight with Johnathan Key be- cause Key had not returned Tramel’s calls for help to find his brother’s killer. The family members who saw the fight each had a slightly different account of how it unfolded. But one thing they all agreed on was that the fight ended with Tramel stabbing Key. Trial On August 13, 2012, the State of Florida charged Tramel by information with aggravated battery with a deadly weapon. He was arraigned on August 29, 2012, and counsel was appointed. The case was set for trial on December 10, 2012. But, near the start of November, Tramel’s counsel had to withdraw and new counsel was appointed to Tramel’s case. And then, on November 30, 2012, the state served additional discovery, including medical records of the victim and jailhouse call record- ings of Tramel. On December 7, 2012, Tramel’s new counsel moved to continue the jury trial because of the new discovery and because depositions had not yet been completed. The state trial court granted the continuance motion. The next month, Tramel’s counsel filed a notice of expira- tion of speedy trial under Florida Rule of Criminal Procedure 3.191. USCA11 Case: 22-12801 Document: 36-1 Date Filed: 09/16/2025 Page: 3 of 20

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But the state trial court struck the notice, finding that Tramel waived the right to speedy trial when he moved for a continuance. At the same time, the state amended the information to charge Tramel with attempted first-degree murder and aggravated battery with a deadly weapon. Jury selection began on January 22, 2013. Tramel confirmed that he wanted to proceed to trial even though all the witnesses had not yet been deposed by counsel. On January 23, 2013, Tramel filed a motion to dismiss based on Florida’s Stand Your Ground statute. After an evidentiary hear- ing, the state trial court denied the motion. Finally, on March 14, 2013, Tramel was tried and convicted of attempted second-degree murder (a lesser-included offense) and aggravated battery with a deadly weapon. The state trial court sen- tenced him to eleven years in prison followed by one year of pro- bation. Direct Appeal On direct appeal, Tramel argued “that the jury instructions regarding the duty to retreat were fundamentally erroneous.” The state appellate court rejected that argument and affirmed based on State v. Floyd, 186 So. 3d 1013 (Fla. 2016). In Floyd, the Florida Su- preme Court held that the standard jury instruction for the duty to retreat correctly stated the law and was not “confusing, misleading, USCA11 Case: 22-12801 Document: 36-1 Date Filed: 09/16/2025 Page: 4 of 20

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or contradictory with regard to the duty to retreat where there is a question of fact as to who was the initial aggressor.” Id. at 1023. State Postconviction Motion After his conviction became final, Tramel moved for post- conviction relief. Five claims in his motion are relevant here. First, Tramel claimed that his trial counsel was ineffective for failing to object to the state’s misconduct and seek Tramel’s pretrial dis- charge based on violations of Tramel’s constitutional rights (ground one). Second, Tramel alleged that his trial counsel was ineffective for failing to challenge adequately the violation of his speedy trial rights (ground two). Third, Tramel argued that his trial counsel was ineffective for failing to investigate witnesses, suppress evidence, and impeach the state’s witnesses (ground six). Fourth, Tramel asserted that his trial counsel was ineffective for failing to object to the amended information on double jeopardy grounds (ground seven). And fifth, Tramel claimed that his trial counsel was ineffective for failing to request relevant jury instructions and object to inapplicable ones (ground nine). The state postconviction court denied Tramel’s motion. As to ground one, the court read Tramel’s motion as alleging trial counsel was ineffective for failing to object “to his bond; to his not being charged timely; to the court allowing perjured testimony; to the sufficiency of the evidence; to his failure to have twelve jurors and to the state misrepresenting facts in closing.” Trial counsel was not ineffective, the state postconviction court concluded, because “the record reflect[ed] that at all times pertinent counsel filed the USCA11 Case: 22-12801 Document: 36-1 Date Filed: 09/16/2025 Page: 5 of 20

