USCA11 Case: 24-11251 Document: 41-1 Date Filed: 12/19/2025 Page: 1 of 12

NOT FOR PUBLICATION

In the United States Court of Appeals For the Eleventh Circuit ____________________ No. 24-11251 Non-Argument Calendar ____________________

PATRICK J.P. LEACH, Plaintiff-Appellant, versus

COMMISSIONER OF SOCIAL SECURITY, Defendant-Appellee. ____________________ Appeal from the United States District Court for the Southern District of Florida D.C. Docket No. 9:22-cv-80315-AMC ____________________

Before ROSENBAUM, GRANT, and BRASHER, Circuit Judges. PER CURIAM: Patrick Leach, proceeding pro se, appeals the district court’s decision to affirm the Social Security Administration’s denial of his claim for disability insurance benefits and supplemental security USCA11 Case: 24-11251 Document: 41-1 Date Filed: 12/19/2025 Page: 2 of 12

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income. First, he contends that substantial evidence does not sup- port the Administrative Law Judge’s determination that his ail- ments were not listed-level impairments under the Social Security regulations. Second, he argues that the ALJ erred in finding that his residual functional capacity meant that he could perform certain work and erred in improperly relying on a vocational expert. Third, Leach argues that the Appeals Council acted arbitrarily and capri- ciously when it denied his second request for an extension of time to file exceptions to the ALJ’s decision, and that the Appeals Coun- cil should have also considered as evidence a letter from the Social Security Administration. He further contends that the Appeals Council violated his due process rights in these respects. We dis- cuss each issue in turn below. After review, we affirm. I.

When the ALJ denies benefits and the Appeals Council de- nies review, we review the ALJ’s decision as the final administra- tive decision. Viverette v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec., 13 F.4th 1309, 1313 (11th Cir. 2021). Our “review of the Commissioner’s decision is limited to an inquiry into whether there is substantial evidence to support the findings of the Commissioner, and whether the correct legal standards were applied.” Wilson v. Barnhart, 284 F.3d 1219, 1221 (11th Cir. 2002); see 42 U.S.C. §§ 405(g), 1383(c)(3). Whether the ALJ applied the proper legal standards is reviewed de novo. Washington v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec., 906 F.3d 1353, 1358 (11th Cir. 2018). USCA11 Case: 24-11251 Document: 41-1 Date Filed: 12/19/2025 Page: 3 of 12

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Leach argues that substantial evidence did not support the ALJ’s rejection of his claim. Substantial evidence is “relevant evi- dence as a reasonable mind might accept as adequate to support a conclusion.” Doughty v. Apfel, 245 F.3d 1274, 1278 (11th Cir. 2001) (citation modified). “Substantial evidence is more than a scintilla, but less than a preponderance.” Bloodsworth v. Heckler, 703 F.2d 1233, 1239 (11th Cir. 1983). So long as an ALJ’s findings are sup- ported by substantial evidence, a court must defer to the ALJ’s de- cision. Crawford v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec., 363 F.3d 1155, 1158-59 (11th Cir. 2004); see also 42 U.S.C. § 405(g). Therefore, because there was substantial evidence to support the ALJ’s determination that Leach’s impairment did not qualify as a listed impairment, we af- firm the ALJ’s decision. Eligibility for supplemental security income and disability insurance benefits requires that the claimant be disabled. 42 U.S.C. §§ 423(a)(1)(E), 1382(a)(1). A claimant is disabled if he cannot en- gage in substantial gainful activity by reason of a medically deter- minable impairment that can be expected to result in death, or which has lasted or can be expected to last for at least 12 months. Id. §§ 423(d)(1)(A), 1382c(a)(3)(A). And this impairment must, among other requirements, meet the definition of a listed impairment under the Social Security regulations. 20 C.F.R. § 404.1520(a)(4)(i)-(v) (2012); Moore v. Barnhart, 405 F.3d 1208, 1211 (11th Cir. 2005). As a part of this analysis, musculoskeletal disorders—some of Leach’s chief complaints—are, as relevant here, analyzed in USCA11 Case: 24-11251 Document: 41-1 Date Filed: 12/19/2025 Page: 4 of 12

