USCA11 Case: 24-11669 Document: 52-1 Date Filed: 12/22/2025 Page: 1 of 27

NOT FOR PUBLICATION

In the United States Court of Appeals For the Eleventh Circuit ____________________ No. 24-11669 ____________________

LUIS RALPHY TORRES, Petitioner-Appellant, versus

SECRETARY, DEPARTMENT OF CORRECTIONS, ATTORNEY GENERAL, STATE OF FLORIDA, Respondents-Appellees. ____________________ Appeal from the United States District Court for the Middle District of Florida D.C. Docket No. 3:18-cv-01337-MMH-JBT ____________________

Before ROSENBAUM, GRANT, and ABUDU, Circuit Judges. PER CURIAM: Congress designed the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996 (“AEDPA”) to promote efficiency in the federal habeas appeals process. Towards that end, it codified an exhaustion USCA11 Case: 24-11669 Document: 52-1 Date Filed: 12/22/2025 Page: 2 of 27

2 Opinion of the Court 24-11669

requirement that demands petitioners exhaust one complete turn of appeals in their state’s courts. And it created a one-year statute of limitations that requires petitioners to bring their federal habeas claims within one year of the conclusion of state proceedings. But once in a while, state-court proceedings create uncer- tainty about when the state appeals process ends and the running of AEDPA’s statute of limitations begins. When that happens, nav- igating AEDPA can be like walking a narrow ridge for a habeas pe- titioner. He faces AEDPA’s exhaustion dismissal cliff on one side if he files too early and its statute-of-limitations dismissal cliff on the other if he files too late. That’s the position Petitioner Luis Ralphy Torres found him- self in. Torres is an inmate in the Florida state prison system. Torres sought a writ of habeas corpus, and the district court denied it, finding that his petition was untimely under the AEDPA statute of limitations. As the district court saw things, Torres’s sentence became final after he lost his direct appeal in Florida’s First District Court of Appeal (“First DCA”). In the court’s view, it made no difference that the Florida Supreme Court issued a sua sponte stay in his case pending its resolution of another person’s case involving the con- stitutionality of the same statute Torres was convicted of violating. That was so, the district court reasoned, because ultimately, the USCA11 Case: 24-11669 Document: 52-1 Date Filed: 12/22/2025 Page: 3 of 27

24-11669 Opinion of the Court 3

Florida Supreme Court dismissed Torres’s case for lack of jurisdic- tion. After careful review of the record and the parties’ briefs, we reverse the district court’s determination. We conclude that the Florida Supreme Court’s sua sponte stay affected the finality of Torres’s judgment. For purposes of AEDPA’s statute of limitations, Torres’s case became final only after the U.S. Supreme Court de- nied his petition seeking a writ of certiorari from the Florida Su- preme Court’s dismissal of his direct appeal. Proceedings in the U.S. Supreme Court on Torres’s direct appeal and state post-con- viction proceedings tolled the statute of limitations until Torres filed his habeas petition in federal district court in November 2018. United States Supreme Court precedent compels this an- swer. The Court has interpreted AEDPA to encourage petitioners to exhaust the normal course of the appeals process in state court before filing a petition for a writ of certiorari. To be sure, the Su- preme Court has recognized that tension can arise between AEDPA’s statute-of-limitations provision and the procedural ex- haustion requirement—just as it did in Torres’s case. But the Court has repeatedly resolved that tension to avoid placing petitioners in a procedural quagmire, caught between AEDPA’s exhaustion and statute-of-limitations abysses. True, in general, a habeas petitioner in Florida in a non-cap- ital case need not appeal to the Florida Supreme Court to exhaust state remedies. But in the unique circumstances of this case, it was reasonable for Torres to believe that the exhaustion requirement USCA11 Case: 24-11669 Document: 52-1 Date Filed: 12/22/2025 Page: 4 of 27

4 Opinion of the Court 24-11669

demanded he appeal to the Florida Supreme Court before petition- ing the U.S. Supreme Court. As a result, the statute of limitations was tolled until the Supreme Court dismissed his petition for certi- orari—even though the court ultimately determined itself to lack jurisdiction over Torres’s appeal. So Torres’s petition was timely. We therefore vacate the district court’s judgment dismissing Torres’s petition and remand to the district court to consider the petition in the first instance. I. BACKGROUND Because the resolution of this case turns on timing, we re- count in detail each relevant step in the chronology of this case. On June 11, 2010, a Florida jury found Torres guilty of one count of trafficking oxycodone, in violation of Florida Statute § 893.135(1)(c). The state trial court sentenced Torres to a thirty- year term of imprisonment, with a twenty-five-year mandatory minimum. Torres appealed. On December 8, 2011, the First DCA af- firmed the conviction without issuing a written opinion. A. The Florida Supreme Court issued a sua sponte stay in Torres’s direct appeal. But that was not the end of Torres’s direct appeal. Rather, in the First DCA, Torres moved for the court to “clarify its decision by issuing a written opinion” with “a citation to Fla v. State[.]” In his motion, Torres explained, “Currently the issue of the constitu- tionality of the statute is before the Florida Supreme Court. USCA11 Case: 24-11669 Document: 52-1 Date Filed: 12/22/2025 Page: 5 of 27

