John Wilson, Jr. v. Secretary, Florida Department of Corrections

USCA11 Case: 25-10415 Document: 43-1 Date Filed: 08/21/2026 Page: 1 of 8

FOR PUBLICATION In the

United States Court of Appeals

For the Eleventh Circuit ____________________ No. 25-10415 ____________________

JOHN J. WILSON, JR.,

Plaintiff-Appellant, versus SECRETARY, FLORIDA DEPARTMENT OF CORRECTIONS, RALPH, Assistant Warden Walton CI, COLONEL JACKSON, Walton CI, MARQUIS, Inspector of Walton CI, POLICE CHIEF OF DEFUNIAK SPRINGS,

Defendants-Appellees.

____________________

Appeal from the United States District Court for the Northern District of Florida

D.C. Docket No. 3:24-cv-00616-MW-HTC ____________________

Before JORDAN, JILL PRYOR, and KIDD, Circuit Judges.

KIDD, Circuit Judge:

Florida inmate John Wilson, Jr., filed a lawsuit challenging the conditions of his confinement and asked to have a portion of the filing fees deferred because he could not afford them. But this was not Wilson’s first (second or third) lawsuit, and the Prison Lit- igation Reform Act has a “three-strikes” provision that would typi- cally bar his filing another lawsuit without paying all of the fees upfront. See 28 U.S.C. § 1915(g). An exception to the three-strikes provision permits a lawsuit to proceed if the inmate sufficiently al- leges imminent danger of serious physical injury.

A magistrate judge reviewed Wilson’s complaint and rec- ommended that the district judge dismiss it because Wilson had failed to overcome the three-strikes bar. Wilson filed objections to the recommendation, requested to amend his complaint, and in- cluded additional factual allegations relating to the imminent dan- ger he faced. The district judge nevertheless dismissed Wilson’s complaint without prejudice and without leave to amend.

This was an abuse of discretion. Liberally construing Wil- son’s objections should have led the district court to consider them either as amending the complaint, which Wilson had the right to do, or as a motion requesting leave to amend his complaint. We therefore vacate the order dismissing Wilson’s complaint.

I. BACKGROUND

Wilson filed a pro se complaint, pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 1983, raising concerns about the conditions and safety of the facility where he was then housed. As relevant here, Wilson asserted that he was physically and sexually assaulted by his cellmate, who suf- fered from mental illness, after prison officials failed to separate them. Wilson alleged that the assault resulted in serious injuries, but he did not explicitly allege that he was in any imminent danger at the time he filed the suit.

Along with his complaint, Wilson requested leave to pro- ceed in forma pauperis (“IFP”). Because Wilson was a state pris- oner, he was subject to the filing-fee provisions of the Prison Liti- gation Reform Act (“PLRA”). See 28 U.S.C. § 1915(b). Pursuant to that statute, a magistrate judge, acting sua sponte, screened the complaint prior to its service upon the named defendants. Id. § 1915A(a).

Just days after the district court received the filings, the mag- istrate judge denied Wilson’s IFP motion and issued a report and recommendation (“R&R”) to dismiss Wilson’s complaint. The magistrate judge concluded that Wilson could not proceed with the instant case without paying the filing fee because he: (1) had at least three federal actions that had been dismissed as frivolous or for failure to state a claim, and (2) failed to sufficiently allege that he was in imminent danger of serious physical injury. Id. § 1915(g). The magistrate judge also briefly noted that Wilson’s IFP motion did not contain necessary financial information and that his filings were not made on the appropriate forms.

Wilson filed objections to the R&R in which he supple- mented the allegations included in his initial complaint. Specifically, Wilson asserted that the inmate who assaulted him was “wander- ing freely” in the prison and “making violent threats.” He elabo- rated that the inmate had threatened “[his] life on prior [occasions]” and he feared that the inmate would injure him again. He also noted that he had filed a formal grievance because prison officials had failed to evaluate his safety concerns, and he maintained that the prison’s “policy” of not physically separating him from the in- mate created a “dangerous condition.” Wilson further requested that the court provide him with the “necessary forms” and “plead[ed] for leave to amend the complaint.”

The district judge adopted the R&R and dismissed Wilson’s complaint without prejudice. In overruling Wilson’s objections, the court stated that Wilson could not “amend his complaint by providing supplemental allegations in his [R&R] objections.” This appeal followed.

II. STANDARD OF REVIEW

While our Court generally evaluates § 1915(g) dismissals de novo, we review the denial of a request to amend a complaint for an abuse of discretion. Brown v. Johnson, 387 F.3d 1344, 1347 (11th Cir. 2004). “Discretion means the district court has a range of choice, and that its decision will not be disturbed as long as it stays within that range and is not influenced by any mistake of law.” Betty K Agencies, Ltd. v. M/V MONADA, 432 F.3d 1333, 1337 (11th Cir. 2005) (citation modified).

