U.S. Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit, 2026

Marian Tipp v. JPMC Specialty Mortgage, LLC

U.S. Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit · Decided May 15, 2026

Opinion

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NOT FOR PUBLICATION

In the United States Court of Appeals For the Eleventh Circuit ____________________ No. 25-10245 Non-Argument Calendar ____________________ MARIAN S. A. TIPP, Plaintiﬀ-Appellant, versus JPMC SPECIALTY MORTGAGE, LLC, JP MORGAN CHASE BANK NA, CHASE HOME FINANCE, LLC, Defendants-Appellees. ____________________ Appeal from the United States District Court for the Southern District of Alabama D.C. Docket No. 1:20-cv-00317-TFM-N ____________________ Before JORDAN, JILL PRYOR, and BRANCH, Circuit Judges.

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2 Opinion of the Court 25-10245 Marian Tipp appeals the denial of her motion for reconsid- eration of an order denying her motion for leave to file a new com- plaint. After review, we affirm.

I Because it provides relevant background, we set out Ms. Tipp’s litigation history at some length. The events leading to this appeal started in 2009 when JP Morgan1 foreclosed on a property located at 11101 Ben Hamilton Road in Grand Bay, Alabama, which was then owned by Caroline Sims, the sister of Ms. Tipp. At the foreclosure auction, JP Morgan bid the highest amount and ob- tained title to the property. When Ms. Sims refused to relinquish the property, JP Morgan initiated an ejection action against Ms. Sims in the circuit court of Mobile County, Alabama. About a month later, Ms. Sims signed a quitclaim deed transferring any rights she may have in the property to Ms. Tipp. The quitclaim deed explained that the property was subject to the foreclosure deed, which had already been recorded.

Ms. Tipp then ﬁled an intervenor complaint in the ejection action against Ms. Sims, alleging wrongful foreclosure, slander of title, trespass, and trespass to chattels. JP Morgan moved to strike or, in the alternative, to dismiss Ms. Tipp’s complaint in interven- tion, asserting that she had no valid legal interest in the property.

The circuit court granted JP Morgan’s motion to dismiss, and Ms.

1 For simplicity, we refer to JPMC Specialty Mortgage, LLC; JP Morgan Chase Bank, N.A.; and Chase Home Finance, LLC, collectively as JP Morgan.

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25-10245 Opinion of the Court 3 Tipp did not appeal. Shortly thereafter, JP Morgan dismissed the ejection action after receiving notice that Ms. Sims had vacated the property.

About a year later, Ms. Tipp ﬁled a new lawsuit in the same state circuit court, asserting wrongful foreclosure, slander of title, trespass, trespass to chattels, and fraud on the court, and seeking a declaratory judgment that she was the lawful owner of the prop- erty. JP Morgan moved for summary judgment, asserting that her claims were barred by res judicata and that she had no valid legal interest in the property. The circuit court agreed and granted JP Morgan summary judgment. Ms. Tipp ﬁled a motion for reconsid- eration, which was denied. Ms. Tipp appealed, and the Supreme Court of Alabama aﬃrmed. See Tipp v. JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., 156 So. 3d 997 (Ala. 2012).

In 2013, Ms. Sims sued JP Morgan for trespass, trespass against chattels, and conversion arising from JP Morgan’s reposses- sion of the Grand Bay property. After ﬁve years of litigation, JP Morgan and Ms. Sims eventually settled and jointly stipulated to dismissal with prejudice of Ms. Sims’ claims.

Days after Ms. Sims and JP Morgan settled, Ms. Tipp ﬁled yet another lawsuit in the circuit court of Mobile County, Alabama.

In this 2018 action, Ms. Tipp, proceeding pro se, again asserted that she was the rightful owner of the property and brought claims for trespass, trespass to chattels, slander of title, conversion, unlawful conveyance of title, unlawful settlement of claims, and declaratory judgment. Once again, JP Morgan moved to dismiss Ms. Tipp’s USCA11 Case: 25-10245 Document: 36-1 Date Filed: 05/15/2026 Page: 4 of 13

4 Opinion of the Court 25-10245 complaint. JP Morgan ﬁrst asserted that Ms. Tipp’s new lawsuit sought to relitigate the same claims—or claims “arising out of the same nucleus of operative facts,” see D.E. 14-22 at 5 (citing Old Re- public Ins. Co. v. Lanier, 790 So. 2d 922, 928 (Ala. 2000))—dismissed in the 2009 and 2011 cases and were therefore barred by res judicata.