24-11669 Opinion of the Court 5

Therefor[e], the appellant requests the court to clarify its decision by issuing a written opinion consisting of a citation to Fla v. State, 36 Fla. Law Weekly D2276 (Fla. 1st DCA, Oct, 13, 2011), so that this issue will be preserved for further review.” Fla v. State had upheld the constitutionality of the statute under which Torres was convicted, Florida Statute § 893.01 et seq (“§ 893”). In response to Torres’s request, the First DCA withdrew its opinion in Torres’s case and reissued the opinion with a citation to Fla. The re-issued opinion read, in relevant part, “AFFIRMED. See Fla v. State, 74 So. 3d 138 (Fla. 1st DCA 2011).” Meanwhile, another case involving the constitutionality of § 893 was working its way through the Florida state court system. On October 12, 2011, the Florida Supreme Court accepted jurisdic- tion in State v. Adkins, 71 So. 3d 117 (Fla. 2011), to review the con- stitutionality of the statute under which Torres was convicted. Ad- kins specifically reviewed the decision of a trial court that had granted a motion to dismiss on the basis that § 893 was unconstitu- tional.1 On March 12, 2012, Torres timely filed a “Notice to Invoke Discretionary Jurisdiction [of the Florida Supreme Court].” He

1 The Court in Flagg noted, “We recognize that the Second District recently certified the constitutional issue raised in this case to the Florida Supreme Court for immediate resolution pursuant to Florida Rule of Appellate Procedure 9.125. See State v. Adkins, 71 So.3d 184 (Fla. 2d DCA 2011). Although we agree that the uncertainty caused by Shelton is affecting the administration of justice around the state and that an expe- ditious decision from the supreme court addressing the constitutionality of section USCA11 Case: 24-11669 Document: 52-1 Date Filed: 12/22/2025 Page: 6 of 27

6 Opinion of the Court 24-11669

asserted that the court could exercise jurisdiction over his case be- cause the February 14, 2012, First DCA opinion in his case cited a case that had “found a state statute constitutional.” In the letter, Torres also pointed to State v. Adkins. Adkins was another case about the constitutionality of the same statute, and it remained pending after the Florida Supreme Court had heard argument on it. The next day, on March 13, 2012, the Florida Supreme Court filed an “Acknowledgment of New Case” form indicating that it had received Torres’s notice to invoke discretionary jurisdiction and assigned a case number to Torres’s appeal. Three days later, the Florida Supreme Court entered a sua sponte order in Torres’s appeal. The order stayed “[t]he proceedings in th[at] Court in [Torres’s] case . . . pending disposition of State v. Adkins, Case No. SC11-1878, which [wa]s [also] pending in th[at] court.” Four months passed, and on July 12, 2012, the Florida Su- preme Court issued its opinion in Adkins, upholding § 893 as fa- cially constitutional. See State v. Adkins, 96 So. 3d 412, 423 (Fla. 2012). In October of the same year, the Florida Supreme Court declined to exercise discretionary jurisdiction over Flagg. See Fla v. State, 104 So. 3d 1083 (Fla. 2012) (unpublished). So on November

893.13 is needed, we do not see any reason not to reaffirm our view that the statute is constitutional.” 74 So. 3d at 141. USCA11 Case: 24-11669 Document: 52-1 Date Filed: 12/22/2025 Page: 7 of 27

24-11669 Opinion of the Court 7

9, 2012, the Florida Supreme Court dismissed Torres’s direct ap- peal. Within the 90-day period, on February 4, 2013, Torres filed a consolidated petition for a writ of certiorari in the U.S. Supreme Court. The U.S. Supreme Court denied the certiorari petition on April 15, 2013. Within four months, on August 9, 2013, Torres filed a pro se motion under Florida Rule of Criminal Procedure 3.850 for post- conviction relief in the Circuit Court of the Fourth Judicial Circuit of Duval County. That court denied Torres’s motion on February 8, 2018. Torres timely appealed that decision to the First DCA. But the First DCA denied his appeal on September 12, 2018. B. The federal district court found Torres’s petition untimely under AEDPA. Less than two months went by before Torres, on November 8, 2018, filed a petition for a writ of habeas corpus under 28 U.S.C. § 2254 in federal district court. The State of Florida moved to dis- miss the petition as untimely. In Florida’s view, because Fla was never pending in the Florida State Supreme Court, the Supreme Court could not have asserted jurisdiction over Torres’s case. So, Florida argued, the First DCA was the state court of last resort, for purposes of the AEDPA statute of limitations. Florida urged that Torres’s conviction became final for purposes of federal habeas on May 14, 2012, when 90 days expired from the Florida First DCA’s February 14, 2012, judgment on direct appeal without Torres hav- ing sought certiorari in the U.S. Supreme Court. Or in date-certain USCA11 Case: 24-11669 Document: 52-1 Date Filed: 12/22/2025 Page: 8 of 27

