USCA11 Case: 23-12065 Document: 62-1 Date Filed: 12/10/2025 Page: 1 of 15

NOT FOR PUBLICATION

In the United States Court of Appeals For the Eleventh Circuit ____________________ No. 23-12065 ____________________

WALTER W. VEGA, Plaintiff-Appellant, versus

FRED R. KAHLE, Assistant State Attorney, official capacity, HONORABLE FRANCIS LYNN GERALD, Official capacity, JOHN TOBECK, Officer, official capacity, LEE COUNTY SHERIFF'S OFFICE, Official capacity, Defendants-Appellees. USCA11 Case: 23-12065 Document: 62-1 Date Filed: 12/10/2025 Page: 2 of 15

2 Opinion of the Court 23-12065 ____________________ Appeal from the United States District Court for the Middle District of Florida D.C. Docket No. 2:23-cv-00267-JLB-NPM ____________________

Before BRANCH, LUCK, and LAGOA, Circuit Judges. LAGOA, Circuit Judge: Walter Vega is no stranger to the federal courts. With this appeal, it will be his fifth time litigating the events following his 2005 arrest, but his first time doing so after paying the filing fee. The district court, noticing that Vega had brought the same raised and rejected claims again, deemed his complaint frivolous and con- cluded that any amendment at this time would be futile. The dis- trict court then sua sponte dismissed the complaint before providing notice to Vega of its intention to do so or giving him an oppor- tunity to amend, and without service of process to the defendants. Vega now challenges the district court’s ability to sua sponte dismiss in these circumstances without statutory authorization. After care- ful consideration and with the benefit of oral argument, we affirm the district court’s dismissal of Vega’s complaint. I. FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND On November 2, 2005, Vega was charged with sexual battery under Fla. Stat. § 794.011. Vega v. Sec’y, DOC, 2014 WL 1328763, at *2 (M.D. Fla. Apr. 2, 2014). A jury in state court found Vega guilty, and the trial court sentenced him to 13 years and 183 days in prison. Id. On appeal, the state appellate court affirmed the conviction and sentence. See Vega v. State, 980 So. 2d 502 (Fla. 2d DCA 2008). On USCA11 Case: 23-12065 Document: 62-1 Date Filed: 12/10/2025 Page: 3 of 15

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May 20, 2008, Vega filed a motion to vacate or correct a sentence under Rule 3.850 of the Florida Rules of Criminal Procedure, rais- ing five claims of ineffective assistance of counsel. Vega, 2014 WL 1328763, at *2. The post-conviction court denied four claims and ordered an evidentiary hearing on the remaining one. Id. After the hearing, the post-conviction court denied Vega’s Rule 3.850 mo- tion. Id. The state appellate court affirmed the denial. See Vega v. State, 64 So. 3d 1273 (Fla. 2d DCA 2011). Around February 22, 2010, Vega filed a petition for a writ of habeas corpus in state court, reiterating the same claims he made on his direct appeal and in his Rule 3.850 motion. Vega, 2014 WL 1328763, at *2. The state court denied it two weeks later, and that denial was again affirmed on appeal. See Vega v. State, 30 So. 3d 505 (Fla. 2d DCA 2010). Vega then embarked on a multi-year journey to litigate his case in federal court, filing multiple suits that all ended in dismissals. First, following the denial of his state court habeas petition, Vega filed a federal one pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2254 on July 25, 2011, raising 10 claims of trial and procedural errors. Vega, 2014 WL 1328763, at *1–2. Claims 1–5 asserted that the trial court erred in: (1) allowing the sexual assault victim to offer prejudicial testi- mony; (2) not granting his motion for judgment of acquittal; (3) failing to strike testimony of the victim’s former boyfriend; (4) ad- mitting hearsay testimony; and (5) allowing a police officer to give his interpretation of Vega’s statement. See id. at *5. The district court dismissed those claims because they were unexhausted, USCA11 Case: 23-12065 Document: 62-1 Date Filed: 12/10/2025 Page: 4 of 15