JP Morgan also argued that her claims were barred by the applica- ble statutes of limitations. The circuit court granted JP Morgan’s motion and dismissed Ms. Tipp’s action with prejudice. Ms. Tipp moved to vacate the dismissal order, but the circuit court denied that motion. On appeal, the Supreme Court of Alabama aﬃrmed.

See Tipp v. JPMC Specialty Mortg., LLC, 312 So. 3d 2 (Ala. 2019). Ms. Tipp ﬁled a petition for writ of certiorari, which was denied. See Tipp v. JPMC Specialty Mortg., LLC, 589 U.S. 1208 (2020).

While her petition to the United States Supreme Court was pending, Ms. Tipp moved the circuit court to vacate the judgment against her in the 2011 case. The court promptly denied the mo- tion. Ms. Tipp then ﬁled a similar motion to vacate the judgment in the 2018 case, which the circuit court again denied. Ms. Tipp appealed that order to the Supreme Court of Alabama, which dis- missed her appeal.

In 2020, Ms. Tipp ﬁled two new lawsuits against JP Morgan, seeking to recover possession of the property, one in the same Ala- bama circuit court and the other in federal district court.

The state circuit court entered summary judgment against her and enjoined her from initiating any further proceedings re- lated to the foreclosure of the Grand Bay property without ﬁrst USCA11 Case: 25-10245 Document: 36-1 Date Filed: 05/15/2026 Page: 5 of 13

25-10245 Opinion of the Court 5 obtaining leave from the court. On appeal, the Supreme Court of Alabama aﬃrmed the judgment and the ﬁling injunction, and cau- tioned Ms. Tipp that her conduct could lead to further sanctions.

See Tipp v. JPMC Specialty Mortg., LLC, 367 So. 3d 357, 364 (Ala. 2021) (“[N]one of [Ms. Tipp’s] appeals has presented a winning argu- ment. Should she continue to pursue frivolous litigation against JPMC, either directly or indirectly, and those matters end up back before this Court, we will strongly consider an order requiring her to pay JPMC’s attorney fees and costs.”).

Ms. Tipp’s federal lawsuit was also unsuccessful. A magis- trate judge recommended that summary judgment be entered against her and that—given her litigation history—she be enjoined from ﬁling further lawsuits related to the Grand Bay property un- less she ﬁrst demonstrated that (1) the suit to be ﬁled was not barred by res judicata and (2) the court had subject-matter jurisdic- tion. The district court adopted the recommendation in full, see Tipp v. JPMC Specialty Mortg., LLC, No. CV-20-00317, 2022 WL 423401, (S.D. Ala. Jan. 3, 2022), report and recommendation adopted, 2022 WL 956174 (S.D. Ala. Mar. 28, 2022), and we af- ﬁrmed. See Tipp v. JPMC Specialty Mortg., LLC, No. 22-11962, 2023 WL 8369968 at *3 (11th Cir. 2023). Ms. Tipp unsuccessfully sought rehearing en banc.

Disregarding the district court’s pre-ﬁling injunction— which we had aﬃrmed—Ms. Tipp initiated a second federal law- suit, which the district court promptly dismissed. Ms. Tipp then ﬁled for reconsideration, and the court denied that motion. See USCA11 Case: 25-10245 Document: 36-1 Date Filed: 05/15/2026 Page: 6 of 13

6 Opinion of the Court 25-10245 Tipp v. JPMC Specialty Mortg., LLC, No. CV-24-00251, 2024 WL 3706852 (S.D. Ala. July 30, 2024) (holding her claims were barred by res judicata because “all [Ms. Tipp’s] claims arise out of the 2009 foreclosure of 11101 Ben Hamilton Road” and “[p]rior judgments on the merits have been entered by courts of competent jurisdic- tion” on claims arising from the same foreclosure and involving the same parties), reconsideration denied, 2024 WL 4277488 (S.D. Ala. Sept. 24, 2024).