8 Opinion of the Court 24-11669

terms, Florida contended, the one-year deadline for filing a petition for a writ of habeas corpus in federal district court expired on May 14, 2013. For his part, Torres argued that his petition was timely. He noted that he timely filed the notice of intent to invoke the juris- diction of the Florida Supreme Court, and that court both entered an “Acknowledgment of New Case” and stayed his case pending the disposition of Adkins. Torres asserted that these documents were proof that he had “properly filed” his case in the Florida Su- preme Court, satisfying AEDPA’s filing requirement. Under this scenario, Torres’s direct appeal would have con- cluded on November 9, 2012, when the Florida Supreme Court de- clined his motion to invoke its jurisdiction. Then, his deadline to file a petition for a writ of certiorari in the U.S. Supreme Court would have been February 7, 2013. Torres filed his cert petition three days before that—on February 4, 2013. And the Supreme Court denied his petition on April 15, 2013, which is the date that Torres’s judgment would have become final. Torres then filed a Rule 3.850 motion for post-conviction re- lief on August 5, 2013, which—under this scenario—tolled the AEDPA statute of limitations after 112 days had passed. The state courts ultimately denied the Rule 3.850 motion on September 12, 2018, causing the AEDPA statute of limitations to begin to run again. But when Torres filed his petition for a writ of habeas cor- pus in the federal district court on November 8, 2018, a total of only 169 untolled days had passed, if Torres’s direct-appeal judgment did USCA11 Case: 24-11669 Document: 52-1 Date Filed: 12/22/2025 Page: 9 of 27

24-11669 Opinion of the Court 9

not become final until April 13, 2013. Under that view of the evi- dence, the statute of limitations would not have run, and his habeas petition would have been timely. After considering the parties’ arguments, the district court dismissed the petition as untimely. It concluded that Torres’s judg- ment became final on May 14, 2012, when the 90 days ran from the First DCA’s judgment on direct appeal and Torres hadn’t sought certiorari from the U.S. Supreme Court. Then, because it found no tolling occurred between May 14, 2012, and the next year, the court determined that AEDPA’s statute of limitations had expired on May 14, 2013. As a result, the district court dismissed Torres’s petition and denied his request for a certificate of appealability. C. Proceedings on Appeal This Court vacated the district court’s order and remanded the case to the district court with instructions to consider “the im- pact of the sua sponte stay on the finality of Torres’s direct appeal under § 2244(d)(1)(A) without reference to the ‘properly filed’ and ‘tolling’ language in § 2244(b)(2).” Specifically, we instructed the district court to “look to the actions taken by the state court and the relevant state law to determine whether the entirety of the state direct appellate process has concluded.” On remand, the district court again concluded that the stat- ute of limitations had expired on May 14, 2013. It reasoned that “[b]ecause the Florida Supreme Court did not have jurisdiction over Torres’s notice, his judgment and sentence became final on May 14, 2012, ninety days after the First DCA’s February 14, 2012, USCA11 Case: 24-11669 Document: 52-1 Date Filed: 12/22/2025 Page: 10 of 27

10 Opinion of the Court 24-11669

opinion.” But, the court decided to grant a certificate of appeala- bility on the following issue: “whether the sua sponte stay impacted the finality of Torres’s direct appeal under 28 U.S.C. § 2244(d)(1)(A), which permits the filing of a federal petition within one year from ‘the date on which the judgment became final by the conclusion of direct review or the expiration of the time for seeking such re- view.’” Torres timely appealed the district court’s timeliness order. Now, we must decide whether Florida and the district court’s view of the proceedings is correct or whether instead Torres’s is. II. STANDARD OF REVIEW We review de novo the dismissal of a federal habeas petition as time-barred under 28 U.S.C. § 2244(d). Cole v. Warden, Ga. State Prison, 768 F.3d 1150, 1155 (11th Cir. 2014). III. DISCUSSION To explain our resolution of this case, we first review the principles of AEDPA’s statute of limitations. Then we discuss AEDPA’s exhaustion requirement. Third, we summarize the pur- poses of AEDPA. Finally, we apply these concepts to the facts here to show why Torres’s habeas petition was timely. A. AEDPA’s statute of limitations, exhaustion requirement, and goals encourage petitioners to pursue state remedies to their fullest extent. 1. Statute of Limitations The Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996, 28 U.S.C. § 2244(d)(1)(A), establishes a one-year statute of USCA11 Case: 24-11669 Document: 52-1 Date Filed: 12/22/2025 Page: 11 of 27