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addressed and dismissed on direct appeal by the state appellate court, and lacked any evidence of a fundamental miscarriage of justice. Id. at *5–6. Claims 6–10 alleged that the trial counsel failed to (6) adequately investigate and prepare for trial; (7) object “to the lack of required oaths on ‘the documents filed’”; (8) impeach the prosecution’s witness or question the chain of custody of the DNA evidence; (9) oppose hearsay evidence; and (10) object to the pros- ecution shifting the burden of proof. Id. at *7–12 (citations omit- ted). The district court denied these claims under 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d) because Vega failed to show an unreasonable determina- tion of the facts or application of federal law to warrant relief. See id. Accordingly, the district court did not grant Vega a certificate of appealability because no “reasonable jurists would find the dis- trict court’s assessment of the constitutional claims debatable or wrong.” Id. at *15 (quoting Tennard v. Dretke, 542 U.S. 274, 282 (2004)). Second, Vega then filed a pro se complaint under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 against the City of Fort Myers and Officer John Tobeck, the arresting police officer. See Complaint, Vega v. City of Fort Myers, No. 13-cv-869 (M.D. Fla. Dec. 13, 2013), ECF No. 1. Vega alleged that Officer Tobeck violated his Fourth Amendment rights by using excessive force when arresting Vega and illegally searching his per- son and car and that the City denied him due process when it sold his car without notifying him. Id. at 5–6. Because Vega proceeded in forma pauperis, the district court first screened the complaint pur- suant to 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e)(2) to determine whether it was frivo- lous, malicious, or failed to state a claim upon which relief could USCA11 Case: 23-12065 Document: 62-1 Date Filed: 12/10/2025 Page: 5 of 15

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be granted. Order at 1 n.2, Vega v. City of Fort Myers, No. 13-cv-869 (M.D. Fla. Dec. 26, 2013), ECF No. 7. The district court held that Vega’s Fourth Amendment claim was time-barred and that the due- process claim failed as a matter of law. Id. at 4–7. In a footnote, the district court commented that, to the extent Vega argued that the unlawful arrest and search of his car led to a wrongful conviction, his claim was barred under Heck v. Humphrey, 512 U.S. 477 (1994). Id. at 4 n.4. Under Heck, a § 1983 plaintiff must prove that his “con- viction or sentence has been reversed on direct appeal, expunged by executive order, invalidated by a state tribunal, or called into question by a federal court’s issuance of a writ of habeas corpus” “to recover damages for an allegedly unconstitutional conviction or imprisonment.” Id. (citing Heck, 512 U.S. at 486–87). Vega made no such showing. Id. Third, Vega filed another pro se § 1983 complaint alleging vi- olations of his First, Fourth, Sixth, and Fourteenth Amendment rights and various state constitutional laws. Complaint at 5, Vega v. State of Florida, No. 15-cv-528 (M.D. Fla. Aug. 31, 2015), ECF No. 1. Keeping the first § 1983 defendants, Vega also added Assistant State Attorney Fred Kahle and the State of Florida to this case. Id. at 1. The allegations included denying Vega an interpreter, presenting false testimony, allowing prejudicial remarks from the prosecution, and using excessive force during the arrest. Id. at 5–9. Proceeding in forma pauperis again, Vega was required, under penalty of per- jury, to disclose on the relevant form any prior litigations involving the same or similar facts. Id. at 1–3. When asked if he had “initi- ated other lawsuits in federal court dealing with the same or similar USCA11 Case: 23-12065 Document: 62-1 Date Filed: 12/10/2025 Page: 6 of 15

