04-6131-pr Macias v. Zenk

1 UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS 2 FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT

3 August Term, 2006

4 (Submitted March 8, 2007 Decided July 26, 2007)

5 Docket No. 04-6131-pr

6 ------------------------------------ 7 JUAN EDGAR LOERA MACIAS,

8 Plaintiff-Appellant,

9 v.

10 MICHAEL ZENK, JOHN ANNESA, STEPHANIE 11 MIDDLETON and JOSEPH PARKER,

12 Defendants-Appellees. 13 ------------------------------------

14 B e f o r e: MESKILL, WINTER and STRAUB, Circuit Judges.

15 16 Appeal from a judgment of the United States District

17 Court for the Eastern District of New York, Trager, J., entered

18 on July 26, 2004, dismissing pro se prisoner’s Eighth Amendment

19 medical indifference claims against prison officials for failure

20 to exhaust administrative remedies under the Prison Litigation

21 Reform Act, 42 U.S.C. § 1997e(a).

22 Affirmed in part, and vacated and remanded in part.

23 Juan Edgar Loera Macias, Brooklyn, NY, 24 Appellant Pro Se.

25 Roslynn R. Mauskopf, United States 26 Attorney, Eastern District of New York, 27 Varuni Nelson, Edward Newman, Assistant 1 United States Attorneys, Brooklyn, New 2 York, on the brief, 3 for Appellees.

4 MESKILL, Circuit Judge:

5 Appeal from a judgment of the United States District

6 Court for the Eastern District of New York, Trager, J., entered

7 on July 26, 2004, dismissing pro se prisoner’s Eighth Amendment

8 medical indifference claims against prison officials for failure

9 to exhaust administrative remedies under the Prison Litigation

10 Reform Act(PLRA), 42 U.S.C. § 1997e(a).

11 Affirmed in part, and vacated and remanded in part.

12 This appeal examines the scope of the PLRA exhaustion

13 requirement. Plaintiff Juan Edgar Loera Macias is a pro se

14 federal prisoner who alleges that Metropolitan Detention Center

15 (MDC) defendants Warden Michael Zenk, Health Service

16 Administrator Stephanie Middleton, Physician Assistant John

17 Annessa, and Corrections Officer Joseph Parker, were negligent

18 and deliberately indifferent to his medical needs in violation of

19 the Eighth Amendment’s proscription on cruel and unusual

20 punishment. Macias filed his pro se

civil

21 action in the United States District Court for the Southern

22 District of New York. His case was transferred to the Eastern

23 District of New York where Judge Trager dismissed Macias’ state

24 law tort and Eighth Amendment claims for failure to exhaust his

25 administrative remedies under the Federal Tort Claims Act (FTCA),

-2- 1

et seq., and the PLRA.

2 The district court’s judgment was entered before we

3 decided a series of cases examining the PLRA’s exhaustion

4 requirement. We vacate that judgment in part and remand to the

5 district court to consider whether the threats Macias alleges he

6 received rendered the United States Bureau of Prisons’ (BOP)

7 administrative grievance procedures unavailable to him, or

8 whether those threats estop defendants from raising Macias’

9 failure to exhaust as an affirmative defense. We affirm the

10 district court’s judgment in all other respects.

11 BACKGROUND

12 For the purposes of this appeal, we discuss the facts

13 as alleged by Macias. Macias entered the MDC on February 16,

14 2002 as a pre-trial detainee. MDC medical personnel examined him

15 on March 15, 2002, March 19, 2002, April 5, 2002 and July 29,

16 2002. At these appointments Macias informed MDC personnel that

17 in 2001 he had undergone arthroscopic surgery on his right knee.

18 On October 8, 2002, while picking up his food tray in his housing

19 unit, Macias slipped and fell on a wet floor resulting in

20 injuries to his right knee, back and head. That same day

21 defendant Annessa examined Macias and prescribed medication and

22 bed rest and ordered an X-ray of his back, hip and right knee.

23 In early December 2002 Macias approached Annessa to request

24 additional pain medication. Annessa refused him and told him

-3- 1 that there was nothing further he could do to help him. Macias

2 filed an administrative tort claim shortly thereafter, numbered

3 TRT-NER-2003-00954 and received by the BOP on December 12, 2002,

4 alleging that his injuries were caused by defendants’ negligence,

5 and that 57 days had passed since his injury and he still had not

6 received proper medical care.

7 On January 3, 2003 an MDC physician diagnosed Macias

8 with a right medial collateral ligament tear and ordered an MRI.

9 The results of the MRI indicated that Macias’ knee had a lateral

10 and medial meniscal tear, an anterior collateral ligament tear

11 and degenerative arthritis. After his MRI, Macias was seen

12 several more times by MDC medical personnel. Macias’ pain

13 medication was intermittently discontinued and he had difficulty

14 obtaining additional treatment.

