United States ex rel. Rizzi v. Follette
United States ex rel. Rizzi v. Follette
Opinion of the Court
Appellant was convicted of murder in the first degree in the New York County Court of General Sessions in 1945 and was sentenced to life imprisonment. The conviction was affirmed by the Appellate Division, First Department, 270 App. Div. 832, 61 N.Y.S.2d 607 (1946) and the Court of Appeals, 297 N.Y. 874, 79 N.E. 2d 274 (1948). In 1960 Rizzi brought a
Rizzi seeks relief from his 1945 conviction on two grounds. He claims that the trial judge improperly refused to appoint a commission to determine whether he was capable of understanding the proceedings against him and of making his defense to the capital crime with which he was charged, and also that the prosecutor suppressed material facts relating to his competence.
It appears from the uncontroverted record that on the third day of Rizzi’s trial his counsel, out of the presence of the jury, moved for the appointment of a commission to examine whether Rizzi was competent to continue with the trial. The grounds for the motion were based on an incident which occurred a few minutes before the motion was made. During a trial recess one of Rizzi’s counsel had occasion to go to the cell block where Rizzi was being confined. He observed Rizzi reading a newspaper, smiling at some pictures in the news, and “totally oblivious to what he was facing in [the] courtroom.” Astonished by this lack of concern, counsel asked Rizzi if he had ever been confined in an institution and Rizzi replied that he had been confined in Letchworth Village (an institution for mental defectives) from the time he was ten years old until he reached his fourteenth or fifteenth year, and that the authorities there had told him that he had a mental age then of three.
In disposing of the motion the state trial judge noted that Rizzi was 34 years old, that he had served in the army and that he had been discharged for physical, not mental, disability. He found that the childhood confinement in a mental institution was not, of itself, sufficient to warrant appointment of a commission to examine Rizzi. He did, however, arrange to have Rizzi examined by one Dr. Lichtenstein, a psychiatrist and medical assistant to the District Attorney of New York County. Dr. Lichtenstein found Rizzi to be of a “high grade moron” type. His report to the court indicated that Rizzi was competent to stand trial. No other evidence indicating Rizzi’s lack of competence was presented to the court and the motion for the appointment of a commission was never renewed. No plea that Rizzi was insane was ever entered on Rizzi’s behalf.
Section 658 of the New York Code of Criminal Procedure provides:
§ 658 Court order for examination as to sanity of defendant.
If at any time before final judgment it shall appear to the court having jurisdiction of the person of a defendant indicted for a felony or a misdemeanor that there is reasonable ground for believing that such defendant is in such state of idiocy, imbecility or insanity that he is incapable of understanding the charge, indictment or proceedings or of making his defense, or if the defendant makes a plea of insanity to the indictment, instead of proceeding with the trial, the court, upon its own motion, or that of the district attorney or the defendant, may in its discretion order such defendant to be examined to determine the question of his sanity.
Appellant claims the failure to appoint a commission under § 658 deprived him of due process of law under the Fourteenth Amendment. Conviction of a defendant while he is legally incompetent does indeed violate due process. Bishop v. United States, 350 U.S. 961, 76 S.Ct. 440, 100 L.Ed. 835 (1956). As the Supreme Court held in Pate v. Robinson, 383 U.S. 375, 86
Appellant’s other claim, that the failure of the prosecutor to inform his counsel of his confinement in Letch-worth was a suppression of evidence, deserves but little attention. Although commitments to public institutions may be matters of public record, there is no evidence that the prosecutor who presented the case against Rizzi was actually aware of Rizzi’s juvenile commitment. In the absence of such knowledge there could be no bad faith suppression. In any event, the defense counsel learned about the commitment during the trial in time to make use of it to the defendant’s advantage.
Affirmed.
Reference
- Full Case Name
- UNITED STATES of America, ex rel. Vito RIZZI v. Hon. Harold W. FOLLETTE (Successor to Hon. Edward M. Fay), Warden, Green Haven Prison, Stormville, New York
- Cited By
- 14 cases
- Status
- Published