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appropriate motion to address these issues”, and “counsel did ob- ject in closing and was overruled.” As to ground two, the state postconviction court explained that, because “counsel needed more time to depose all the wit- nesses[,] the trial could not be held within the speedy trial time and counsel was forced to move for a continuance.” Even so, “despite counsel not having been able to depose some state witnesses,” Tramel “wanted to proceed to trial.” As to ground six, the state postconviction court found that: trial counsel “contacted all his witnesses”; any suppression motion would have been meritless; Tramel did not allege the names of wit- nesses trial counsel should have called to testify at trial, the sub- stance of their testimony, and how the lack of testimony prejudiced the outcome of the trial; and trial counsel “did in fact impeach” the state’s witness. As to ground seven, the state postconviction court concluded that trial counsel was not ineffective “for failing to raise a meritless argument or motion.” And as to ground nine, the state postconviction court ruled that trial counsel was not ineffective be- cause the transcript and record showed that the jury was given the instruction the evidence supported. Federal Habeas Petition Tramel then petitioned the district court for federal habeas relief under section 2254 and raised the same five grounds. The district court denied the petition, explaining, as to ground one, that, “to the extent Tramel argue[d] that the cumulative impact of his USCA11 Case: 22-12801 Document: 36-1 Date Filed: 09/16/2025 Page: 6 of 20

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trial counsel’s errors prejudiced him at trial, his claim [was] due to be denied” because “all [his] individual claims [were] meritless.” As to ground two, the district court ruled that “the record support[ed] the postconviction court’s conclusion” because trial counsel “received supplemental discovery from the [s]tate on No- vember 30th, and he needed to review the discovery and prepare for its use at trial.” “It was . . . not unreasonable for counsel to” move for a continuance “given the significance of the Novem- ber 30th discovery and his recent appointment to the case at that time.” In any event, Tramel was not prejudiced by the continuance because it “allowed counsel to file a motion to dismiss pursuant to Stand Your Ground.” As to ground six, the district court found that “[t]he record demonstrates Tramel insisted on proceeding with a trial despite the trial court and counsel advising him that the defense had not com- pleted depositions.” “In the months before trial, Tramel prioritized proceeding with a trial in an expeditious manner over obtaining additional discovery.” The record also “reflect[ed] that during trial, counsel extensively cross-examined” the state’s witness, and “im- peached him.” Trial counsel also objected to the motive testimony during trial, and was overruled by the state trial court. As to ground seven, the district court determined that the ineffectiveness claim was “without merit” because “[c]onvictions for attempted second-degree murder and aggravated battery with a deadly weapon do not violate double jeopardy.” “[A]ttempted murder requires proof of an element that aggravated battery with USCA11 Case: 22-12801 Document: 36-1 Date Filed: 09/16/2025 Page: 7 of 20

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a deadly weapon does not.” Finally, as to ground nine, the district court concluded that the jury instructions adequately and correctly explained the duty to retreat. The district court denied a certificate of appealability. But we granted one on five issues: (1) Whether the district court erred by denying [g]round [o]ne because none of the alleged errors ren- dered Tramel’s trial “fundamentally unfair”? (2) Whether the district court erred in denying [g]round [t]wo by declining to consider each of the reasons for delay identified by Tramel, and by con- cluding that Tramel was not prejudiced by any delay without discussing the effect a delayed trial could have had on potential defense witnesses? (3) Whether the district court erred under Clisby v. Jones, 960 F.2d 925, 936, 938 (11th Cir. 1992) (en banc), by denying [g]round [s]ix without addressing whether counsel was ineffective for (1) failing to cross-exam- ine Angelina Key about discrepancies between her deposition and trial testimony; and (2) failing to argue that the state violated Giglio v. United States, 405 U.S. 150, 154–55 (1972), by putting on perjured testimony; and (3) failing to address whether counsel effectively deposed witnesses, including by waiving Tramel’s right to be present? USCA11 Case: 22-12801 Document: 36-1 Date Filed: 09/16/2025 Page: 8 of 20

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(4) Whether the district court violated Clisby [in ground seven] by declining to address whether the state violated the Double Jeopardy Clause by amend- ing the information to include new charges based on the same circumstances? (5) Whether the district court erred in holding that Tramel’s arguments in [g]round [n]ine were fore- closed by the Florida Supreme Court’s holding in State v. Floyd, 186 So. 3d 1013 (Fla. 2016)?