Ms. Tipp then ﬁled a new motion in the ﬁrst federal lawsuit, seeking clariﬁcation of the dismissal order in the second federal lawsuit. She also moved for leave to ﬁle a new action or to set aside the prior judgment in favor of JPMC, once again asserting claims against JP Morgan based on the then 15-year-old foreclosure and litigation that followed. The district court denied Ms. Tipp’s mo- tion. The court explained that Ms. Tipp was required (but failed) to satisfy the pre-ﬁling injunction criteria and denied her request for leave to ﬁle the new action, explaining that “[Ms.] Tipp fails in her burden to show how this attempted new action is not barred by res judicata.” D.E. 95 at 3. The court also denied Ms. Tipp’s request that it set aside its prior judgment under Rule 60(b) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure.

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25-10245 Opinion of the Court 7 Ms. Tipp ﬁled for reconsideration, which the district court denied. Ms. Tipp now appeals the order denying her motion for reconsideration.2 II We review the denial of a motion for reconsideration for abuse of discretion. See Richardson v. Johnson, 598 F.3d 734, 740 (11th Cir. 2010).

III “A motion for reconsideration cannot be used ‘to relitigate old matters, raise argument or present evidence that could have been raised prior to the entry of judgment.’” Richardson v. Johnson, 598 F.3d 734, 740 (11th Cir. 2010) (quoting Michael Linet, Inc. v. Vil- lage of Wellington, 408 F.3d 757, 763 (11th Cir. 2005)). Rather, “‘[t]he only grounds for granting a Rule 59 motion are newly-discovered evidence or manifest errors of law or fact.’” PBT Real Estate, LLC v. Town of Palm Beach, 988 F.3d 1274, 1287 (11th Cir. 2021) (quoting In re Kellogg, 197 F.3d 1116, 1119 (11th Cir. 1999)). We agree with the district court that, instead of presenting newly discovered evidence or manifest errors of law or fact, Ms. Tipp’s motion for reconsider- ation raised only “the same arguments that she has previously as- serted.” See D.E. 99 at 1. Rather than pointing out any abuse of

2 Ms. Tipp’s notice of appeal states that she is appealing “the denial of [her] motion for reconsideration entered on December 26, 2024[.]” D.E. 100 at 1.

We therefore limit our review to that order.

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8 Opinion of the Court 25-10245 discretion in the district court’s denial of her motion for reconsid- eration, her appellate briefs essentially do the same. 3 Ms. Tipp raises five arguments on appeal. First, she asserts that the district court had no jurisdiction to issue the injunction against her because the 2009 ejection case was voluntarily dis- missed by JP Morgan. Second, she argues that the district court could not issue the injunction barring her from recovering the property pursuant to her quitclaim deed because JP Morgan’s 2009 foreclosure deed was not executed and recorded. Third, she con- tends that her RICO claims accrued after disposal of the 2009 action and therefore should not have been barred under res judicata.

Fourth, Ms. Tipp maintains that any agreements entered into by JP Morgan related to the 2009 foreclosure are void under Alabama law. Fifth, she claims that she was deprived of a vested interest when Ms. Sims’ attorney settled with JP Morgan with respect to the property without Ms. Tipp’s agreement. JP Morgan responds that the district court did not abuse its discretion in denying the motion for reconsideration because Ms. Tipp made no effort to identify new evidence or manifest errors of fact or law in its order

3 Ms. Tipp did not explicitly raise the denial of her motion to set aside the prior judgment under Rule 60(b) in her motion for reconsideration, nor does she raise it on appeal. Even assuming it was adequately presented in her motion for reconsideration, that issue is abandoned. See Holland v. Gee, 677 F.3d 1047, 1066 (11th Cir. 2012) (“[T]he law is by now well settled in this Circuit that a legal claim or argument that has not been briefed before the court is deemed abandoned and its merits will not be addressed.”) (quoting Access Now, Inc. v. Sw. Airlines Co., 385 F.3d 1324, 1330 (11th Cir. 2004)).