III. DISCUSSION

The PLRA allows indigent prisoners to proceed IFP in a civil action if they partially pre-pay the filing fee. 28 U.S.C. § 1915(a)(1), (b)(1)–(2). However, § 1915(g), which is commonly referred to as the “three-strikes” provision, “generally bars a prisoner from pro- ceeding IFP if he has previously filed three or more meritless law- suits.” Mitchell v. Nobles, 873 F.3d 869, 872 (11th Cir. 2017). Wilson does not dispute that he has three qualifying strikes under § 1915(g). Instead, we must determine whether Wilson satisfied “the sole exception to the three strikes bar”: when the prisoner al- leges “imminent danger of serious physical injury” at the time of filing suit. Id. (quoting 28 U.S.C. § 1915(g)); see Daker v. Ward, 999 F.3d 1300, 1310–11 (11th Cir. 2021).

Generally, in determining whether a prisoner has demon- strated imminent danger, our “Court looks to the complaint, con- struing it liberally and accepting its allegations as true.” Daker, 999 F.3d at 1311. We assume that the allegations in Wilson’s initial complaint were insufficient to meet his burden. See id. (explaining that a prisoner must assert “specific fact allegations of ongoing se- rious physical injury, or of a pattern of misconduct evidencing the likelihood of imminent serious physical injury” (citation modi- fied)). But “the operative question under § 1915(g) is always whether some timely filing avers facts suggesting a prisoner was un- der imminent danger of serious physical injury at the time he brought his complaint.” Asemani v. U.S. Citizenship & Immigr. Servs., 797 F.3d 1069, 1075 (D.C. Cir. 2015) (citation modified). And nota- bly, the complaint was not the only filing before the district court to suggest that Wilson was in potential danger of imminent physi- cal harm when he initiated this action.

Wilson filed what were nominally objections to the R&R. Yet we must remember that courts “have an obligation to look be- hind the label” of filings when determining what relief is sought by a pro se litigant. United States v. Jordan, 915 F.2d 622, 624–25 (11th Cir. 1990) (explaining that a pro se movant’s mislabeling of a post- conviction motion “[wa]s not fatal to his claim” and courts should “determine whether [a] motion is, in effect, cognizable under a dif- ferent remedial statutory framework”). And pro se filings, such as Wilson’s R&R objections, are to be afforded liberal construction. See Campbell v. Air Jam. Ltd., 760 F.3d 1165, 1168 (11th Cir. 2014).

In this case, Wilson’s R&R objections specifically “plead[ed] for leave to amend the complaint” and set forth supplemental fac- tual allegations that could be included in an amendment. We begin by observing that the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure allow a party to amend a complaint “once as a matter of course no later than” twenty-one days after service of the complaint or a respon- sive pleading, whichever is earlier. Fed. R. Civ. P. 15(a)(1)(A)–(B). Nothing in the PLRA alters this rule. See Brown, 387 F.3d at 1349, 1352 (finding an abuse of discretion where the district court denied a pro se prisoner’s motion to amend filed before any responsive pleadings, and the proposed amended complaint sufficiently al- leged imminent danger and plausibly alleged a claim for relief ).

The magistrate judge screened Wilson’s complaint just two days after the district court received it and before any of the named defendants had been served. Therefore, at the time of filing his R&R objections, Wilson still possessed his Rule 15(a) right to amend his complaint as a matter of course. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 15(a)(1).

In addition to requesting leave to amend his complaint, Wil- son’s objections to the R&R also asserted that he feared for his safety because an inmate who had previously violently assaulted him was freely roaming the prison and actively making threats. He further alleged that prison officials were not taking any action on this matter. These specific facts support Wilson’s contention that he was in imminent danger of serious physical injury at the time he brought this action and thus qualified for the PLRA exception. See Daker, 999 F.3d at 1310–11; Mitchell, 873 F.3d at 872. But the dis- trict court did not consider these additional facts.

We acknowledge that Wilson’s R&R objections were not the model of clarity. But we do not require absolute precision from pro se parties. They are often unfamiliar with the procedural formali- ties of federal court, and they sometimes request relief—to which they are entitled—in unconventional ways.

In this case, we conclude that the district court had two op- tions when undertaking its review of Wilson’s R&R objections: (1) treat the filing as a supplement to the complaint, which Wilson had the right to amend, and consider the new factual allegations in the first instance, or (2) construe the filing as a motion to amend and analyze whether such relief was warranted. See, e.g., Wright v. El Paso Cnty. Jail, 642 F.2d 134, 135 n.1 (5th Cir. Apr. 1981) (constru- ing a pro se plaintiff’s “Motion in Support” of his original com- plaint as an amendment to the initial pleading); Woodall v. Foti, 648 F.2d 268, 272 (5th Cir. Unit A June 1981) (“Since the district court was willing to accept [the pro se litigant’s] letters to the judge as pleadings, those written after the court rules should have been construed as ‘an amendment to his complaint or an addition in the nature of an amendment.’” (quoting McGruder v. Phelps, 608 F.2d 1023, 1025 (5th Cir. 1979))).

The court’s failure to provide either avenue for relief in this case amounted to an abuse of discretion, which requires us to va- cate the order dismissing Wilson’s complaint. See Brown, 387 F.3d at 1347.

IV. CONCLUSION

We VACATE the district court’s order dismissing Wilson’s complaint and REMAND for further proceedings.