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facts involved in this action,” Vega checked “no.” Id. at 2 (emphasis in original). When asked if he had “initiated lawsuits or appeals from lawsuits in federal court that have been dismissed as frivo- lous, malicious, or for failure to state a claim upon which relief may be granted,” Vega wrote “not applicable.” Id. at 2–3. As the district court noted, Vega’s answers were demonstrably false. Order at 2, Vega v. State of Florida, No. 15-cv-528 (M.D. Fla. Aug. 31, 2015), ECF No. 22. When ordered to “show cause why this case should not be dismissed for abuse of the judicial process” after lying on the com- plaint form, Vega never responded. Id. at 1. Given these shortcom- ings, the district court dismissed Vega’s case without prejudice. Id. at 3. Fourth, Vega filed his third pro se § 1983 complaint, listing all the previous defendants and adding Alligator Towing Company and the Union Correctional Institution to the case. Complaint, Vega v. State of Florida, No. 16-cv-084 (M.D. Fla. Feb. 1, 2016), ECF No. 1. Proceeding in forma pauperis once more, Vega asserted vari- ations of the same dismissed allegations from his previous cases. Id. at 17–20. The district court dismissed the State of Florida and the City of Fort Myers as defendants because Vega did not allege a custom or policy that caused a constitutional deprivation. Order at 5, Vega v. State of Florida, No. 16-cv-084 (M.D. Fla. Apr. 21, 2017), ECF No. 34. It also dismissed the excessive force claims against Of- ficer Tobeck as time-barred. Id. at 6. Finally, the district court again told Vega that, to the extent that he was challenging his arrest and trial under § 1983, such claims were barred under the Heck doctrine USCA11 Case: 23-12065 Document: 62-1 Date Filed: 12/10/2025 Page: 7 of 15

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because Vega had not yet shown that his conviction or sentence had been invalidated or called into question. Id. at 5–6. Vega’s tortuous journey leads us to the present appeal. On April 18, 2023, Vega filed his fourth § 1983 complaint, this time naming only Kahle and Officer Tobeck, but adding the Hon. Fran- cis Lynn Gerald of Florida’s Circuit Court and the Lee County Sheriff’s Office as defendants. He again alleged a litany of consti- tutional violations involving his arrest and trial for the 2005 sexual battery charges—the use of excessive force, denial of a speedy trial, and various erroneous evidentiary rulings. But this time, Vega no longer proceeded in forma pauperis; he paid the filing fee. A month and a half after the complaint was filed, but before it was served on the defendants, the district court undertook a “pre- liminary screening” of the case. It found that the complaint raised “virtually identical claims” that had already been raised and re- jected. The district court again highlighted that Vega’s case was barred under the Heck doctrine. It also found that Vega’s complaint was “successive,” “patently frivolous,” “duplicative,” and “mali- cious.” Citing our unpublished decision in Cuyler v. Aurora Loan Ser- vices, LLC, 2012 WL 10488184 (11th Cir. Dec. 3, 2012), and the Sec- ond Circuit’s decision in Fitzgerald v. First East Seventh Street Tenants Corp., 221 F.3d 362 (2d Cir. 2000), the district court reasoned that it had “inherent authority to dismiss a patently frivolous complaint.” So without providing notice or an opportunity to amend, the dis- trict court sua sponte dismissed the case and told Vega that he may file a new action “after his convictions are overturned” to avoid any USCA11 Case: 23-12065 Document: 62-1 Date Filed: 12/10/2025 Page: 8 of 15

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Heck doctrine issues. But until then, any leave to amend the com- plaint “would be futile.” Vega timely appealed, and counsel was appointed to repre- sent him on appeal. II. STANDARD OF REVIEW A district court’s exercise of its inherent powers is reviewed for an abuse of discretion. Pedraza v. United Guar. Corp., 313 F.3d 1323, 1328 (11th Cir. 2002). But “a determination [of ] the scope of those powers is a legal conclusion” and is reviewed de novo. Id. III. ANALYSIS To evaluate Vega’s challenge to the district court’s order, we first lay out what Vega is not challenging. Vega is not challenging the fact that past district courts have addressed the merits of the same issues he lodges in the present complaint. Vega is also not challenging the district court’s determination that his complaint is “patently frivolous,” “duplicative,” “successive,” and “malicious.” And Vega does not properly challenge the district court’s conclu- sion that any amendment to his complaint would be futile. 1

