USCA11 Case: 24-12125 Document: 38-1 Date Filed: 11/20/2025 Page: 1 of 9

NOT FOR PUBLICATION

In the United States Court of Appeals For the Eleventh Circuit ____________________ No. 24-12125 Non-Argument Calendar ____________________

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, Plaintiff-Appellee, versus

ANTONIO MCCRAY, a.k.a. Kutta, Defendant-Appellant. ____________________ Appeal from the United States District Court for the Middle District of Florida D.C. Docket No. 8:23-cr-00229-VMC-NHA-1 ____________________

Before JILL PRYOR, BRANCH, and BLACK, Circuit Judges. PER CURIAM: Antonio McCray appeals his sentence of 180 months’ impris- onment imposed after he pleaded guilty to one count of possessing USCA11 Case: 24-12125 Document: 38-1 Date Filed: 11/20/2025 Page: 2 of 9

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a firearm while a convicted felon, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(1). McCray contends his sentence is procedurally unrea- sonable because the district court erred in applying the cross-refer- ence base offense level for attempted first-degree murder, raising his advisory Guidelines range from 27-33 months to 151-188 months. 1 After review, 2 we vacate and remand for additional find- ings to support the application of the attempted first-degree mur- der cross-reference. I. DISCUSSION The normal base offense level for a violation of 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(1) is contained in U.S.S.G. § 2K2.1. However, there is a cross-reference provision in U.S.S.G. § 2K2.1(c), which states that “[i]f the defendant used or possessed any firearm or ammunition cited in the offense of conviction in connection with the commis- sion or attempted commission of another offense, or possessed or

1 McCray also asserts the district court imposed a procedurally unreasonable

sentence because it miscalculated the Guidelines range, relied on clearly erro- neous facts, and failed to adequately explain the sentence it imposed. McCray further contends his sentence is substantively unreasonable because the sen- tence is not supported by the record and the district court failed to consider the 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a) factors. Because we vacate and remand for additional findings, we do not address these issues. 2 We “review a district court's fact findings for clear error and its interpretation

of the Sentencing Guidelines de novo.” United States v. Cenephat, 115 F.4th 1359, 1367 (11th Cir. 2024). Where a defendant objects to the factual basis of his sentence, the government bears the burden of establishing the disputed facts. Id. at 1367-68. And in the district court, “the government must establish a sentencing enhancement by a preponderance of reliable evidence.” Id. at 1368. USCA11 Case: 24-12125 Document: 38-1 Date Filed: 11/20/2025 Page: 3 of 9

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transferred a firearm or ammunition cited in the offense of convic- tion with knowledge or intent that it would be used or possessed in connection with another offense,” the district court should apply U.S.S.G. § 2X1.1 “in respect to that other offense, if the resulting offense level is greater” than the default offense level. U.S.S.G. § 2K2.1(c)(1)(A). U.S.S.G. § 2X1.1, which contains the guidelines for attempt, solicitation, and conspiracy offenses, states that “[w]hen an at- tempt, solicitation, or conspiracy is expressly covered by another offense guideline section, apply that guideline section.” U.S.S.G. § 2X1.1(c)(1). Attempted murder is one of those offenses. Sec- tion 2A2.1, the guideline for both assault with intent to commit murder and attempted murder, has a base offense level of 33, “if the object of the offense would have constituted first degree mur- der.” U.S.S.G. § 2A2.1(a)(1). In the notes to this guideline, “first degree murder” is defined as conduct that would constitute first- degree murder under 18 U.S.C. § 1111. U.S.S.G. § 2A2.1, com- ment. n.1. 3 18 U.S.C. § 1111 defines “murder” as the “unlawful killing of a human being with malice aforethought,” and first-degree murder