STANDARD OF REVIEW “We review de novo the district court’s denial of a 28 U.S.C. [section] 2254 petition.” Smith v. Comm’r, Ala. Dep’t of Corr., 924 F.3d 1330, 1336 (11th Cir. 2019) (citation omitted). But our review is governed by the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996 (AEDPA). See Mendoza v. Sec’y, Fla. Dep’t of Corr., 761 F.3d 1213, 1234 (11th Cir. 2014). Under AEDPA, we must affirm the state court’s decision unless that decision was: (1) “‘contrary to, or involved an unreasonable application of, clearly established [f ]ederal law, as determined by the Supreme Court of the United States,” or (2) “based on an unreasonable determination of the facts in light of the evidence presented in the [s]tate court proceed- ing.” Id. at 1235 (quoting 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d)). “An unreasonable application of clearly established federal law occurs when the state court correctly identifies the governing legal principle but unreasonably applies it to the facts of the partic- ular case.” Terrell v. GDCP Warden, 744 F.3d 1255, 1261 (11th Cir. USCA11 Case: 22-12801 Document: 36-1 Date Filed: 09/16/2025 Page: 9 of 20

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2014) (internal quotation marks omitted) (alterations adopted). “To meet the ‘unreasonable application’ standard, ‘a prisoner must show far more than that the state court’s decision was merely wrong or even clear error.’” Guardado v. Sec’y, Fla. Dep’t of Corr., 112 F.4th 958, 983 (11th Cir. 2024) (internal quotation marks and citations omitted). Instead, “a state prisoner must show that the state court’s ruling on the claim being presented in federal court was so lacking in justification that there was an error well under- stood and comprehended in existing law beyond any possibility for fairminded disagreement.” Harrington v. Richter, 562 U.S. 86, 103 (2011) (emphasis added). In making this determination, “we re- view the last state-court adjudication on the merits.” Sears v. War- den GDCP, 73 F.4th 1269, 1280 (11th Cir. 2023) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). Finally, “we review de novo the legal question of whether the district court violated the rule announced in Clisby.” Dupree v. Warden, 715 F.3d 1295, 1299–1300 (11th Cir. 2013).

DISCUSSION Tramel raises five arguments on appeal—one for each ground. As to ground one, he argues that cumulative trial court errors deprived him of his Sixth Amendment right to a fair trial. As to ground two, Tramel contends that trial counsel was ineffective by failing to challenge the violation of Tramel’s right to speedy trial. As to ground six, Tramel asserts that the district court made a Clisby error by failing to address whether counsel was ineffective for errors in the cross-examination and deposition of witnesses. As USCA11 Case: 22-12801 Document: 36-1 Date Filed: 09/16/2025 Page: 10 of 20

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to ground seven, Tramel maintains that the district court made an- other Clisby error by failing to address whether the state violated the Double Jeopardy Clause by amending the information to in- clude new charges based on the same circumstances. And as to ground nine, Tramel argues that trial counsel was ineffective when he failed to ensure that the jury instructions on Florida’s Stand Your Ground statute, attempted manslaughter, and justifiable homicide were consistent with the law and evidence at trial. Ground One As to ground one, Tramel argues that cumulative trial court 1 errors deprived him of his Sixth Amendment right to a fair trial. Tramel claims that: (1) the state attempted to suppress the favora- ble testimony of witness Latoria Beckett; (2) the trial court refused to allow Tramel to use medical records to refute the state’s claims regarding Key’s injuries; (3) the trial court was biased against Tramel and prohibited him from being tried by a twelve-person jury; and (4) the state engaged in prosecutorial misconduct during

1 We have expressed doubt as to whether a cumulative-error claim is cogniza- ble for federal habeas relief, but we need not decide the issue today since Tramel’s claim would fail on the merits. See Morris v. Sec’y, Dep’t of Corr., 677 F.3d 1117, 1132 & n.3 (11th Cir. 2012) (“We need not determine today whether, under the current state of Supreme Court precedent, cumulative er- ror claims reviewed through the lens of AEDPA can ever succeed in showing that the state court’s decision on the merits was contrary to or an unreasona- ble application of clearly established law.”). USCA11 Case: 22-12801 Document: 36-1 Date Filed: 09/16/2025 Page: 11 of 20