1 In Vega’s reply brief, he asserts that the district court “did not make an en-

hanced finding necessary in other circuits” that his complaint was “totally im- plausible” or that it was “crystal clear” that he “cannot prevail and that amend- ing the complaint would be futile.” He urges us to “craft and publish a rule that requires such enhanced findings.” We decline to do so here, but to the extent Vega is challenging the district court’s futility determination, he did not present these arguments in his initial brief, and “[a]rguments not properly USCA11 Case: 23-12065 Document: 62-1 Date Filed: 12/10/2025 Page: 9 of 15

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So, Vega’s argument is that, because he paid the filing fee, the district court could not sua sponte dismiss his suit (which he does not deny was frivolous) before notifying him of the dismissal and providing him with an opportunity to respond. Vega believes that his payment of the filing fee “exempted [his] complaint from screening or dismissal under [28 U.S.C. § 1915]” and endowed his frivolous complaint with the aforementioned procedural protec- tions, unlike a plaintiff proceeding in forma pauperis under § 1915. But Vega is wrong as a matter of law. To begin with, the district court did not invoke the in forma pauperis screening provi- sions of § 1915, so we reject Vega’s suggestion that the district court somehow erred in “dismiss[ing] his case sua sponte under the screening provisions of § 1915”—something it did not do. More importantly, Vega is incorrect when he states that this Court “prohibits” sua sponte dismissals under Rule 12(b)(6) where the district court did not provide the plaintiff with notice of its in- tent to dismiss or an opportunity to respond. We have held that, generally, “[p]rior to dismissing an action on its own motion, a court must provide the plaintiff with notice of its intent to dismiss and an opportunity to respond.” Surtain v. Hamlin Terrace Found., 789 F.3d 1239, 1248 (11th Cir. 2015) (citing Tazoe v. Airbus S.A.S., 631 F.3d 1321, 1336 (11th Cir. 2011)). But we have carved out an excep- tion to this requirement: “when amending the complaint would be futile, or when the complaint is patently frivolous.” Id.; see also

presented in a party’s initial brief or raised for the first time in the reply brief are deemed waived.” In re Egidi, 571 F.3d 1156, 1163 (11th Cir. 2009). USCA11 Case: 23-12065 Document: 62-1 Date Filed: 12/10/2025 Page: 10 of 15

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Tazoe, 631 F.3d at 1336 (“To employ fair procedure, a district court must generally provide the plaintiff with notice of its intent to dis- miss or an opportunity to respond. There is an exception to our general rule against dismissal without notice if the complaint is pa- tently frivolous or if reversal . . . would be futile.” (internal quota- tions omitted)). Our precedent thus recognizes that a district court is permitted to sua sponte dismiss a suit without notice and oppor- tunity if the court determines that the complaint is patently frivo- lous or amendment would be futile. 2

2 We recognize that district court did not invoke Rule 12(b)(6) when dismiss-

ing Vega’s complaint and instead relied on its inherent authority to dismiss a patently frivolous complaint. Vega questions the existence of that authority, in particular because he paid the filing fee. But the Supreme Court “has long recognized that a district court possesses inherent powers that are governed not by rule or statute but by the control necessarily vested in courts to manage their own affairs so as to achieve the orderly expeditious disposition of cases.” Dietz v. Bouldin, 579 U.S. 40, 45 (2016) (quotations omitted). The Court “has never precisely delineated the outer boundaries of a district court’s inherent powers, [but it] has recognized certain limits on those powers.” Id. “First, the exercise of an inherent power must be a reasonable response to the problems and needs confronting the court’s fair administration of justice.” Id. (quota- tions omitted). Second, the exercise of an inherent power cannot be contrary to any express grant of or limitation on the district court’s power contained in a rule or statute.” Id. Consistent with these limitations, we conclude that district courts have the inherent authority to sua sponte dismiss without preju- dice patently frivolous suits even where the plaintiff has paid the filing fee. See Mallard v. U.S. Dist. Ct. for the S. Dist. of Iowa, 490 U.S. 296, 307–08 (1989) (sug- gesting, albeit in dicta, that, even in the absence of 28 U.S.C. § 1915(d), “there is little doubt [that a court] would have the power to” dismiss a frivolous or malicious action); Fitzgerald v. First E. Seventh Street Tenants Corp., 221 F.3d 362, 364 (2d Cir. 2000) (holding that “district courts may dismiss a frivolous com- plaint sua sponte even when the plaintiff has paid the required filing fee”). USCA11 Case: 23-12065 Document: 62-1 Date Filed: 12/10/2025 Page: 11 of 15