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listings 1.00, 1.02, and 1.04. 20 C.F.R. § 404, Subpart P, App’x 1, Part A § 1.00 (2012). A musculoskeletal disorder satisfies the functional criteria of a listing when medical records show the presence of at least one of the following impairment-related limitations: (a) a doc- umented medical need to use a mobility device, such as a walker; (b) the “inability to use one upper extremity to independently ini- tiate, sustain, and complete work-related activities involving fine and gross movements,” and a documented medical need for a one- handed assistance device; or (c) an “inability to use both upper ex- tremities to the extent that neither can be used to independently initiate, sustain, and complete work-related activities involving fine and gross movements.” Id. § 1.00(E)(3)(a)-(c). And in instances where a claimant’s musculoskeletal disor- der results in a compromised nerve root, such as degenerative disc disease or issues in the lumbar spine, to meet a listing, the claimant must demonstrate each of the following symptoms: (a) radicular distribution of pain, paresthesia, or muscle fatigue; (b) radicular dis- tribution of neurological signs present during a physical examina- tion, such as muscle weakness, signs of root irritation or compres- sion, sensory changes evidenced by decreased sensation, or sensory nerve deficits; (c) medical imaging consistent with a compromised nerve root; and (d) impairment-related physical limitations of mus- culoskeletal functioning that has lasted, or is expected to last, for 12 months, with medical documentation at least one functional crite- ria in § 1.00(E)(3)(a)-(c). Id. § 1.15(A)-(D). USCA11 Case: 24-11251 Document: 41-1 Date Filed: 12/19/2025 Page: 5 of 12

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Loss of central visual acuity, another of Leach’s complaints, is under listing 2.02. Id. § 2.02. To qualify under this listing, the re- maining vision in a claimant’s better eye must be 20/200 or less. Id. Weight loss due to a digestive disorder, yet another of Leach’s al- leged ailments, falls under listing 5.08, which is evaluated using the claimant’s body mass index. Id. § 5.00(F). Finally, Leach complains of various mental ailments. As rel- evant here, depressive, bipolar, and related orders are under listing 12.04, somatic symptoms and related disorders are under listing 12.07, personality and impulse control disorders are under listing 12.08, and trauma and stressor related disorders are under listing 12.15. Id. § 12.00(A)(1). Each of these listings assesses functional criteria in a section known as “Paragraph B.” Id. § 12.00(A)(2)(b). Paragraph B requires the claimant’s mental disorders to “result in ‘extreme’ limitation of one, or ‘marked’ limitation of two, of the four areas of mental func- tioning,” which are: “Understand, remember, or apply infor- mation; interact with others; concentrate, persist, or maintain pace; and adapt or manage oneself.” Id. An “extreme limitation” means the claimant cannot “function in this area independently, appropri- ately, effectively, and on a sustained basis.” Id. § 12.00(F)(2)(C). A “marked limitation,” on the other hand, means the claimant’s “functioning in this area independently, appropriately, effectively, and on a sustained basis is seriously limited.” Id. 12.00(F)(2)(d). Based on the above legal standards, there was substantial ev- idence to support the ALJ’s determination that Leach’s infirmities USCA11 Case: 24-11251 Document: 41-1 Date Filed: 12/19/2025 Page: 6 of 12

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did not meet the requirements for a listed impairment. The ALJ analyzed several listings in evaluating Leach’s claims, namely list- ings 1.02 and 1.04 (musculoskeletal diseases), 2.02 (visual acuity), 5.08 (weight loss), and 12.04, 12.07, 12.08, and 12.15 (depression, anxiety, somatic symptom disorders, personality disorders, and trauma related disorders). 20 C.F.R. § 404, Subpart P, App’x 1, Part A §§ 1.00, 1.14, 2.01, 5.00, 12.00. The ALJ, based on substantial evi- dence, determined that Leach did not meet the requirements for each listing. Starting with listings 1.02 and 1.04, there is no evidence in the medical record that Leach, at the relevant periods, had a mus- culoskeletal disorder that necessitated the use of a mobility device. The records also do not show that Leach suffered an inability to “complete work-related activities involving fine and gross move- ments,” that he needed a one-handed assistance device, or that he was unable to use his “upper extremities to the extent that neither can be used . . . [for] work-related activities involving fine and gross movements.” Id. § 1.00(E)(3)(a)-(c). Further, the medical records do not demonstrate that Leach had a musculoskeletal disorder that re- sulted in a compromise of his nerve root that resulted in radicular distribution of pain, paresthesia, or muscle fatigue; radicular distri- bution of neurological signs present during a physical examination; medical imaging consistent with a compromise of the nerve root; or impairment-related physical limitations of musculoskeletal func- tioning that is expected to last at least 12 months. Id. § 1.14(A)-(D). USCA11 Case: 24-11251 Document: 41-1 Date Filed: 12/19/2025 Page: 7 of 12