24-11669 Opinion of the Court 11

limitations for state prisoners to apply for a writ of habeas corpus. Under AEDPA, that period runs “from . . . the date on which the judgment became final by the conclusion of direct review or the expiration of time for seeking such review.” Id. Based on AEDPA’s statute of limitations, we must consider how we determine when “judgment became final by the conclu- sion of direct review or the expiration of time for seeking such re- view.” Id. Under Supreme Court Rule 13.1, a state prisoner seeking habeas relief has 90 days from the date of the judgment of the state “court of last resort” to file a petition for a writ of certiorari (also known as a “cert petition”) in the U.S. Supreme Court. See Bond v. Moore, 309 F.3d 770, 773 n.3 (11th Cir. 2002) (quoting SUP. CT. R. 13.1). So for purposes of AEDPA, we generally consider a state prisoner’s sentence final once the deadline to petition the Supreme Court has passed, meaning either 90 days after the entry of judg- ment of the state court of last resort (in the event the prisoner does not file a cert petition) or after the Supreme Court denies the cert petition. See id. at 774. Once AEDPA’s one-year statute of limitations begins to run, collateral state-court proceedings, while pending, can toll the limi- tations period if they result from “a properly filed application for State post-conviction or other collateral review.” 28 U.S.C. § 2244(d)(2). 2. Exhaustion Requirement At the same time, the Supreme Court has concluded, AEDPA also imposes an exhaustion requirement on federal habeas USCA11 Case: 24-11669 Document: 52-1 Date Filed: 12/22/2025 Page: 12 of 27

12 Opinion of the Court 24-11669

petitioners. Indeed, the Court has explained, direct review under AEDPA does not conclude “until the availability of direct appeal to the state courts and to [the Supreme] Court has been exhausted.” Jimenez v. Quarterman, 555 U.S. 113, 119 (2009) (quotations and cita- tions omitted). To satisfy this exhaustion requirement, petitioners must give “state courts the first opportunity to review the claim and to cor- rect any constitutional violation in the first instance.” Id. (quoting Carey v. Saffold, 536 U.S. 214, 220 (2002) (internal quotations omit- ted). That is, the exhaustion requirement forces a petitioner to seek all possible normally available relief in state courts. AEDPA “makes clear that a federal petitioner has not exhausted [State] rem- edies as long as he maintains ‘the right under the law of the State to raise’ in that State, ‘by any available procedure, the question pre- sented.’” Carey, 536 U.S. at 220 (quoting 28 U.S.C. § 2254(c)). The Supreme Court has interpreted this provision to “require the fed- eral habeas petitioner to invoke one complete round of the State’s established appellate review process.” Id. (citation omitted). Still, we’ve held that, because of the Florida Supreme Court’s limited grant of jurisdiction, a prisoner generally need not appeal to the Florida Supreme Court to satisfy exhaustion. In Lee v. Wainright, 468 F.2d 809, 810 (5th Cir. 1972), 2 our predecessor Court held that “[u]nless there are unusual circumstances . . . , such

2 See Bonner v. City of Prichard, 661 F.2d 1206, 1207 (11th Cir. 1981) (adopting as bind- ing precedent all decisions of the former Fifth Circuit handed down before October 1, 1981). USCA11 Case: 24-11669 Document: 52-1 Date Filed: 12/22/2025 Page: 13 of 27

24-11669 Opinion of the Court 13

as conflict with the decision of another District Court of Appeal, there is no exhaustion requirement of application to the Florida Supreme Court for certiorari.” We’ve applied this rule in more recent Eleventh Circuit cases. For example, in Green v. Secretary, Department of Corrections, 28 F.4th 1089, 1128 n.9 (11th Cir. 2022), we noted that in a Florida “non-capital case, . . . exhaustion is complete when the Florida Dis- trict Court of Appeal decides the claim on the merits.” See also Bar- ritt v. Sec’y, Fla. Dep’t of Corrs., 968 F.3d 1246, 1249 n.3 (11th Cir. 2020) (“Under Florida law, claims for postconviction relief are ex- hausted once they are appealed to the state district court of appeal. They need not be appealed to the Florida Supreme Court in order to be considered exhausted for federal habeas purposes.” (citing Lee, 468 F.2d at 810)). 3. Purposes of AEDPA The Supreme Court has explained that courts must consider the purposes for which AEDPA was passed when they interpret it. See Panetti v. Quarterman, 551 U.S. 930, 945–46 (2007). These include furthering “the principles of comity, finality, and federalism” and promoting “judicial efficiency and conservation of judicial re- sources.” Id. (internal quotations and citations omitted). Based on these purposes, we interpret AEDPA in a way that strikes a balance between encouraging petitioners to pursue the full extent of state USCA11 Case: 24-11669 Document: 52-1 Date Filed: 12/22/2025 Page: 14 of 27

