USCA11 Case: 24-12600 Document: 53-1 Date Filed: 12/22/2025 Page: 1 of 6

NOT FOR PUBLICATION

In the United States Court of Appeals For the Eleventh Circuit ____________________ No. 24-12600 Non-Argument Calendar ____________________

JAMES MALVEZZI, Plaintiff-Appellant, versus

STATE OF FLORIDA, Martin County, CLERK OF COURT OF MARTIN COUNTY, FLORIDA, CLERK OF COURT OF 4TH DISTRICT COURT OF APPEAL, CLERK - FLORIDA SUPREME COURT, 4 OFFICERS OF MARTIN COUNTY SHERIFF OFFICE, in their official capacity and personally, et al., Defendants-Appellees. ____________________ Appeal from the United States District Court for the Southern District of Florida D.C. Docket No. 2:24-cv-14220-AMC ____________________ USCA11 Case: 24-12600 Document: 53-1 Date Filed: 12/22/2025 Page: 2 of 6

2 Opinion of the Court 24-12600 ____________________ No. 24-13051 Non-Argument Calendar ____________________

JAMES MALVEZZI, Plaintiff-Appellant, versus

STATE OF FLORIDA, Martin County, CLERK OF COURT OF MARTIN COUNTY, FLORIDA, CLERK OF COURT OF 4TH DISTRICT COURT OF APPEAL, CLERK - FLORIDA SUPREME COURT, THE 4 OFFICERS OF MARTIN COUNT SHERIFF OFFICE et al., in their official capacity and personally, Defendants-Appellees. ____________________ Appeal from the United States District Court for the Southern District of Florida D.C. Docket No. 2:24-cv-14220-AMC ____________________

Before JORDAN, JILL PRYOR, and LUCK, Circuit Judges. PER CURIAM: James Malvezzi, proceeding pro se, appeals the district court’s sua sponte dismissal of his action against the State of Florida and several government officials. The district court dismissed the action because it determined that Malvezzi had improperly USCA11 Case: 24-12600 Document: 53-1 Date Filed: 12/22/2025 Page: 3 of 6

24-12600 Opinion of the Court 3

removed a pending criminal case from state court. But Malvezzi’s filing, liberally construed, was a complaint that raised federal civil rights claims against the defendants. After careful review, we con- clude that the district court erred by failing to construe Malvezzi’s filing as a complaint. Accordingly, we vacate and remand for fur- ther proceedings. I. Malvezzi is a Florida citizen who filed an action in the South- ern District of Florida. He initiated the action by filing a document entitled “Notice of Removal and Constitutional Complaint of the Terminated State Criminal Prosecution and New Matters to Fed- eral Court.” In this filing, he named as defendants the “State of Flor- ida Martin County”; the Clerk of Court of Martin County, in his official and individual capacities; the Clerk of Court of the Fourth District Court of Appeal of Florida, in his official and individual ca- pacities; the Clerk of the Supreme Court of Florida, in his official and individual capacities; four officers of the Martin County sher- iff’s office, in their official and individual capacities; a Florida state court judge in his individual capacity; and two assistant state attor- neys, in their official and individual capacities. In the filing, Malvezzi alleged that, in November 2023, the defendants assaulted him with physical force and falsely accused him of a crime. As a result of the false accusation, Malvezzi alleged, he was named as a defendant in a criminal case in Florida state court in Martin County. He alleged that in the state court case the defendants prevented him from submitting evidence, including a USCA11 Case: 24-12600 Document: 53-1 Date Filed: 12/22/2025 Page: 4 of 6