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its closing argument by misrepresenting facts and using rhetoric to inflame the jury. “The cumulative error doctrine provides that an aggregation of non-reversible errors (i.e., plain errors failing to necessitate re- versal and harmless errors) can yield a denial of the constitutional right to a fair trial, which calls for reversal.” United States v. Baker, 432 F.3d 1189, 1223 (11th Cir. 2005) (internal quotation marks omit- ted), abrogated on other grounds by Davis v. Washington, 547 U.S. 813 (2006). We address cumulative-error claims “by first considering the validity of each claim individually, and then examining any er- rors that we find in the aggregate and in light of the trial as a whole to determine whether the appellant was afforded a fundamentally fair trial.” Morris, 677 F.3d at 1132 (citation omitted). First, Tramel did not specifically allege that the state at- tempted to suppress Beckett’s testimony in his section 2254 peti- tion. In fact, his section 2254 petition does not mention Beckett. So, we do not have to address that part of Tramel’s claim. See Mayle v. Felix, 545 U.S. 644, 655–56, (2005) (explaining that habeas corpus pleading requirements are “more demanding” than ordinary civil pleading requirements and a petition “must ‘specify all the grounds for relief available to the petitioner’ and ‘state the facts supporting each ground’” (citing Habeas Corpus Rule 2(c))). Second, Tramel made only a “passing reference” to his argu- ment about the medical records, devoting a single sentence in his brief to argue that the state trial court “would not allow [him] to use the medical records to refute the [s]tate’s false claim that the USCA11 Case: 22-12801 Document: 36-1 Date Filed: 09/16/2025 Page: 12 of 20

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injuries were life-threatening.” And he did not cite any law or por- tion of the record to support his argument. So, this part of Tramel’s claim is not properly preserved for our review. See Bates v. Sec’y, Fla. Dep’t of Corr., 768 F.3d 1278, 1300 n.10 (11th Cir. 2014) (“Bates did include a single citation to Lockett in his appellate brief, but that passing reference is not enough to preserve the issue for appellate review.”). Third, Tramel did not argue in his section 2254 petition that the trial court was biased against him and prohibited him from be- ing tried by a twelve-person jury. So, similar to the suppressed tes- timony claim, Tramel did not specifically allege this part of his claim. See Mayle, 545 U.S. at 655–56. But even if he had, the state trial court’s decision was not contrary to, or an unreasonable appli- cation of, federal law because the Supreme Court has held that a six-person jury is constitutional. See Williams v. Florida, 399 U.S. 78, 103 (1970). Fourth, Tramel arguably abandoned his prosecutorial mis- conduct claim as well because he did not identify any allegedly im- proper comment made by the state. Bates, 768 F.3d at 1300 n.10. But even if he hadn’t, the state trial court’s decision was not con- trary to, or an unreasonable application of, federal law because the closing argument would have had to contain comments that could be considered as “so infect[ing] the trial with unfairness as to make the resulting conviction a denial of due process.” See Reese v. Sec’y, Fla. Dep’t of Corr., 675 F.3d 1277, 1291 (11th Cir. 2012) (internal quo- tation marks and citation omitted). Here, the record does not USCA11 Case: 22-12801 Document: 36-1 Date Filed: 09/16/2025 Page: 13 of 20

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reflect that the state’s comments were improper, let alone that they met the high bar for a due process violation. See id. Ultimately, there were no errors, much less cumulative er- rors. “This Court has made clear that where ‘[t]here [is] no error in any of the [trial] court’s rulings, the argument that cumulative trial error requires that this Court reverse [the defendant’s] convic- tions is without merit.’” Morris, 677 F.3d at 1132 (quoting United States v. Taylor, 417 F.3d 1176, 1182 (11th Cir. 2005)) (alterations in original). Ground Two As to ground two, Tramel contends that trial counsel was ineffective by failing to challenge the violation of Tramel’s right to speedy trial. And the district court erred in denying his argument without addressing prejudice. To establish ineffective assistance of counsel, a defendant must show that (1) counsel’s performance was deficient, and (2) the deficient performance prejudiced his defense. Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 687 (1984). The performance prong “re- quires showing that counsel made errors so serious that counsel was not functioning as the ‘counsel’ guaranteed the defendant by the Sixth Amendment.” Id. Counsel’s performance is considered deficient if it was objectively unreasonable “under prevailing pro- fessional norms.” Id. at 688. The prejudice prong requires a “rea- sonable probability that, but for counsel’s unprofessional errors, the result of the proceeding would have been different.” Id. at 694. USCA11 Case: 22-12801 Document: 36-1 Date Filed: 09/16/2025 Page: 14 of 20