14 Opinion of the Court 24-11669

remedies and streamlining the process overall. See Duncan v. Walker, 533 U.S. 167, 178 (2001). B. Because of the sua sponte stay, Torres’s appeal was not final until the Florida Supreme Court dismissed his case. With these concepts in mind, we consider whether Torres timely filed his federal habeas petition. That question requires us to first resolve two sub-issues: first, whether the Florida Supreme Court had jurisdiction when it issued the sua sponte stay, and sec- ond, whether the sua sponte stay affected the finality of Torres’s appeal. 1. When the Florida Supreme Court issued its sua sponte stay, it had jurisdiction to determine its own jurisdiction. We begin by addressing whether the Florida Supreme Court enjoyed jurisdiction over Torres’s appeal when it issued its sua sponte stay of the proceedings in that case. This matters because if the Florida Supreme Court lacked jurisdiction to issue the sua sponte stay, then that court’s issuance of the stay could not have tolled AEDPA’s statute of limitations. Article V, §§ 3(b)(3) and 3(b)(4) of the Florida Constitution, provide six possible bases for the Florida Supreme Court’s jurisdic- tion over decisions of the state courts of appeal: The Supreme Court has jurisdiction over decisions that (1) expressly declare a state statute valid; (2) expressly construe a pro- vision of the state or federal constitution; (3) expressly affect a class of constitutional officers; (4) expressly and directly conflict with a USCA11 Case: 24-11669 Document: 52-1 Date Filed: 12/22/2025 Page: 15 of 27

24-11669 Opinion of the Court 15

decision of another district court of appeal or of the supreme court on the same question of law; (5) pass on a question certified to be of great public importance; or (6) are certified to be in direct con- flict with a decision of another district court of appeal. None of the bases of Florida Supreme Court jurisdiction that Article V, § 3 expressly sets forth provide that court with juris- diction over Torres’s case. In the present case, neither the first, sec- ond, third, fifth, or sixth basis for jurisdiction applies. The fourth possible basis of jurisdiction—express conflict ju- risdiction—was technically possible at one point, depending on the outcome of the Supreme Court’s resolution of a different then- pending case. Ultimately, though, that basis also turned out to be unavailable. Had the court resolved Adkins in favor of finding § 893 unconstitutional, then it’s possible that the Florida Supreme Court also would have accepted jurisdiction over Fla. And if the Florida Supreme Court had overturned Fla, then it plausibly could have accepted jurisdiction over Torres’s case. Jurisdiction was possible through this avenue even though the First DCA’s opinion in Torres’s case was a per curiam affir- mance with only a citation to authority. That’s so because of the Florida Supreme Court’s ruling in Jollie v. State. There, the Florida Supreme Court held it can exercise express conflict jurisdiction over the opinion of a district court of appeal that is a per curiam affirmance if it cites authority that is either pending in or has been reversed by the Florida Supreme Court. See 405 So. 2d 418, 420 (Fla. 1981). To be pending in the Florida Supreme Court, the USCA11 Case: 24-11669 Document: 52-1 Date Filed: 12/22/2025 Page: 16 of 27

16 Opinion of the Court 24-11669

Supreme Court must have accepted jurisdiction over the case; it is not enough that one of the parties filed a notice to invoke the ju- risdiction of the Florida Supreme Court. See Harrison v. Hyster Co., 515 So. 2d 1279 (Fla. 1987). Although this avenue for jurisdiction existed, depending on the resolution of Adkins, the Florida Supreme Court ultimately could not assert express conflict jurisdiction over Torres’s appeal because it declined to invoke jurisdiction over or reverse Fla. Still, the lack of an express Florida constitutional basis for the Florida Supreme Court’s jurisdiction over Torres’s appeal does not necessarily mean that the Florida Supreme Court’s sua sponte stay of Torres’s case was, as Florida encourages us to conclude, void or legally ineffective for lack of jurisdiction. That’s so because a court has jurisdiction to determine the scope of its jurisdiction. The U.S. Supreme Court has expounded on this principle in the context of federal courts. We find that discussion instructive because, like the Florida Supreme Court, federal courts are courts of limited jurisdiction. In United States v. United Mine Workers of America, 330 U.S. 258, 270 (1947), for instance, the U.S. Supreme Court considered a case challenging the legitimacy of a temporary restraining order that a district court had imposed while determining whether it had jurisdiction. Under the act at issue, the Norris-LaGuardia Act, Con- gress had revoked jurisdiction from the federal courts to issue in- junctions in certain labor disputes. See id. at 270–71. But the Court explained that whether the district court ultimately had jurisdiction USCA11 Case: 24-11669 Document: 52-1 Date Filed: 12/22/2025 Page: 17 of 27

