USCA11 Case: 24-10099 Document: 51-1 Date Filed: 10/15/2025 Page: 1 of 7

NOT FOR PUBLICATION

In the United States Court of Appeals For the Eleventh Circuit ____________________ No. 24-10099 Non-Argument Calendar ____________________

GEORGE LEE CLARK, Plaintiff-Appellant, versus

DR. EBEN ALEXANDER, III, SIMON AND SCHUSTER, INC., AMAZON.COM, INC., PROMETHEUS ENTERTAINMENT, Defendants-Appellees. ____________________ Appeal from the United States District Court for the Northern District of Georgia D.C. Docket No. 1:23-cv-01306-MHC ____________________

Before BRANCH, LUCK, and ANDERSON, Circuit Judges. PER CURIAM: USCA11 Case: 24-10099 Document: 51-1 Date Filed: 10/15/2025 Page: 2 of 7

2 Opinion of the Court 24-10099

George Lee Clark appeals the district court’s dismissal of his complaint for failure to state a claim. After careful review, we af- firm.

FACTUAL BACKGROUND AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY Clark sued Dr. Eben Alexander, III, publishers Ama- zon.com, Inc. and Simon and Schuster, Inc., and production com- pany Prometheus Entertainment, for infringement of Clark’s 2007 1 copyrighted written work, Heaven’s Pen, in violation of 17 U.S.C. sections 106 and 504. (We’ll refer to the defendants together as Dr. Alexander.) Specifically, Clark alleged that Dr. Alexander’s 2012 bestselling book, Proof of Heaven, is a “[misappropriated] deriv- ative work” of Heaven’s Pen that “incorporates paraphrasing and di- 2 rect copyright infringement.” Clark did not provide a certified copy of either work. Instead, he referenced both works and listed what he believed to be their “shared concepts, aspects, and [ideas.]” Dr. Alexander moved to dismiss Clark’s complaint for fail- ure to state a claim. He argued that Clark did not allege facts show- ing that Heaven’s Pen and Proof of Heaven were substantially similar. Dr. Alexander also asserted that Clark did not allege a viable claim against Prometheus Entertainment because the production

1 The copyright registration number Clark alleged—TXU001339077—was for a work entitled Heaven’s penn. But we will refer to Clark’s work as Heaven’s Pen because that’s what he alleged in the complaint. 2 Clark also mentioned the False Claims Act once in his complaint but did not explain how it relates to his claims. USCA11 Case: 24-10099 Document: 51-1 Date Filed: 10/15/2025 Page: 3 of 7

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company took no part in creating or distributing Proof of Heaven. Instead, Prometheus Entertainment created one episode of a tele- vision show, The UnXplained, that featured Dr. Alexander’s brief de- scription of his perceived afterlife experience. Neither the televi- sion show nor its similarities to Heaven’s Pen were mentioned in the complaint. In his motion, Dr. Alexander attached a copy of his book, Proof of Heaven. He also attached a copy of Heaven’s Pen, which appears to be a twenty-eight-page outline or summary of an unfin- ished fiction novel. After Clark questioned the authenticity of the copy of Heaven’s Pen in his opposition to the motion to dismiss, Dr. Alexander provided a copy authenticated by the U.S. Copy- right Office with his reply. The district court dismissed Clark’s complaint with preju- dice. First, after comparing Heaven’s Pen and Proof of Heaven, the district court concluded that the two works were not substantially similar. The two works differed, the district court explained, in plot, characters, setting, and pace. Second, even if the works were substantially similar, the district court wrote, Clark did not identify any copyrightable elements of Heaven’s Pen that were used in Proof of Heaven. Instead, the alleged similarities in the complaint were “commonplace ideas and themes throughout media depictions of heaven, paradise, or idyllic scenes generally.” Clark appeals the dismissal of his complaint. USCA11 Case: 24-10099 Document: 51-1 Date Filed: 10/15/2025 Page: 4 of 7

4 Opinion of the Court 24-10099

STANDARD OF REVIEW We review de novo a district court’s dismissal of a complaint for failure to state a claim, accepting the factual allegations in the complaint as true and construing them in the light most favorable to the plaintiff. Almanza v. United Airlines, Inc., 851 F.3d 1060, 1066 (11th Cir. 2017).