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Under Strickland, a defendant must prove both the deficient performance and prejudice prongs. Id. at 687. But “there is no rea- son for a court deciding an ineffective assistance claim to approach the inquiry in the same order or even to address both [prongs] of the inquiry if the defendant makes an insufficient showing on one.” Id. at 697. Therefore, if the court determines that counsel was not deficient, it does not have to discuss whether the defendant was prejudiced. See id. Because “the standards created by Strickland and [section] 2254(d) are both highly deferential, . . . when the two apply in tan- dem, review is doubly so.” Richter, 562 U.S. at 105 (internal quota- tion marks and citations omitted). Thus, “[t]he question is not whether a federal court believes the state court’s determination un- der the Strickland standard was incorrect but whether [that deter- mination] was unreasonable—a substantially higher threshold.” Knowles v. Mirzayance, 556 U.S. 111, 123 (2009) (internal quotation marks omitted). And if there is “any reasonable argument that counsel satisfied Strickland’s deferential standard,” then a federal court may not disturb a state court’s decision denying the claim. Richter, 562 U.S. at 105. In denying his post-conviction claim, the state court ex- plained: It [wa]s clear from the record and his motion that counsel was not prepared for the trial of this magni- tude within the speedy trial time. Counsel filed a [n]otice of [e]xpiration however, as counsel needed more time to depose all the witnesses the trial could USCA11 Case: 22-12801 Document: 36-1 Date Filed: 09/16/2025 Page: 15 of 20

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not be held within the speedy trial time and counsel was forced to move for a continuance.

That decision was not contrary to, or involved the unrea- sonable application of, clearly established federal law. Under Flor- ida law, “an attorney may waive speedy trial without consulting the client and even against the client’s wishes.” McKenzie v. State, 153 So. 3d 867, 875 (Fla. 2014) (citations omitted). Because trial counsel was new to the case, the state supplemented its discovery response with new information—including with more than twenty hours of jailhouse telephone calls wherein Tramel made “state- ments . . . placing himself at [the] scene of [the] offense, arming himself, admitting use of [a] knife on [the] victim, [and] various at- tempts to persuade [and] coerce” witnesses—and neither party had completed depositions, it was not unreasonable for the state post- conviction court to determine that trial counsel was not deficient for asking for more time to prepare for trial. And because the state trial court’s deficiency finding was not unreasonable, there was no need to discuss the prejudice prong. Strickland, 466 U.S. at 697. Ground Six As to ground six, Tramel asserts that the district court made a Clisby error by failing to address whether counsel was ineffective for: (1) failing to cross-examine Angelina Key about discrepancies between her deposition and trial testimony; (2) failing to argue that the state violated Giglio by putting on perjured testimony; and USCA11 Case: 22-12801 Document: 36-1 Date Filed: 09/16/2025 Page: 16 of 20

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(3) failing to address whether trial counsel effectively deposed wit- nesses, including by waiving Tramel’s right to be present. In Clisby, we held that district courts must resolve all claims for relief that are raised in a section 2254 petition. 960 F.2d at 936. If a district court fails to consider a claim raised on collateral review, we will vacate the decision without prejudice and remand to allow the district court to consider the claim. Id. at 938. That said, peti- tioners must present their claims in clear, simple language so dis- trict courts do not misunderstand them. Dupree, 715 F.3d at 1299. Clisby errors do not occur when a petitioner fails to clearly present the claim to a district court. Barritt v. Sec’y, Fla. Dep’t of Corr., 968 F.3d 1246, 1251 (11th Cir. 2020). Here, the district court did not make a Clisby error. First, Tramel’s federal habeas petition did not claim that trial counsel failed to cross-examine Angelina Key. Instead, he only referenced Angelina as one of three witnesses whose testimony—had it not been for trial counsel’s failure to depose other witnesses—would have been called into question by other defense witnesses. Second, Tramel did not present a Giglio claim in his federal habeas petition. Tramel only speculated that depositions would have brought out contradictions between witnesses, but he did not claim that the state knowingly used perjured testimony. See United States v. Vallejo, 297 F.3d 1154, 1163-64 (11th Cir. 2002) (For a Giglio claim, “the defendant must demonstrate that the prosecutor know- ingly used perjured testimony, or failed to correct what he USCA11 Case: 22-12801 Document: 36-1 Date Filed: 09/16/2025 Page: 17 of 20