3 Courts “may not defer” to the Sentencing Guidelines Commentary “if un- certainty does not exist” in the Guideline provision itself. United States v. Dupree, 57 F.4th 1269, 1275 (11th Cir. 2023) (en banc). Still, where—as here— both parties rely on the commentary and no party contests the commentary’s interpretation, we may look to the commentary as well. United States v. Jews, 74 F.4th 1325, 1327-28 & n.2 (11th Cir. 2023). USCA11 Case: 24-12125 Document: 38-1 Date Filed: 11/20/2025 Page: 4 of 9

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includes any “willful, deliberate, malicious, and premeditated kill- ing.” United States v. Cenephat, 115 F.4th 1359, 1368 (11th Cir. 2024) (quoting United States v. Mock, 523 F.3d 1299, 1303 (11th Cir. 2008)). “Attempted murder occurs when a person (1) intends to kill some- one and (2) ‘complete[s] a substantial step towards that goal.’” Id. In Mock, we vacated Mock’s sentence because the record was unclear as to whether the district court made the proper find- ings to impose a cross-reference to the U.S.S.G. § 2A2.1(a)(1) at- tempted murder guideline. 523 F.3d at 1304. There, Mock was charged with arson but was sentenced, pursuant to the cross-refer- ence provision in the arson guideline, under the base offense level in U.S.S.G. § 2A2.1(a)(1). Id. at 1303-04. The applicable arson guideline stated that a cross-reference applied “[i]f . . . the offense was intended to cause death or serious bodily injury.” Id. at 1303- 04 (“For the cross-reference to apply, however, a preponderance of the evidence must show that Mock intended to cause death or se- rious bodily injury in setting the two larger fires.”). But the district court did not explicitly find that Mock intended to cause death or serious bodily injury, which was necessary to trigger the applica- tion of the cross-reference provision. Id. Instead, it applied the at- tempted first-degree murder guideline after concluding only that “the Government has shown by a preponderance of the evidence that the more appropriate guidelines to be applied in this case are” the cross-reference provision and the attempted first-degree mur- der guideline. Id. at 1304. We noted that “[a]lthough the district court may have based its decision to depart from the arson guide- line and apply § 2A2.1 on the above finding, we cannot be sure that USCA11 Case: 24-12125 Document: 38-1 Date Filed: 11/20/2025 Page: 5 of 9

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it did.” Id. We then concluded since the district court did not clearly make the requisite threshold finding that the preponderance of the evidence showed Mock intended to cause death or serious bodily injury, we could not provide “meaningful appellate review.” Id. We remanded “for the district court to reexamine the applica- bility of § 2A2.1 in light of this opinion and to make explicit find- ings.” Id. Here, during sentencing, at the conclusion of the Govern- ment’s evidence in support of the attempted murder cross-refer- ence, the district court stated, “So what else would you like to pre- sent to show that the defendant at least planned this with fellow gang members? I don’t think he necessarily had to be the person pulling the trigger, obviously, but just that he planned it.” Later, in ruling on the application of the cross-reference, the district court stated: I’m going to have to sustain the government’s objection. I think they have met their burden of in- volvement. You’ve got the text messages, bullets, guns, and black jackets, the timing of the text messages, the rival gang, the cover-up. The ballistic information was very critical that was testified to. I think when you put all that together, the government has met its relatively low burden of by a preponderance of the evidence. So I will sustain the government’s objection. And I think the attempted murder cross-reference USCA11 Case: 24-12125 Document: 38-1 Date Filed: 11/20/2025 Page: 6 of 9

