(after stating the facts as above). This suit grows out of a dispute over towage services, and involves a determination of the question whether an agreement “to pay vessel’s towage” includes the expense of breaking a path through the ice when the ice had to be broken because there was no channel through the bay and the river, which were closed to navigation by the fact that their waters were frozen. Is breaking ice towage, so that a party who has agreed to pay a vessel’s towage is under obligation to pay the expense of breaking the ice?

The definition of towage given in 1849 in The Princess Alice, 3 W. Rob. 138, 140, by Dr. Lushington, and which has been so often cited since, was as follows:

“Without attempting any definition which may be universally applied, a towage service may be described, as the employment of one vessel to expedite the voyage of another, when nothing more is required than the accelerating her progress.”

Towage service is aid rendered in the propulsion of a vessel. In The H. B. Foster, 11 Fed. Cas. 949 (1848), District Judge Betts said:

“Towage may bo applied merely in aid of a vessel against adverse winds or tides, or in difficult passages, while she is in possession of her ordinary powers of locomotion.”

In The Plymouth Rock (D. C.) 9 Fed. 413 (1881), District Judge Addison Brown adopted the definition of Dr. Eushington as already quoted. This definition has recently been referred to approvingly in an opinion rendered in the Privy Council by Sir Robert Phillmore in The Strathnaver, 1 App. Cas. 58, 63 (1875). Here he refers to it as “a very clear and precise statement of the law.” In the Century Dictionary towage service is defined as:

“Aid rendered in the propulsion of vessels, irrespective of any circumstances of peril; the employment of one vessel to expedite the voyage of another ves*136sel when nothing more is required than the acceleration of her progress. When used in contradistinction to salvage service, it is confined to vessels not in distress.”

In the 65 years since Dr. Lushington defined the meaning of “towage service” no adverse criticism of his definition seems to have been made, and we are prepared to accept it as an accurate statement of the law. An agreement to pay a vessel’s towage is an agreement to pay for the services of a vessel or vessels rendered in the propulsion of another vessel through the water when nothing more is required than the acceleration of her progress. The breaking of a channel through the ice in order that, after the ice has been broken, a vessel can be towed through is no part of towage service. And consequently expense involved in breaking the ice and creating the channel cannot be included in the expense of towage.

The charter party gave the respondent the right to name the towing line, and an agreement was made with a certain towing company to do the round trip for $50.. But that contemplated a trip through open water, and when the ice closed navigation the agreement was abandoned. Then the libelant made an arrangement with the Tice Towing Line to tow the boat and use three tugs for $75 a tug, and so informed the respondent on the day before the towage began. To the respondent’s protest against it the libelant’s agent is said to have replied:

“That is the best we can do, and the only one we could get to tow her, and we are going to ,tow her up there * * * and we are going to do it anyway.”

And this bargain with the Tice Towing Line was concluded by the libelant before any notification was given to the respondent. When notification was given the libelant was told by the respondent that the arrangement was contrary to the charter party agreement, and respondent would not be responsible, and if the vessel was towed it would be wholly at the libelant’s risk.

“Then Mr. Bryant [the libelant’s representative] got a little bit mad about it; so did I. He said they would tow her up if it took $10,000, and our charter was written in such a way they would make us pay for it.”

And the libelant was thereupon informed that the respondent would not pay $225 for the service.

The testimony showed that the ice in the bay was from 10 to 12 inches thick. It also showed that under ordinary circumstances, where the water was free from ice, one tug would have been sufficient to have towed the respondent’s vessel. The manager of the towing line was asked, “Under ordinary circumstances, so far as the size of the vessel went, one tug would be perfectly able to take her up ?” to which he replied, “Perfectly.” As it was three tugs were used. Two tugs were sent ahead to break a channel through the ice. While three tugs had to be used in taking the vessel up to her dock on the Passaic river, only two were employed to bring her back. Seventy-five dollars for each tug was charged for taking her up and only $60 for bringing her back, making the cost $285 for the entire service.

According to the testimony of the manager of the company that did *137the towing, two of the three tugs used in going up were used to make a channel by breaking the ice. And the witness West, who was in charge of the tug that did the towing up, testified that the other two tugs “were ahead breaking tiic ice.” A deposition, however, was received in evidence from the master of the schooner in which he stated:

‘'We liad one boat towing ahead and one along side and a third boat going ahead breaking the ice in the channel.”

There is thus some conflict in the testimony, but the district judge found that two tugs were used in breaking ice and one in towing in going up. Where there is a conflict in the testimony the judge’s finding of fact should be accepted. There is no testimony showing that any tug was employed in breaking the ice on the trip back.

The charge for the two tugs used in breaking ice on the trip up cannot be allowed. But the libelant is entitled to charge for the service of the one tug which towed the boat up and of the two tugs which towed her down, less $25 allowed and $25 paid.

The decree is reversed, with half costs of this court to the appellant, and the cause is remanded to the District Court, with instructions to enter a decree for the libelants for $85 and interest and one-half of the costs of that court.