Anna Solomon v. City of Lauderhill

USCA11 Case: 25-13071 Document: 30-1 Date Filed: 05/04/2026 Page: 1 of 5

NOT FOR PUBLICATION

In the United States Court of Appeals For the Eleventh Circuit ____________________ No. 25-13071 Non-Argument Calendar ____________________ ANNA SOLOMON, Plaintiff-Appellant, versus MAYOR OF CITY OF LAUDERHILL, et al., Defendants, CITY OF LAUDERHILL, Defendant-Appellee. ____________________ Appeal from the United States District Court for the Southern District of Florida D.C. Docket No. 0:23-cv-62314-RS ____________________ Before NEWSOM, BRASHER, and ANDERSON, Circuit Judges.

PER CURIAM: USCA11 Case: 25-13071 Document: 30-1 Date Filed: 05/04/2026 Page: 2 of 5

2 Opinion of the Court 25-13071 Anna Solomon, proceeding pro se, appeals from the district court’s dismissal of her second amended complaint with prejudice.

On appeal, she argues that the district court erred in dismissing her complaint as a shotgun pleading.

We review for abuse of discretion a dismissal on Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 8 shotgun pleading grounds. Vibe Micro, Inc. v. Shabanets, 878 F.3d 1291, 1294 (11th Cir. 2018).

“A shotgun pleading is a complaint that violates either Fed- eral Rule of Civil Procedure 8(a)(2) or Rule 10(b), or both.” Bar- mapov v. Amuial, 986 F.3d 1321, 1324 (11th Cir. 2021). Rule 8 re- quires that the complaint set forth “a short, plain statement of the claim” that explains why the plaintiff is entitled to relief. Fed. R. Civ. P. 8(a)(2). This short and plain statement must “give the de- fendant fair notice of what the claim is and the grounds upon which it rests.” Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 555 (2007) (quota- tion marks omitted and alterations adopted). Additionally, Rule 10 provides that these claims must be stated in numbered paragraphs that are each limited to a single set of circumstances, to the degree practicable. Fed. R. Civ. P. 10(b). Failure to follow these rules re- sults in a shotgun pleading that “waste[s] scarce judicial resources, inexorably broaden[s] the scope of discovery, wreak[s] havoc on appellate court dockets, and undermine[s] the public’s respect for the courts.” Vibe Micro, 878 F.3d at 1295 (quotation marks omitted and alterations adopted). Our Circuit has little tolerance for shot- gun pleadings. Id. USCA11 Case: 25-13071 Document: 30-1 Date Filed: 05/04/2026 Page: 3 of 5

25-13071 Opinion of the Court 3 There are four main types of shotgun complaints: (1) a com- plaint where each count realleges previous allegations so that “the last count [is] a combination of the entire complaint” and includes large amounts of irrelevant information; (2) a complaint which is “replete with conclusory, vague, and immaterial facts”; (3) a com- plaint which fails to separate each claim for relief into a different count; and (4) a complaint that alleges multiple claims against mul- tiple defendants in each count, without identifying which defend- ants are responsible for which claims. Weiland v. Palm Beach Cnty. Sheriff’s Off., 792 F.3d 1313, 1321-23 (11th Cir. 2015). The “unifying characteristic” of shotgun pleadings is that they fail “to give the de- fendants adequate notice of the claims against them and the grounds upon which each claim rests.” Id. at 1323.

A district court has inherent authority to dismiss a complaint on shotgun pleading grounds. Vibe Micro, 878 F.3d at 1295. When a plaintiff files a shotgun pleading, a district court must “give h[er] one chance to replead.” Id. at 1296. So that the plaintiff can correct the deficiencies, the court “should explain how the offending plead- ing violates the shotgun pleading rule.” Id. If the new complaint is also a shotgun pleading, the district court may then dismiss the action with prejudice. Id.; see Moon v. Newsome, 863 F.2d 835, 837 (11th Cir. 1989) (explaining that although dismissal with prejudice is a drastic remedy, “dismissal upon disregard of an order, espe- cially where the litigant has been forewarned, generally is not an abuse of discretion”).

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4 Opinion of the Court 25-13071 We construe a pro se litigant’s pleadings liberally. Campbell v. Air Jam. Ltd., 760 F.3d 1165, 1168 (11th Cir. 2014). However, that “leniency does not give a court license to serve as de facto counsel for a party, or to rewrite an otherwise deficient pleading in order to sustain an action.” Id. at 1168-69 (quotation marks omitted).

Here, the district court did not abuse its discretion in dis- missing Solomon’s second amended complaint as an impermissible shotgun pleading. The second amended complaint was a shotgun pleading because it was replete with conclusory allegations not ob- viously connected to any particular cause of action, making it diffi- cult to determine the facts supporting Solomon’s claims. See Weiland, 792 F.3d at 1322. In addition, it failed to separate each cause of action or claim for relief into separate counts, violating Rule 10(b). See id. at 1323; Fed. R. Civ. P. 10(b). For example, each count alleged three distinct discrimination theories of liability: race, sex, and national origin. On top of that, Solomon incorporated by reference the allegations from each count of discrimination and re- taliation based on sex into her claims of discrimination based on national origin and race. Weiland, 792 F.3d at 1321; Fed. R. Civ. P. 8(a)(2). And her repetitious incorporations undermined both the defendant’s and the court’s abilities to understand the claims as- serted. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 8(a)(2). Considered as a whole, the sec- ond amended complaint does not provide the City with knowledge of the claims against them or the basis for those claims. See Weiland, 792 F.3d at 1323.

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25-13071 Opinion of the Court 5 Nor did the district court err in dismissing Solomon’s case with prejudice. Solomon filed her second amended complaint after the district court had struck two of her previous complaints as shot- gun pleadings. The district court explained the deficiencies of these complaints in detail and allowed Solomon two additional chances, despite warning her both times that failure to file an amended com- plaint curing such deficiencies and complying with its order would result in dismissal of the case. See Vibe Micro, 878 F.3d at 1296. Sol- omon’s continued failure to comply with these instructions justi- fied the district court’s decision to dismiss with prejudice. Vibe Mi- cro, 878 F.3d at 1295; Moon, 863 F.2d at 837.

To the extent Solomon argues the district failed to construe her complaint in the light most favorable to her, her argument fails.

The district court properly recognized its requirement to view the complaint in the light most favorable to Solomon. The court also emphasized in its dismissal order the liberal pleading standards af- forded to pro se litigants. Thus, contrary to Solomon’s argument on appeal, the district court liberally construed her second amended complaint and viewed the factual allegations in the light most favorable to her.

In sum, the district court did not abuse its discretion in dis- missing Solomon’s second amended complaint as an impermissible shotgun pleading with prejudice. See Vibe Micro, 878 F.3d at 1294- 96. Accordingly, the judgment of the district court is AFFIRMED.