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from Mr. McCray’s conduct should have been in- cluded in there. And so that’s my position. That’s my ruling with respect to that. For the cross-reference provision and the subsequent at- tempted murder guidelines to apply, the Government must have established, and the district court must have found by a preponder- ance of the evidence, that McCray “used or possessed [the Spring- field Hellcat 4] in connection with the commission or attempted commission of [first-degree murder], or possessed or transferred [the Springfield Hellcat] with knowledge or intent that it would be used or possessed in connection with [attempted first-degree mur- der].” U.S.S.G. § 2K2.1(c)(1). And to constitute attempted murder, the Government must have established, by a preponderance of the evidence, that McCray (or someone that he knowingly or inten- tionally transferred the gun to) “(1) intend[ed] to kill someone and (2) complete[d] a substantial step toward that goal.” Cenephat, 115 F.4th at 1368. For the attempted murder to constitute first-degree attempted murder, the Government must have established by a preponderance of reliable evidence that the murder would have been “willful, deliberate, malicious, and premeditated.” Id. However, the district court believed that for the attempted first-degree murder guidelines in U.S.S.G. § 2A2.1(a)(1) to apply, McCray did not necessarily “ha[ve] to be the person who pulled the trigger.” Rather, it was sufficient if McCray just “planned it.” But

4 McCray’s felon in possession conviction was for the possession of a 9mm

Springfield Hellcat pistol. USCA11 Case: 24-12125 Document: 38-1 Date Filed: 11/20/2025 Page: 7 of 9

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planning a murder is not sufficient to apply the U.S.S.G. § 2A2.1(a)(1) guidelines. Rather, to trigger the cross-reference pro- vision McCray must have “used or possessed [the Springfield Hell- cat] in connection with the commission or attempted commission of [first-degree murder], or possessed or transferred [the Springfield Hellcat] with knowledge or intent that it would be used or pos- sessed in connection with [attempted first-degree murder].” U.S.S.G § 2K2.1(c)(1). It is not clear exactly what facts the district court relied on in imposing the cross-reference to the attempted first-degree murder guideline. The district court never found as a matter of fact that McCray possessed the Springfield Hellcat on the dates in question, or what substantial step McCray took to commit attempted first-degree murder, such as either firing the gun, or giv- ing it to someone else to fire. While the court pointed to the evi- dence it relied on, it made no findings of fact on what that evidence showed. The district court did not make factual findings regarding the required nexus between McCray’s possession of the Springfield Hellcat pistol and the commission of attempted first-degree mur- der. See Mock, 523 F.3d at 1304 (holding since this Court could not discern whether the district court found the requirements to trig- ger the cross-reference provision were met, it must vacate and re- mand for the district court to do so). It would have been sufficient if the district court had found by a preponderance of the evidence that McCray possessed the Springfield Hellcat pistol in connection with attempted first-degree murder, such that McCray intended to and took a substantial step toward a willful, deliberate, malicious, and premeditated killing. If, USCA11 Case: 24-12125 Document: 38-1 Date Filed: 11/20/2025 Page: 8 of 9

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on the other hand, the district court found only that McCray “planned” a shooting, unconnected to his possession of the Spring- field Hellcat, this would be legally insufficient to apply the U.S.S.G. § 2A2.1(a)(1) base offense level, and thus caused an incorrect Guidelines calculation. While there was sufficient evidence for the district court to find McCray planned a shooting, this finding alone omits both the nexus requirement between the gun and the com- mission of the attempted first-degree murder, and the ”substantial step” requirement for attempt. See Cenephat, 115 F.4th at 1368. Like Mock, “[a]lthough the district court may have based its decision to depart from the [felon in possession] guideline and apply § 2A2.1 on the [proper] finding[s], we cannot be sure that it did.” Mock, 523 F.3d at 1304. II. CONCLUSION The district court stated the attempted first-degree murder guideline would apply if the Government proved, by a preponder- ance of the evidence, that McCray “planned” the shooting. How- ever, this finding alone is insufficient to support the application of the attempted first-degree murder guideline cross-reference be- cause it omits the “in connection with” gun requirement and the “substantial step” requirement. The district court did not make ex- plicit factual findings explaining why it found the attempted first- degree murder cross-reference applied, and therefore we are una- ble to determine if the district court applied the cross-reference based on legally sufficient factual findings using the preponderance of the evidence standard. Thus, we vacate and remand to the dis- trict court. USCA11 Case: 24-12125 Document: 38-1 Date Filed: 11/20/2025 Page: 9 of 9

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VACATED AND REMANDED.