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subsequently learned was false testimony, and that the falsehood was material.” (internal quotation marks omitted)). Third, Tramel’s claim that trial counsel erred by failing to ensure his presence at deposition was hidden within his general claim that counsel failed to act reasonably. Because this part of the claim was not clearly presented, the district court did not commit a Clisby error when it failed to address it. See Barritt, 968 F.3d at 1251. Ground Seven As to ground seven, Tramel maintains that the district court made a Clisby error by failing to address whether the state violated the Double Jeopardy Clause by amending the information to in- clude new charges based on the same circumstances. The Double Jeopardy Clause of the Fifth Amendment pro- tects a defendant against successive prosecutions for the same crim- inal offense, providing that no person may “be twice put in jeop- ardy of life or limb.” U.S. Const. amend. V. To decide whether two offenses are the same, the Supreme Court established a test in Blockburger v. United States, which provides that there is no Double Jeopardy Clause violation when each crime requires proof of an additional element that the other does not require. See 284 U.S. 299, 304 (1932). Florida has statutorily adopted the Blockburger test. Fla. Stat. § 775.021(4). Further, Florida law provides that “[t]he intent of the Legislature is to convict and sentence for each criminal offense committed in the course of one criminal episode or transaction” USCA11 Case: 22-12801 Document: 36-1 Date Filed: 09/16/2025 Page: 18 of 20

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with an exception being “[o]ffenses which are degrees of the same offense as provided by statute.” Fla. Stat. § 775.021(4)(b)(2). Flor- ida law also recognizes the merger doctrine which is “a principle of statutory construction . . . designed to generally prevent the gov- ernment from charging felony murder when the underlying felony was assault.” Raja v. State, 317 So. 3d 139, 146 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 2021) (citation omitted). Here, the district court did not commit a Clisby error be- cause it properly applied the Blockburger test to Tramel’s claim. Cit- ing to United States v. Davis, 854 F.3d 1276, 1286 (11th Cir. 2017) and Schirmer v. State, 837 So. 2d 586, 589 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 2003), the district court explained that convictions for attempted second de- gree murder and aggravated battery with a deadly weapon do not violate the Double Jeopardy Clause under the Blockburger test. “[T]he elements for aggravated battery are: 1) the defendant committed a battery against a victim, and 2) in committing the bat- tery, the defendant intentionally or knowingly caused great bodily harm, permanent disability or permanent disfigurement to the vic- tim or used a deadly weapon.” Schirmer, 837 So. 2d at 589. “[M]urder entails bodily injury” but “is not a necessary component of attempted murder.” Id. “And, attempted second degree murder requires proof of an act which could have resulted in death-an ele- ment not required for aggravated battery.” Id. Because the two offenses were separate under Blockburger, the district court did not have to discuss the degree variance test. And because Tramel was not convicted of felony murder, the merger doctrine did not apply. USCA11 Case: 22-12801 Document: 36-1 Date Filed: 09/16/2025 Page: 19 of 20

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Ground Nine Finally, as to ground nine, Tramel argues that trial counsel was ineffective when he failed to ensure that the jury instructions for the Stand Your Ground defense, attempted manslaughter, and justifiable homicide, were consistent with the law and evidence at trial. “[A]lthough the issue of ineffective assistance—even when based on the failure of counsel to raise a state law claim—is one of constitutional dimension, we must defer to the state’s construction of its own law when the validity of the claim that [trial] counsel failed to raise turns on state law.” Pinkney v. Sec’y, Dep’t of Corrs., 876 F.3d 1290, 1295 (11th Cir. 2017) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). Where the Florida courts “already ha[ve] told us how the issues would have been resolved under Florida state law had [trial counsel] done what [the petitioner] argues he should have done . . . federal habeas courts should not second-guess them on such matters.” Herring v. Sec’y, Dep't of Corrs., 397 F.3d 1338, 1354– 55 (11th Cir. 2005) (internal quotation marks omitted). In Floyd, the Florida Supreme Court addressed the question whether Florida’s jury instructions regarding the justifiable use of deadly force and the duty to retreat were “confusing, contradictory, or misleading.” Floyd, 186 So. 3d at 1019. The Floyd court ex- plained that the instructions properly described Florida’s duty to retreat and the right to stand your ground and use deadly force. Id. at 1020–21. The jury instructions, the court concluded, were USCA11 Case: 22-12801 Document: 36-1 Date Filed: 09/16/2025 Page: 20 of 20

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proper and not confusing because they correctly guided the jury on the relevant law. Id. at 1022. The district court did not err in denying Tramel’s jury in- struction claim because it was foreclosed by Floyd as a matter of state law. Floyd established that Florida’s instructions on the justifi- able use of deadly force and the duty to retreat were proper and not confusing or misleading. So, trial counsel could not have been ineffective in failing to object to the jury instructions. CONCLUSION In short, the district court did not err in denying Tramel’s federal habeas petition. We affirm. AFFIRMED.