USCA11 Case: 25-11124 Document: 13-1 Date Filed: 12/23/2025 Page: 1 of 5

NOT FOR PUBLICATION

In the United States Court of Appeals For the Eleventh Circuit ____________________ No. 25-11124 Non-Argument Calendar ____________________

DON KARL JURAVIN, Plaintiff-Appellant, versus

JUDGE LORI V. VAUGHAN, JUDGE GREGORY A. PRESNELL, UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE MIDDLE DISTRICT OF FLORIDA, UNITED STATES BANKRUPTCY COURT FOR THE MIDDLE DISTRICT OF FLORIDA, Defendants-Appellees. ____________________ Appeal from the United States District Court for the Middle District of Florida D.C. Docket No. 8:25-cv-00485-TPB-TGW ____________________

Before ROSENBAUM, GRANT, and WILSON, Circuit Judges. USCA11 Case: 25-11124 Document: 13-1 Date Filed: 12/23/2025 Page: 2 of 5

2 Opinion of the Court 25-11124

PER CURIAM: Plaintiff-Appellant Don Karl Juravin, proceeding pro se, ap- peals the sua sponte dismissal of his complaint against Judge Lori V. Vaughan, Judge Gregory A. Presnell, the United States Bank- ruptcy Court for the Middle District of Florida, and the United States District Court for the Middle District of Florida, because the judges were entitled to absolute judicial immunity and the courts were entitled to sovereign immunity. He argues that the court erred in granting the judges judicial immunity, granting the courts sovereign immunity, and dismissing his complaint with prejudice without leave to amend. After careful review, we affirm. I. We review de novo the dismissal of a complaint with preju- dice for failure to state a claim. Almanza v. United Airlines, Inc., 851 F.3d 1060, 1066 (11th Cir. 2017). We accept as true the allegations of the complaint and construe them in the light most favorable to the plaintiff. Id. We review whether an official is entitled to abso- lute immunity de novo. Stevens v. Osuna, 877 F.3d 1293, 1301 (11th Cir. 2017). We liberally construe pro se pleadings and hold them to a less stringent standard than pleadings drafted by attorneys. Bi- lal v. Geo Care, LLC, 981 F.3d 903, 911 (11th Cir. 2020). II. First, Juravin argues that the district court erred in finding the judges were entitled to judicial immunity because the judges’ actions were not in their judicial capacity but in their administra- tive functions. USCA11 Case: 25-11124 Document: 13-1 Date Filed: 12/23/2025 Page: 3 of 5

25-11124 Opinion of the Court 3

A district court may dismiss a complaint for failure to state a claim based on judicial immunity when the defense is obvious given the allegations. Sibley v. Lando, 437 F.3d 1067, 1070 n.2 (11th Cir. 2005). Judges enjoy absolute judicial immunity when they act in their judicial capacity as long as they do not act in the “clear ab- sence of all jurisdiction.” Bolin v. Story, 225 F.3d 1234, 1239 (11th Cir. 2000). This immunity applies even if the judge acts in error, with malice, or in excess of their jurisdiction. Id. Whether a judge’s actions were made while acting in their judicial capacity depends on if: (1) the act was a normal judicial function; (2) the act occurred in chambers or open court; (3) the controversy involved a case pending before the judge; and (4) the confrontation arose out of a visit to the judge in their judicial capacity. Sibley, 437 F.3d at 1070. Here, the judges acted in their judicial capacity. Juravin al- leged that the judges injured him through: (1) blocking Juravin’s discovery requests; (2) denying motions to compel; (3) declaring Juravin was a vexatious litigant; and (4) issuing orders that Juravin asserts had no legal support and were biased against him. Juravin also stated that the district judge rubberstamped the bankruptcy judge’s decisions. But these types of actions—ruling on motions and filings and controlling the docket—are quintessential judicial functions. See Sibley, 437 F.3d at 1070. And all the alleged actions complained about were done when the judges were presiding over cases pending before them. Thus, the district court properly found the judges were entitled to judicial immunity. USCA11 Case: 25-11124 Document: 13-1 Date Filed: 12/23/2025 Page: 4 of 5

4 Opinion of the Court 25-11124

III. Next, Juravin argues that the district court erred in finding that the United States Bankruptcy Court for the Middle District of Florida and the United States District Court for the Middle District of Florida were entitled to sovereign immunity because the courts violated his constitutional rights. A district court must dismiss an action if it “determines at any time that it lacks subject-matter jurisdiction.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(h)(3). As we have noted, “absent a waiver, sovereign immunity shields the Federal Government and its agencies from suit,” and “the terms of the federal government’s consent to be sued in any court define that court’s jurisdiction to entertain the suit.” JBP Ac- quisitions, LP v. U.S. ex rel. F.D.I.C., 224 F.3d 1260, 1263 (11th Cir. 2000) (citation modified). The Supreme Court recognized a cause of action against fed- eral officers in their individual capacity for a violation of constitu- tional rights. Bivens v. Six Unknown Named Agents of Fed. Bureau of Narcotics, 403 U.S. 388, 397 (1971). But sovereign immunity bars such claims that extend to officers in their official capacity. F.D.I.C. v. Meyer, 510 U.S. 471, 483–86 (1994). Federal courts, as entities within the federal judiciary, enjoy this protection of sovereign im- munity. See id. Juravin sued the United States Bankruptcy Court for the Middle District of Florida and the United States District Court for the Middle District of Florida, which are part of the federal court system that sovereign immunity applies to. Nothing in the record USCA11 Case: 25-11124 Document: 13-1 Date Filed: 12/23/2025 Page: 5 of 5

25-11124 Opinion of the Court 5

suggests a waiver of immunity. Thus, the district court properly found that sovereign immunity applied. IV. Last, Juravin argues that the district court should have al- lowed him to amend his complaint because of the nature of the claims, judicial misconduct, and for further factual development. A district court may dismiss a complaint under Rule 12(b)(6) if it first provides the plaintiff with notice or an opportunity to amend the complaint. Tazoe v. Airbus S.A.S., 631 F.3d 1321, 1336 (11th Cir. 2011). But this leave is not required if amendment would be futile. See id. Here, Juravin’s claims against judges and the courts are sub- ject to immunities. As a result, Juravin would not have been able to amend his complaint to proceed on those claims, so the district court properly found amendment was futile. We AFFIRM the district court’s dismissal of Juravin’s com- plaint with prejudice. 1

1 Even though we do not hold Juravin to the same standard as pleadings

drafted by attorneys, Juravin still had to properly brief his claims on appeal. “[I]ssues not briefed on appeal by a pro se litigant are deemed abandoned.” Timson v. Sampson, 518 F.3d 870, 874 (11th Cir. 2008) (citation modified). An appellant fails to adequately brief a claim when he does not “plainly and prom- inently raise it.” Sapuppo v. Allstate Floridian Ins. Co., 739 F.3d 678, 681 (11th Cir. 2014) (quotation marks omitted). Juravin failed to brief his arguments that the defendants violated the ADA and defamed him. Thus, those argu- ments are abandoned.