DISCUSSION On appeal, Clark argues that the district court erred in dis- 3 missing his copyright infringement claim. To establish a claim for copyright infringement, Clark had to allege plausible facts showing (1) “ownership of a valid copyright,” and (2) “copying of constitu- ent elements of the work that are original.” Compulife Software, Inc. v. Newman, 111 F.4th 1147, 1156 (11th Cir. 2024) (“Compulife II”). Because it is undisputed that Clark registered Heaven’s Pen with the U.S. Copyright Office in 2007, we, like the district court, focus on the copying element. The copying element has two subparts: factual copying and

3 Clark listed additional issues in his initial brief, including whether the district court erred in disregarding his False Claims Act claim and whether the district court violated his due process rights. And he briefly mentioned The UnX- plained television episode. But Clark failed to address these issues, provide supporting arguments, or cite to relevant authority. Because Clark “ma[de] only passing references to [these issues] or raise[d] [them] in a perfunctory manner without supporting arguments and authority,” he has abandoned them on appeal. See Sapuppo v. Allstate Floridian Ins. Co., 739 F.3d 678, 681 (11th Cir. 2014). USCA11 Case: 24-10099 Document: 51-1 Date Filed: 10/15/2025 Page: 5 of 7

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legal copying. Compulife Software, Inc. v. Newman, 959 F.3d 1228, 1301 (11th Cir. 2020) (“Compulife I”). To establish factual copying, Clark had to show that Dr. Alexander “had access to the copy- righted work and that there are probative similarities between the allegedly infringing work and the copyrighted work.” Id. For pur- poses of this appeal, Dr. Alexander does not dispute that he had ac- cess to Heaven’s Pen. Instead, the parties dispute whether Heaven’s Pen and Proof of Heaven were substantially similar. Two works are substantially similar when the “average lay observer would recognize the alleged copy as having been appro- priated from the original work.” Calhoun v. Lillenas Publ’g, 298 F.3d 1228, 1232 (11th Cir. 2002) (internal quotation and citation omit- ted). In evaluating whether two works are substantially similar, we look to several of their features, including “plot, . . . characteriza- tion, pace, and setting.” Beal v. Paramount Pictures Corp., 20 F.3d 454, 460 (11th Cir. 1994). Having reviewed these features, we agree with the district court that Proof of Heaven and Heaven’s Pen are not substantially sim- ilar. First, as to plot, Heaven’s Pen is a fictional story about a child of heaven being sent to Earth as punishment to learn about uncon- ditional love whereas Proof of Heaven is an autobiography of a doc- tor’s life before, during, and after falling into a coma, including his perception of the afterlife during his near-death experience. Sec- ond, the characters in Proof of Heaven are not similar to the charac- ters in Heaven’s Pen. Third, while both works at times take place in heaven, Proof of Heaven also takes place in Virginia, North Carolina, USCA11 Case: 24-10099 Document: 51-1 Date Filed: 10/15/2025 Page: 6 of 7

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and the underworld whereas Heaven’s Pen focuses on describing heaven. Finally, the pacing of Heaven’s Pen is a progressing linear narrative while Proof of Heaven jumps quickly between life before, during, and after Dr. Alexander’s coma. Clark also failed to allege legal copying. To establish legal copying, Clark had to show that Proof of Heaven copied protected expression in Heaven’s Pen. See Compulife II, 111 F.4th at 1156. Noncopyrightable material includes “general themes[,]” “broad ideas[,]” and “‘scènes à faire’—stock scenes that naturally flow from a common theme.” Beal, 20 F.3d at 459–60. Again, we agree with the district court that any similarities between Heaven’s Pen and Proof of Heaven—such as “heaven is the origin, the depictions of music and drumbeats, the presence of pri- mordial creatures and landscapes, flight, an emphasis on uncondi- tional love, . . . rainbows, and welcoming vegetation”—were merely “depictions of afterlife-related elements or heaven itself and are classic scènes à faire” that are not copyrightable. The similarities between the two works were common ideas and themes about heaven that were noncopyrightable material. Clark argues that the district court erred in not adequately considering the similarities he listed in his complaint. But we have explained that “such lists are inherently subjective and unreliable, particularly where the list contains random similarities.” Beal, 20 F.3d at 460 (internal quotations and citation omitted). Addition- ally, the district court’s in-depth “analysis amply demonstrates that some of the [claimed] similarities consist of noncopyrightable USCA11 Case: 24-10099 Document: 51-1 Date Filed: 10/15/2025 Page: 7 of 7

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elements, while others cannot fairly be considered similarities.” See id. To the extent Clark contends that the district court erred in dismissing his case with prejudice, we also reject this argument. We have held that a pro se plaintiff must have “at least one chance to amend the complaint before the district court dismisses the ac- tion with prejudice—at least, that is, where a more carefully drafted complaint might state a claim.” Silberman v. Miami Dade Transit, 927 F.3d 1123, 1132 (11th Cir. 2019) (internal quotations and cita- tions omitted). Here, Clark amended his complaint once. Moreo- ver, additional amendments would be futile because, as we have explained, Heaven’s Pen and Proof of Heaven were not substantially similar. Even if Clark amended his complaint, he could not state a viable copyright infringement claim. See id. at 1133.

CONCLUSION The district court properly dismissed Clark’s complaint with 4 prejudice. Thus, we affirm. AFFIRMED.

4 All pending motions are DENIED.