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In addition, during the time period relevant to his disability claim, Leach’s medical records do not show that Leach complained of persistent back or right shoulder pain or neuropathy. Though imaging did show bullet fragments around his scapula, no other degenerative diagnoses were made around his shoulder. Moreo- ver, testing did not show that he had an inability to use any upper extremities due to his pain, and he continued to score well on strength tests for both arms. And while imaging showed that Leach suffered from bulging discs, these images also demonstrated that he had experienced no degeneration in his spine. Further confirming that his musculoskeletal disorder did not meet the requirements for a listed impairment, the testing done for neuropathy in his lower extremities did not show that Leach lacked fine motor skills. And Leach even admitted that he drove regularly, which, of course, requires the use of his lower extremities. He sim- ilarly had the ability to exercise and ambulate normally. Indeed, Leach told several medical professionals that he could do pushups and chin-ups, and that he walked frequently. Turning to listings 2.02 (visual acuity) and 5.08 (weight loss), there was again substantial evidence to support the ALJ’s decision that Leach’s ailments did not meet the listed requirements. Leach’s records showed that, during all relevant periods, his eyesight was 20/60—far better than the required 20/200 (or worse) necessary under 2.02. 20. C.F.R. § 404, Subpart P, App’x 1, Part A § 2.02. And, as for listing 5.08, Leach’s medical records did not contain evidence to suggest that he either had an inability to eat or to maintain his USCA11 Case: 24-11251 Document: 41-1 Date Filed: 12/19/2025 Page: 8 of 12

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weight due to any digestive disorders as the listing requires. Id. § 5.00(F). As for Leach’s mental health claims under listings 12.04, 12.07, 12.08, and 12.15, there was likewise substantial evidence to support the ALJ’s determination that Leach failed to satisfy the list- ing criteria. In particular, the ALJ found that Leach did not meet Paragraph B’s requirements. His medical records did demonstrate that Leach had been diagnosed with PTSD, antisocial personality disorder, schizoaffective disorder, depression, bipolar disorder, and pain disorder. But most of his records suggest that he was generally alert, oriented, cooperative, and easy to work with. He also at- tended school during part of the relevant period. As a result, his records do not show that Leach had an “extreme” limitation in one of the four key areas of mental functioning, nor do they support a conclusion that he had a “marked” limitation in two of the four areas of mental functioning. 20 C.F.R. § 404, Subpart P, App’x 1, Part A § 12.00(F) (2012). And Leach’s argument that the ALJ improperly discounted his treating physicians’ opinions and gave too much weight to the non-treating physicians’ opinions changes nothing. The ALJ gave appropriate weight to these opinions, as the regulations stipulate that the Social Security Administration “will not defer or give any specific evidentiary weight, including controlling weight, to any medical opinion(s) . . . including those from [the claimant’s] medi- cal sources.” 20 C.F.R. § 416.920c(a) (2012). As such, in considering their opinions within the evidence as a whole, the ALJ acted USCA11 Case: 24-11251 Document: 41-1 Date Filed: 12/19/2025 Page: 9 of 12

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properly. Further, the ALJ did not err, as Leach suggests, in dis- counting unsupported or contradicted evidence provided by some of the medical experts. The ALJ was entitled to do so as long as he appropriately explained his reasoning as to the relevant opinions’ supportability and consistency, as he did here. 20 C.F.R. § 416.920c(a), (b)(2), (c). For the above reasons, we determine that substantial evi- dence existed to support the ALJ’s decision that Leach did not meet the requirements for a listed impairment. II.