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Vega does not appear to dispute Surtain’s holding. And, again, Vega does not properly challenge the district court’s conclu- sions that his complaint was frivolous and that any amendment would be futile. Vega, however, resists the holding of Surtain by directing our attention to an “earlier line of cases.” Specifically, he points to Martinez v. Kristi Kleaners, Inc., 364 F.3d 1305 (11th Cir. 2004), where we stated, in a footnote, that the district court should give the plaintiff “an opportunity to amend her complaint” before sua sponte dismissing the complaint as frivolous under § 1915. Id. at 1308 n.7. Vega asserts that Martinez conflicts with the conclusion in Surtain, and that this Court’s law requires that we follow the ear- lier decision Martinez, and not the later, conflicting ones.3 Williams v. Aguirre, 965 F.3d 1147, 1163 (11th Cir. 2020).

Dismissing such actions is consistent with the court’s power to manage its docket and conserves scarce judicial resources. And as we explain above, no- tice and opportunity to be heard prior to dismissal is not required if the com- plaint is patently frivolous and amendment would be futile. 3 Vega also argues that we should disregard Surtain and Tazoe in favor of Jeffer-

son Fourteenth Associates v. Wometco de Puerto Rico, Inc., 695 F.2d 524 (11th Cir. 1983). But Wometco is inapposite, and Vega misreads the holding of the case. In Wometco, the district court sua sponte dismissed a third party plaintiff’s claim with prejudice “on the merits” even though the third party plaintiff was not proceeding in forma pauperis. Id. at 525. There, the opposing party “never alleged that Wometco’s third party suit [was] frivolous or vexatious.” Id. at 526. We noted that a claim that lacked merit was not the same as a claim that was frivolous. Id. And we expressly declined to reach whether a court could sua sponte dismiss a claim “so patently lacking in merit as to be frivolous.” Id. at 526 n.3. Wometco did not address situations where amendment would be USCA11 Case: 23-12065 Document: 62-1 Date Filed: 12/10/2025 Page: 12 of 15

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Vega’s argument fails for three reasons. First, the language Vega relies on in Martinez is not a hold- ing, but a remand instruction. In Martinez, we were uncertain of the grounds relied on by the district court to sua sponte dismiss the case. In particular, it was “unclear” whether the plaintiff failed to satisfy § 1915’s poverty requirement or whether the complaint was frivolous. 364 F.3d at 1308. Because of this uncertainty, we re- manded with instructions to determine the basis for the dismissal, and we stated that if the district court found the complaint frivo- lous, then it should affirmatively indicate so and allow the plaintiff an opportunity to amend before dismissing. Id. at 1308 n.7. This was an instruction to a specific district court on the appropriate next steps in a specific case; Martinez did not purport to lay out a general rule that district courts must follow every time a court dis- misses a complaint as frivolous. Second, Martinez is factually distinguishable from this case because, here, the district court sua sponte dismissed Vega’s case both because it was frivolous and because any amendment would be futile—determinations Vega does not challenge. Therefore, Martinez’s remand directive (that if the district court did find that Martinez’s complaint was frivolous, it should provide Martinez with an opportunity to amend her complaint before dismissing the action on that basis) is inapplicable, as the district court here

futile or it was patently obvious that the plaintiff could not succeed. Thus, it does not control here. USCA11 Case: 23-12065 Document: 62-1 Date Filed: 12/10/2025 Page: 13 of 15