24-11669 Opinion of the Court 17

over the matter was irrelevant to whether the district court’s re- straining order was enforceable. See id. at 291–96. Rather, the dis- trict court “unquestionably had the power to issue a restraining or- der for the purpose of preserving existing conditions pending a de- cision upon its own jurisdiction.” Id. at 290. Following this principle, we conclude that the Florida Su- preme Court had jurisdiction over Torres’s case when it issued the sua sponte stay. As with the temporary restraining order the court imposed in United Mine Workers, the Florida Supreme Court issued a valid and legally effective sua sponte stay in Torres’s appeal under its jurisdiction to determine the scope of its own jurisdiction. 2. The sua sponte stay affected the finality of Torres’s judg- ment. As we’ve explained, AEDPA’s exhaustion requirement means a federal habeas petitioner must generally take the state ap- pellate process as far as possible. That’s so because AEDPA’s stat- ute-of-limitations rule is designed to “promote[] the exhaustion of state remedies while respecting the interest in the finality of state court judgments.” Duncan, 533 U.S. at 178. And “[AEDPA] makes clear that a federal petitioner has not exhausted [his state] remedies as long as he maintains ‘the right under the law of the State to raise’ in that State, ‘by any available procedure, the question presented.’” Carey, 536 U.S. at 220 (quoting 28 U.S.C. § 2254(c)). AEDPA’s statute-of-limitations provision is designed to pro- mote judicial economy. But as the Supreme Court has recognized, the provision can conflict with other requirements of the statute, USCA11 Case: 24-11669 Document: 52-1 Date Filed: 12/22/2025 Page: 18 of 27

18 Opinion of the Court 24-11669

including the need to exhaust state remedies. Because different states have different processes for pursuing a direct appeal, some unusual situations can make it unclear when a prisoner has pursued state remedies to the degree necessary to satisfy the AEDPA ex- haustion requirement. Without certainty about when a judgment is technically final, a petitioner may have difficulty determining when the statute of limitations on the habeas petition begins to run. In cases where the Supreme Court has confronted a clash be- tween state exhaustion requirements and AEDPA’s statute of limi- tations, the Supreme Court has resolved issues in favor of petition- ers who have pursued relief in state courts. Consider Carey v. Saffold. Carey concerned California’s pro- posed reading of the term “pending.” California had asserted that collateral review of a state prisoner’s conviction concluded after a lower court affirmed a prisoner’s sentence, before the prisoner had appealed the sentence to the California Supreme Court. See 536 U.S. at 219. In other words, applying California law to the finality of judgments meant the AEDPA statute of limitations was run- ning, and state proceedings were not technically “pending” be- tween the end of proceedings in the lower state court and when the California Supreme Court had an opportunity to review the decision. See id. On the basis of that rule, a federal district court rejected a state prisoner’s habeas petition as untimely, even though his appeal was still moving through the state-court system. See id. at 218. The Ninth Circuit reversed the district court, and the Supreme Court USCA11 Case: 24-11669 Document: 52-1 Date Filed: 12/22/2025 Page: 19 of 27

24-11669 Opinion of the Court 19

affirmed the Ninth Circuit’s decision that California’s rule was in- consistent with the principles of AEDPA.3 See id. at 218–19. The Supreme Court reasoned that the prisoner’s federal petition was potentially timely because AEDPA’s statute of limitations had not begun to run while the intervening state proceedings were still on- going. See id. at 220–21. In reaching this conclusion, the U.S. Su- preme Court held that California’s interpretation did not comport with the ordinary meaning of the term “pending.” Id. at 219. The Court explained that if the federal statute of limitations could expire before state proceedings concluded, that would create a “serious statutory anomaly.” Id. at 220. Such a policy would “en- courag[e] state prisoners to file federal habeas petitions before the State completes a full round of collateral review.” Id. And that would not aid in judicial economy. After all, the Court reasoned, it “would lead to great uncertainty in the federal courts, requiring them to contend with habeas petitions that are in one sense unlaw- ful (because the claims have not been exhausted) but in another sense required by law (because they would otherwise be barred by the 1-year statute of limitations).” Id. The U.S. Supreme Court confronted a similar scenario in O’Sullivan v. Boerckel, 526 U.S. 838 (1999). In O’Sullivan, the Su- preme Court reviewed a decision of the Seventh Circuit overturn- ing a district court’s finding that a habeas petition was untimely. See

3 In Carey, the Supreme Court remanded the case to the Ninth Circuit for fur-

ther proceedings on whether the petitioner delayed “unreasonably” in seeking review in the California Supreme Court. See id. at 225–27. USCA11 Case: 24-11669 Document: 52-1 Date Filed: 12/22/2025 Page: 20 of 27

20 Opinion of the Court 24-11669

id. at 842. The district court denied the petition because the peti- tioner, a state prisoner, had failed to include certain claims he sought to bring in his federal petition in his petition for leave to appeal to the Illinois Supreme Court. See id. at 841. As a result, in the district court’s view, he had failed to exhaust state remedies. See id. The prisoner argued that because the Illinois Supreme Court was a court of limited jurisdiction with discretion over its docket, it was not necessary for him to seek review there to exhaust state remedies. See id. at 846. After all, he asserted, the relevant Illinois Supreme Court rule provided that whether a petition would be granted presented a “matter of sound judicial discretion” and that the Supreme Court should take on appeals that concerned matters of general importance or resolved conflicts with lower courts. Id. at 843 (quoting ILL. SUP. CT. R. 315). The U.S. Supreme Court looked to the express language of AEDPA’s exhaustion requirement to resolve the question. That text provides, “[A] habeas petitioner ‘shall not be deemed to have exhausted the remedies available in the courts of the State . . . if he has the right under the law of the State to raise, by any available procedure, the question presented.” Id. at 844 (emphasis added). The Court reasoned that this language did not require prisoners to “invoke extraordinary remedies when those remedies are alterna- tives to the standard review process and where state courts have not provided relief through those remedies in the past.” Id. But, the Court explained, prisoners did need to “give the state courts one full opportunity to resolve any constitutional issues by invoking one complete round of the State’s established appellate review USCA11 Case: 24-11669 Document: 52-1 Date Filed: 12/22/2025 Page: 21 of 27