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25-10245 Opinion of the Court 9 denying her leave to file a new complaint, and points out that her appellate arguments similarly fail to identify any new evidence or manifest errors of law or fact in the district court’s prior order.

As a threshold matter, Ms. Tipp belatedly challenges the pre- filing injunction entered by the district court. As JP Morgan points out, her arguments seem to be predicated on the misapprehension that the federal court injunction was issued in the voluntarily dis- missed state ejection proceeding. It was not, and we cannot discern any basis for interfering with the district court’s injunction on the basis of these arguments. In any event, we affirmed the pre-filing injunction in Ms. Tipp’s prior appeal because Ms. Tipp abandoned her challenge to the injunction on appeal. See Tipp, 2023 WL 8369968 at *2 (“As to the pre-filing injunction, Ms. Tipp abandoned her challenge altogether.”). See also id. at *3 (“We affirm . . . the imposition of a pre-filing injunction against Ms. Tipp.”). Her chal- lenge to the injunction is therefore barred by the law of the case.

See Schiavo v. Schiavo, 403 F.3d 1289, 1291–92 (11th Cir. 2005) (“The doctrine [of law of the case] operates to preclude courts from revis- iting issues that were decided explicitly . . . in a prior appeal.”). Ms. Tipp has not argued that any exceptions to the law of the case doc- trine apply, so we have no reason to disturb the prior judgment affirming the injunction.

The remaining issues Ms. Tipp raises on appeal—regarding her RICO claim, JP Morgan’s ownership and possession of the property, and JP Morgan’s 2018 settlement with Ms. Sims—simply repackage arguments she has raised before, based on claims which USCA11 Case: 25-10245 Document: 36-1 Date Filed: 05/15/2026 Page: 10 of 13

10 Opinion of the Court 25-10245 we previously held barred by res judicata. See generally Tipp, 2023 WL 8369968, at *1–3 (noting the claims adjudicated in the state court judgments and affirming dismissal of Ms. Tipp’s RICO, com- mon-law fraud, trespass, and improperly executed foreclosure pro- ceedings claims as barred by res judicata). As we noted in her prior appeal, “even if we set aside the 2009 ejectment action, [Ms. Tipp] still has two other adverse judgments on the merits . . . affirmed by the Alabama Supreme Court,” in which her claims arising from the 2009 foreclosure were adjudicated. Id. at *3. The district court’s order denying her motion for leave to file a new action again set out why these claims were still barred by res judicata. 4 Ms. Tipp’s motion for reconsideration raised anew the same arguments—that she was the rightful owner of the property, that JP Morgan never obtained title in the 2009 foreclosure and subse- quent state litigation, and that Ms. Sims’ attorney lacked authority to settle with JP Morgan. And she restates those arguments in her brief on appeal. The closest Ms. Tipp comes to asserting an error in the district court’s denial of her motion for reconsideration is her contention that her claims post-dated “the 2009 action” and “[a]ny claims that accrued on remand in 2016, [sic] were not before the

4 In the 2018 state court proceeding, Ms. Tipp brought claims predicated on the same allegations of wrongdoing by JP Morgan with respect to foreclosure of the property, the ejection proceedings, and settlement with Ms. Sims and seeking declaratory judgment with respect to the ownership of the property.

See D.E. 14-21 at ¶¶ 150–51; 164–168; 170–71. These claims were dismissed with prejudice, see D.E. 14-23, and the Supreme Court of Alabama affirmed that decision. See Tipp, 312 So. 3d 2.

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25-10245 Opinion of the Court 11 court in 2009 or 2013.” Appellant’s Br. at 22–23. Even assuming that to be true, this argument does not demonstrate any abuse of discretion in the district court’s denial of her motion for reconsid- eration because she brought claims predicated on the same facts in the 2018 action, and those claims were adjudicated on the merits in state court, see D.E. 14-23, and Tipp, 312 So. 3d 2 (affirming dismis- sal of Ms. Tipp’s claims), as the district court held and we affirmed in her prior appeal. See Tipp v. JPMC Specialty Mortg., LLC, No. CV- 20-00317, 2022 WL 423401 (S.D. Ala. Jan. 3, 2022), report and recom- mendation adopted, 2022 WL 956174 (S.D. Ala. Mar. 28, 2022), aff’d, 2023 WL 8369968 (11th Cir. 2023).