4 Opinion of the Court 24-12600

video of the attack. He also alleged that the defendants had con- spired with each other to violate his constitutional rights. In the filing, he purported to bring claims against the defendants under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 and 42 U.S.C. § 1985. He asserted that the district court had jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1343. 1 He demanded $10 million in damages. Shortly after Malvezzi submitted his filing, the district court dismissed the action. It construed Malvezzi’s filing as a notice of removal that purported to remove his state criminal case to federal court. The court concluded that such removal was improper and directed the clerk of court to close the case. In reaching this conclu- sion, the court expressly found that Malvezzi “has not filed a com- plaint in this action.” Malvezzi filed a notice of appeal. After filing the notice of appeal, he filed in the district court an application for clerk’s entry of default as well as a motion for reconsideration. The district court concluded that it lacked jurisdiction to review these requests be- cause of Malvezzi’s pending appeal. Malvezzi filed a second notice of appeal. Both Malvezzi’s appeals are presently before us.

1 This provision gives district courts “original jurisdiction of any civil action”

brought by a person “[t]o redress the deprivation, under color of any State law . . . of any right . . . secured by the Constitution of the United States.” 28 U.S.C. § 1343(a)(3). USCA11 Case: 24-12600 Document: 53-1 Date Filed: 12/22/2025 Page: 5 of 6

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III. Under the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, “[a] civil action is commenced by filing a complaint with the court.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 3. The question before us in this appeal is whether Malvezzi’s initial filing in this case was a complaint. Because Malvezzi was proceeding pro se, the district court was required to liberally construe his pleadings. See Campbell v. Air Jam. Ltd., 760 F.3d 1165, 1168 (11th Cir. 2014). His initial filing, when liberally construed, was a complaint. It was formatted like a complaint. It had a caption that set forth all the required infor- mation, including the court’s name, a file number, and the names of all parties. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 10(a). The caption also included a title identifying the filing as a complaint. In addition, the filing con- tained all the information that is required in a complaint. It set forth the basis for invoking the court’s jurisdiction, a statement showing why Malvezzi believed he was entitled to relief, and a demand for relief. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 8(a). Given the filing’s content, we con- clude that the district court erred in failing to construe it as a com- plaint. Accordingly, we vacate and remand for the district court to treat it as a complaint. 2

2 We agree with the district court that to the extent that Malvezzi’s filing

sought to remove his pending state criminal proceedings to federal court, re- moval was improper. Federal law permits the removal of a state criminal ac- tion to federal court in narrow circumstances only. See, e.g., 28 U.S.C. §§ 1442; 1442a; 1443. Malvezzi’s filing did not establish that removal was appropriate under any of these statutes. See State v. Meadows, 88 F.4th 1331, 1338 (11th Cir. 2023) (addressing when federal officer removal may remove a state criminal USCA11 Case: 24-12600 Document: 53-1 Date Filed: 12/22/2025 Page: 6 of 6

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We caution that we make no decision today about whether the allegations in Malvezzi’s complaint are sufficient to state a claim for relief. We also do not decide whether his claims are barred for any other reason, such as sovereign immunity, or whether the district court should abstain from reviewing the claims in the complaint while Malvezzi’s state court criminal case is pend- ing. Nothing in our decision today bars the district court, upon re- mand, from considering these issues or others, aside from whether the filing is a complaint. Because we conclude that the district court erred and re- mand for further proceedings, we do not reach the additional issues of whether the district court erred when it concluded that it lacked jurisdiction to review Malvezzi’s application for clerk’s entry of de- fault or his motion for reconsideration. For the above reasons, we vacate the district court’s order dismissing the action and remand the case for further proceedings not inconsistent with this opinion.3 VACATED AND REMANDED.

proceeding under § 1442); Florida v. Simanonok, 850 F.2d 1429, 1430 (11th Cir. 1988) (addressing when member of the armed forces may remove a state crim- inal proceeding under § 1442a); Georgia v. Rachel, 384 U.S. 780, 788 (1966) (set- ting forth when a state criminal prosecution may be removed to federal court under § 1443 because the defendant is denied or cannot enforce in state court a right under any law providing for equal civil rights). 3 Malvezzi’s motion demanding his release from state prison is DENIED.