24-11669 Opinion of the Court 21

process.” Id. at 845. So the Supreme Court reversed the judgment of the Seventh Circuit and held that the petitioner failed to exhaust state remedies because he had not given the Illinois Supreme Court an opportunity to review his claims. Id. at 849. Carey and O’Sullivan support the conclusion that we should resolve any reasonable confusion about when AEDPA’s statute of limitations begins to run in a manner that incentivizes petitioners to pursue a complete round of appellate review before filing a ha- beas petition in federal court. Both these precedents express con- cern over duplicative processes and confusion that can arise if pris- oners must file habeas petitions in federal court before presenting their claims to the state supreme court. And they support the conclusion that, under the unique cir- cumstances here, Torres was right to pursue his claim to the fullest extent in the Florida Supreme Court, even if, as in O’Sullivan, he had no guarantee that the Florida Supreme Court would ultimately accept jurisdiction over his case. Because Adkins was pending re- view when he filed his notice to invoke the jurisdiction of the Flor- ida Supreme Court, a technically available procedure could have allowed the Florida Supreme Court to resolve a constitutional issue in his case. See 28 U.S.C. § 2254(c). Although Florida state prisoners generally do not need to appeal to the Florida Supreme Court to satisfy exhaustion, see, e.g., Green, 28 F.4th at 1128 n.9, it is not obvious that this rule applied to Torres. After all, even Florida’s Supreme Court wasn’t certain enough about how Adkins would be resolved to simply dismiss USCA11 Case: 24-11669 Document: 52-1 Date Filed: 12/22/2025 Page: 22 of 27

22 Opinion of the Court 24-11669

Torres’s appeal outright; rather, that court stayed Torres’s case for eight months while it sorted out the underlying basis Torres had invoked for his appeal. And the origin of our general rule that prisoners need not appeal to the Florida Supreme Court to exhaust state remedies also supports the conclusion that Torres reasonably appealed to the Florida Supreme Court here. That rule comes from Lee v. Wain- wright, 468 F.2d at 810. There, we held that a prisoner need not exhaust remedies by appealing to the Florida Supreme Court “[u]nless there are unusual circumstances . . . , such as conflict with the decision of another District Court of Appeal[.]” Id. The circumstances in Torres’s case were “unusual circum- stances” of the type we anticipated in Lee. Had Adkins, which was pending at the time, been resolved in Torres’s favor, the Florida Su- preme Court could have found that the statute under which Torres was convicted was in fact unconstitutional. Under that circum- stance, the Florida Supreme Court likely would have reversed Fla, giving Torres a proper basis for Florida Supreme Court jurisdiction under Jollie. See 405 So. 2d at 420. We don’t expect prisoners to be able to correctly divine the outcomes of pending cases that can af- fect their own cases. In fact, Torres has a strong argument that AEDPA required him to seek relief from the state Supreme Court under the circum- stances. Had Torres filed his petition for a writ of certiorari in the U.S. Supreme Court, and then Adkins had been resolved in his favor, USCA11 Case: 24-11669 Document: 52-1 Date Filed: 12/22/2025 Page: 23 of 27

24-11669 Opinion of the Court 23

the U.S. Supreme Court may have had legitimate grounds to deny his petition on the basis that he failed to exhaust state remedies. The bottom line is that Torres had no way of knowing how Adkins would be resolved. And the resolution of Adkins was critical to the ultimate determination of the Florida Supreme Court’s ju- risdiction over his case. That’s why the Florida Supreme Court temporarily accepted jurisdiction over Torres’s case—to deter- mine, based on its resolution of Adkins, whether it had jurisdiction. As a result, the Florida Supreme Court’s stay of Torres’s case dur- ing that time was legally effective as a continuance of state proceed- ings. In other words, it effectively tolled the statute of limitations under AEDPA. 3. Torres’s November 2018 habeas petition was timely. We follow the guidance of Carey and O’Sullivan in holding that Torres’s sentence became final when the Florida Supreme Court dismissed Torres’s case on November 9, 2012, finding a lack of jurisdiction. As a result, the 90-day clock on Torres’s deadline to file a pe- tition for certiorari in the U.S. Supreme Court began to run on No- vember 9, 2012, and ran out on February 7, 2013. But Torres timely filed his certiorari petition on February 4, 2013. Then, on April 15, 2013, the Supreme Court denied Torres’s petition, so Torres’s judgment became final on that date. Not quite four months passed on the statute-of-limitations clock before, on August 5, 2013, Torres filed a motion for postconviction relief un- der Florida Rule of Criminal Procedure 3.850 in the Duval County USCA11 Case: 24-11669 Document: 52-1 Date Filed: 12/22/2025 Page: 24 of 27