Leach also challenges (1) the ALJ’s determination that Leach’s residual functional capacity meant that he could perform certain work and (2) the ALJ’s reliance on a vocational expert. But, because Leach did not raise these arguments before the district court, he has forfeited them. Arguments not raised before the district court are forfeited, and we generally will not consider those arguments on appeal ab- sent extraordinary circumstances. Flowers v. Comm’r, Soc. Sec. Ad- min., 97 F.4th 1300, 1305 (11th Cir. 2024). We apply this forfeiture rule against pro se appellants. See, e.g., Timson v. Sampson, 518 F.3d 870, 874 (11th Cir. 2008) (“While we read briefs filed by pro se liti- gants liberally . . . issues not briefed on appeal by a pro se litigant are deemed abandoned.”). Before the district court, Leach made several arguments at- tacking the ALJ’s consideration of his medical evidence. But at no USCA11 Case: 24-11251 Document: 41-1 Date Filed: 12/19/2025 Page: 10 of 12

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point did he challenge the ALJ’s determination on his residual func- tional capacity or the ALJ’s reliance on the vocational expert. And none of the extraordinary circumstances contemplated in Access Now, Inc. v. Sw. Airlines Co., 385 F.3d 1324, 1332 (11th Cir. 2006), exist here. See id. at 1332 (listing as extraordinary circumstances— under which otherwise forfeited arguments may be considered— the following situations: (1) a question of pure law is presented and a grave miscarriage of justice is risked; (2) risked an appellant had no opportunity to raise an argument previously; (3) interests of substantial justice are at stake; (4) the appropriate resolution of the issue is “beyond any doubt”; and (5) the issue presents significant questions of great public concern). As a result, he forfeited these arguments here. Flowers, 97 F.4th at 1305. III.

Finally, Leach argues that the Appeals Council acted arbi- trarily and capriciously when it denied his second request for an extension of time to file exceptions to the ALJ’s decision. He argues that the Appeals Council should have also considered a letter from the Social Security Administration as evidence in his favor. And he further contends the Appeals Council violated his due process rights in these respects. Once again, these arguments fail. The Administrative Procedure Act, incorporated into the Social Security Act, requires reviewing courts to set aside agency actions that are “arbitrary, capricious, an abuse of discretion, or otherwise not in accordance with law.” Thomas Jefferson Univ. v. Shalala, 512 U.S. 504, 512 (1994) (quoting 5 U.S.C. § 706(2)(A)). An USCA11 Case: 24-11251 Document: 41-1 Date Filed: 12/19/2025 Page: 11 of 12

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action that is “arbitrary and capricious” is akin to an action that is an abuse of discretion. See e.g., Ferreira v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 714 F.3d 1240, 1243 (11th Cir. 2013) (applying arbitrary-and-capricious re- view to an “exercise of discretion”); see also Lopez-Martinez v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 149 F.4th 1202, 1207 (11th Cir. 2025) (“Arbitrary-and-ca- pricious review extends . . . to agency decisions exercising discre- tion . . . .”). And an abuse of discretion occurs when a court “com- mits a clear error of judgment, fails to follow the proper legal stand- ard or process for making a determination, or relies on clearly er- roneous findings of fact.” Yellow Pages Photos, Inc. v. Ziplocal, 846 F.3d 1159, 1163 (11th Cir. 2017). Leach’s argument that the Appeals Council arbitrarily and capriciously denied his second request for an extension of time fails because there was no such error of judgment, law, or fact. When Leach filed his motion for a second extension of time, the Appeals Council had already given him one extension of his deadline. And it had warned Leach that it would not grant him any additional time. Yet a week after the new deadline passed, Leach asked for a second extension, arguing that his attorney’s withdrawal of repre- sentation necessitated the extension. But his attorney had with- drawn nearly five months previously. As a result, the Appeals Council clearly acted within its discretion in denying Leach’s second re- quest for an extension of time to file his exceptions, and this denial was not arbitrary and capricious. See Yellow Pages Photos, Inc., 846 F.3d at 1163. USCA11 Case: 24-11251 Document: 41-1 Date Filed: 12/19/2025 Page: 12 of 12

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And Leach forfeited his argument that the Appeals Council erred in not considering a letter from the Social Security Admin- istration as additional evidence, and he forfeited his argument that the Appeals Council violated his due process rights. He did not raise these arguments before the district court. Instead, he argued only that the Appeals Council arbitrarily denied his second request for an extension. And, as above, no extraordinary circumstances apply here. See Access Now, 385 F.3d at 1332. For the above reasons, Leach’s arguments that the Appeals Council acted arbitrarily and capriciously fail. IV.

For the reasons stated, we AFFIRM the judgment below.