In other words, the motion for reconsideration sought only “to relitigate old matters,” Richardson, 598 F.3d at 740 (internal quo- tation marks and citation omitted), and Ms. Tipp’s arguments on appeal fail to demonstrate otherwise. The district court did not abuse its discretion in denying Ms. Tipp’s motion for reconsidera- tion.

IV JP Morgan has filed a motion for sanctions pursuant to Fed- eral Rule of Appellate Procedure 38. They assert that Ms. Tipp’s appeal is frivolous and ask us to enjoin her from filing subsequent appeals in actions related to the 2009 foreclosure of the property and to order the clerks of this Court not to docket any such appeals absent authorization by a judge of this Court. We deny the motion for sanctions.

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12 Opinion of the Court 25-10245 Rule 38 provides that “[i]f a court of appeals determines that an appeal is frivolous, it may, after a separately filed motion or no- tice from the court and reasonable opportunity to respond, award just damages and single or double costs to the appellee.” Fed. R. App. P. 38. Rule 38 authorizes this Court to sanction litigants who raise “clearly frivolous claims in the face of established law and clear facts.” Parker v. Am. Traffic Sols., Inc., 835 F.3d 1363, 1371 (11th Cir. 2016) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). We do not generally sanction pro se parties, see Woods v. IRS, 3 F.3d 403, 404 (11th Cir. 1993), but that is not an iron-clad rule. Compare United States v. Morse, 532 F.3d 1130, 1133 (11th Cir. 2008) (impos- ing sanctions under Rule 38 on a pro se litigant who “had been warned about raising” frivolous arguments).

This is Ms. Tipp’s first appeal from an order entered pursu- ant to the district court’s pre-filing injunction. Though we agree with JP Morgan that Ms. Tipp is (and has been) on notice that her claims arising from the 2009 foreclosure sale will be barred by res judicata absent a showing that the predicates of that doctrine are not met, we have rarely imposed a filing injunction under Rule 38.

We did so in a prior unpublished opinion in In re Smith, No. 13- 13808-DD, 2013 WL 12569176, at *1 (11th Cir. Dec. 19, 2013), after the appellants “ha[d] previously been warned that their arguments [we]re frivolous.” Id. And, in one of the cases to which JP Morgan refers, the Fifth Circuit did so after several monetary sanctions im- posed by both the district court and the circuit court failed to deter the litigant from filing yet more frivolous appeals. See Vinson v. Heckmann, 940 F.2d 114, 116 (5th Cir. 1991).

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25-10245 Opinion of the Court 13 Given that Ms. Tipp raises arguments that have been re- jected time and again on the same basis by state and federal courts, we agree with JP Morgan that Ms. Tipp’s appeal lacks merit. See Parker, 835 F.3d at 1371. But given that this is Ms. Tipp’s first appeal following the imposition of the pre-filing injunction and our first time indicating that such an appeal is frivolous, we exercise our dis- cretion and decline to impose the requested sanction at this junc- ture. Now that Ms. Tipp has been warned that her arguments are frivolous, sanctions may be appropriate in the future if she persists in raising them.5 V For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the district court’s de- nial of Ms. Tipp’s motion for reconsideration and deny JP Morgan’s motion for sanctions.

5 In passing, JP Morgan also invokes our inherent authority to sanction liti- gants appearing before us. Under this authority, we may, in our discretion, exercise the inherent power “to sanction a party who has acted in bad faith, vexatiously, wantonly, or for oppressive reasons.” Purchasing Power, LLC v. Bluestem Brands, Inc., 851 F.3d 1218, 1223 (11th Cir. 2017) (quoting Marx v. Gen. Revenue Corp., 568 U.S. 371, 382 (2013)). As our decision in Purchasing Power explains, meeting this standard generally requires demonstrating subjective bad faith. See id. at 1223–25. JP Morgan argues that Ms. Tipp’s appeal was frivolous but has not claimed that Ms. Tipp’s appeal was taken in subjective bad faith. We therefore decline to exercise our inherent authority to impose an injunctive sanction on Ms. Tipp.

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