24 Opinion of the Court 24-11669

Circuit Court. This motion tolled the AEDPA statute of limita- tions. At that point, 112 days had passed since April 15, 2013, so 253 days remained under the statute of limitations. State post-conviction proceedings ended on September 12, 2018, when the First DCA denied Torres’s appeal of the state trial court’s post-conviction ruling. Torres filed a pro se § 2254 petition for writ of habeas corpus in the U.S. district court by mailbox rule on November 8, 2018, 57 days after the denial of the Rule 3.850 motion. Adding those 57 days to the 112 days that ran off the lim- itations clock earlier, Torres’s petition was timely, with a total of 169 untolled days passed, and 196 days remaining on the statute of limitations. Finally, we address two cases the district court relied on to support its holding that Torres’s appeal was untimely: Beaty v. State, 701 So. 2d 856, 857 (Fla. 1997), and Chamblee v. Florida, 905 F.3d 1192, 1196 (11th Cir. 2018). But we respectfully disagree that either supports that conclusion. Beaty is inapposite and Chamblee supports our approach. Beaty held that the Florida Supreme Court could not assert jurisdiction over a per curiam decision affirming a conviction with- out a written opinion or citation. 701 So. 2d at 858. Beaty does not control Torres’s case because the First DCA granted Torres’s re- quest to add a citation to authority to its opinion. And as we’ve explained, under Florida law, that created a narrow pathway for Torres to obtain review in the Florida Supreme Court. Because this narrow pathway existed, it was reasonable for Torres to believe that USCA11 Case: 24-11669 Document: 52-1 Date Filed: 12/22/2025 Page: 25 of 27

24-11669 Opinion of the Court 25

he needed to proceed with an appeal to the Florida Supreme Court to exhaust his state remedies. As for Chamblee v. Florida, 905 F.3d at 1193, that case con- cerned the question of whether a habeas petitioner’s sentence was final, despite an ongoing challenge to the imposition of certain fines. Although the Florida district court of appeal had “affirmed the [petitioner’s] judgment and sentence in all other respects,” id. at 1196–97, it had reversed the trial court’s imposition of certain fines. Id. The trial court took no action on the remand order about the fines, so the petitioner argued to us that his sentence was not technically final for purposes of AEDPA. See id. at 1193–94. We held that “to determine whether the ‘entirety of the state direct appellate review process has been completed,’ as in Jimenez, this Court must look to the actions taken by the state court and the relevant state law.” Id. at 1196 (quoting Jimenez, 555 U.S. at 120). We concluded, “In this case, the state court treated Chamblee’s judg- ment as final under Florida law, and, in habeas proceedings, we are bound by a state court’s interpretation of its own laws and proce- dures.” Id. In other words, Chamblee directs us to defer to the state courts’ interpretations of their own processes and procedures. And when we do that here, Chamblee supports our conclusion. The actions of both the First DCA and the Florida Supreme Court reflect that they believed Torres’s case was potentially sub- ject to an appeal in the Florida Supreme Court. Otherwise, the First DCA would not have granted Torres’s request for a re-issued USCA11 Case: 24-11669 Document: 52-1 Date Filed: 12/22/2025 Page: 26 of 27

26 Opinion of the Court 24-11669

opinion so he could preserve an avenue for appeal. And the Florida Supreme Court wouldn’t have stayed proceedings in Torres’s case while it figured out what to do with Adkins. Deference to the Florida courts’ interpretation of state pro- cedure requires us to conclude that state proceedings were indeed ongoing when the sua sponte stay took valid, legal effect. So we vacate the district court’s decision dismissing Torres’s petition as untimely and remand for consideration of the merits of Torres’s habeas appeal. 4. Concluding that the sua sponte stay affected the finality of Torres’s judgment comports with the principles of AEDPA. Finally, we note that the principles underlying AEDPA re- quire us to resolve Torres’s case in this manner. Congress enacted AEDPA to reduce the burden on the court system as a whole, while preserving federalism and comity between the state and federal court systems. See Panetti, 551 U.S. at 931. Our resolution of Torres’s case promotes comity because it encourages petitioners to USCA11 Case: 24-11669 Document: 52-1 Date Filed: 12/22/2025 Page: 27 of 27

24-11669 Opinion of the Court 27

reasonably seek relief in their state-court systems before turning to the federal courts. It also promotes efficiency and reduces the likelihood that petitioners will feel a need to file repetitive papers in parallel court systems to cover all possible bases. IV. CONCLUSION For these reasons, we vacate the decision of the district court dismissing the petition as untimely and remand for further pro- ceedings consistent with this opinion. VACATED AND REMANDED.