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determined that amendment would be futile, and it is not “un- clear” what the district court’s “denial was based on.” Id. Third and finally, even if Martinez and Surtain did conflict, which we don’t think they do, we would be obliged to follow an even earlier case dealing with this issue,4 Byrne v. Nezhat, 261 F.3d 1075 (11th Cir. 2001), abrogated on other grounds by Bridge v. Phoenix Bond & Indem. Co., 553 U.S. 639 (2008), where we made plain that “reversal of a sua sponte dismissal without notice” is not “man- dated” if “amendment [of the complaint] would be futile or if it is patently obvious that the plaintiff could not prevail.” Id. at 1127 n.99 (quotation marks omitted). We noted that the district court did not err in dismissing the plaintiff’s claims, “[e]ven if the parties did not have . . . knowledge” that “the court was considering the complaint’s sufficiency,” because it was “patently obvious, given the legal and factual inadequacies of the complaint, that [the plain- tiff] could not prevail.” Id. at 1127 & n.99. Byrne thus belies Vega’s assertion that a district court is “prohibited” from sua sponte dis- missing a complaint if the district court has not provided the plain- tiff with notice of its intent to dismiss or an opportunity to respond.

4 “This Circuit has a well-established approach to resolving conflicts in our

precedent. We are ‘obligated, if at all possible, to distill from apparently con- flicting prior panel decisions a basis of reconciliation and to apply that recon- ciled rule.’” Williams, 965 F.3d at 1163 (11th Cir. 2020) (quoting United States v. Hogan, 986 F.2d 1364, 1369 (11th Cir. 1993)). “Then, if reconciliation is not possible, ‘we must follow the earliest precedent that reached a binding deci- sion on the issue.’” Washington v. Howard, 25 F.4th 891, 900 (11th Cir. 2022) (quoting Williams, 965 F.3d at 1163). USCA11 Case: 23-12065 Document: 62-1 Date Filed: 12/10/2025 Page: 14 of 15

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In sum, our precedent establishes that a court may exercise its inherent power to dismiss a suit without giving the party who brought the case notice and an opportunity to respond if amending the complaint would be futile, or the complaint is patently frivo- lous. Surtain, 789 F.3d at 1248. We have referred to this as an “ex- ception” to the general rule, see id., but it is an exception that we’ve recognized, nonetheless. Our binding case law does not carve out an exception to the exception for parties who paid the filing fee, and Vega offers no contrary authority holding that a court lacks the inherent authority to sua sponte dismiss a complaint upon a finding of frivolity or futility once a filing fee is paid. Indeed, the plaintiff in Surtain did pay the filing fee, see Complaint, Surtain v. Hamlin Terrace Found., No. 12-cv-81401 (S.D. Fla. Dec. 21, 2012), ECF No. 1, and this Court still held that the district court “did not err in dis- missing her [FMLA] retaliation claim, because granting leave to amend that claim would be futile,” even though “the court never gave Surtain notice that her FMLA claim was deficiently pled.” Sur- tain, 789 F.3d at 1248. Therefore, Vega’s challenge is foreclosed by Surtain. Because Surtain resolves this appeal, we conclude that the district court did not err when it sua sponte dismissed Vega’s case without providing notice or an opportunity to amend, even after Vega paid the filing fee. IV. CONCLUSION As discussed, Vega does not challenge the district court’s frivolousness and futility determinations. Based on the district USCA11 Case: 23-12065 Document: 62-1 Date Filed: 12/10/2025 Page: 15 of 15

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court’s determination that the complaint was frivolous and that amending the complaint would be futile, we conclude that the dis- trict court had the inherent authority to dismiss Vega’s complaint without service, notice, or an opportunity to respond, notwith- standing Vega’s payment of the filing fee. AFFIRMED.