15 On January 24, 2003 defendant Parker denied Macias

16 access to his medication during a cell search causing him to

17 collapse. Parker also denied Macias food by ordering him not to

18 ask other inmates to help him with his lunch tray and by telling

19 him that if he could go to the law library on crutches, he could

20 carry his food tray on crutches. Macias filed an administrative

21 tort claim against Parker on March 13, 2003, numbered TRT-NER-

22 2003-01619, alleging emotional damages as a result of Parker’s

23 mistreatment.

24 Macias then filed this pro se action in the United

-4- 1 States District Court for the Southern District of New York,

2 alleging that defendants were deliberately indifferent to his

3 medical needs and negligent in causing his injuries and emotional

4 distress. On May 27, 2003 Macias’ lawsuit was transferred to the

5 United States District Court for the Eastern District of New

6 York. While his case was pending Macias filed a motion for a

7 temporary restraining order claiming that the MDC had again

8 discontinued his pain medication, that he reinjured his right

9 knee when his wheelchair collapsed, and that he had not been

10 provided with prescribed rehabilitative physical therapy. Macias

11 asked the district court to order the MDC to reissue his

12 medication and to enjoin the defendants from retaliating against

13 him.

14 The district court construed Macias’

15 lawsuit liberally, see McEachin v. McGuinnis,

, 200

16 (2d Cir. 2004) (“when [a] plaintiff proceeds pro se . . . a court

17 is obliged to construe his pleadings liberally, particularly when

18 they allege civil rights violations”), and found that Macias had

19 stated Eighth Amendment claims under Bivens v. Six Unknown Named

20 Agents of Fed. Bureau of Narcotics,

(1971), and tort

21 claims under the FTCA. Defendants moved to dismiss the lawsuit

22 pursuant to Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(6) because, inter alia, Macias

23 had failed to comply with the PLRA’s exhaustion requirement

24 before filing both his Bivens claims and his motion for a

-5- 1 temporary restraining order, and because he had failed to comply

2 with the FTCA’s exhaustion requirement before filing his tort

3 claims.

4 In a decision entered on July 26, 2004 the district

5 court granted defendants’ motion and dismissed the lawsuit in

6 full. Judge Trager dismissed Macias’ state law tort claims

7 without prejudice because Macias filed his complaint while his

8 two administrative tort claims were pending. The court dismissed

9 Macias’ Eighth Amendment Bivens claims and his motion for a

10 temporary restraining order because Macias had never availed

11 himself of the BOP’s administrative remedy system.

12 On appeal, Macias contends that his Bivens claims

13 should not have been dismissed for failing to comply with the

14 PLRA’s exhaustion requirement because (1) he did not need to use

15 the BOP’s administrative remedy system because the BOP is not

16 authorized to provide some of the relief he seeks, (2) his

17 administrative tort claims and other informal complaints put the

18 prison officials on notice of the nature of his grievance, and

19 (3) defendant Parker’s alleged threats rendered the BOP’s

20 administrative remedy system unavailable to him, or in the

21 alternative, those threats estop defendants from raising his

22 failure to exhaust as an affirmative defense. Macias does not

23 challenge either the dismissal of his tort claims pursuant to the

24 FTCA or the dismissal of his motion for a temporary restraining

-6- 1 order. Therefore, our review is limited to the district court’s

2 decision to dismiss Macias’ Bivens claims. For the following

3 reasons, we affirm in part, and vacate and remand in part.

4 DISCUSSION

5 Federal jurisdiction is based on this Bivens action

6 arising under the Eighth Amendment to the United States

7 Constitution.

. We have appellate jurisdiction

8 under

.

9 We review the district court’s dismissal of Macias’

10 complaint for failure to state a claim de novo “accepting as true

11 all facts alleged in the complaint and drawing all inferences in

12 favor of the plaintiff.” Faulkner v. Beer,

(2d

13 Cir. 2006) (internal quotation marks omitted).

14 The PLRA provides that a prisoner may not bring an

15 action under federal law “with respect to prison conditions . . .

16 until such administrative remedies as are available are

17 exhausted.” 42 U.S.C. § 1997e(a). The Supreme Court has held

18 that “the PLRA's exhaustion requirement applies to all inmate

19 suits about prison life, whether they involve general

20 circumstances or particular episodes, and whether they allege

21 excessive force or some other wrong.” Porter v. Nussle,

(2002).

23 We recently decided a series of cases examining the

24 scope of the PLRA's exhaustion requirement. See Giano v. Goord,

-7- 1

(2d Cir. 2004); Abney v. McGinnis,

(2d

2 Cir. 2004); Johnson v. Testman,

(2d Cir. 2004);

3 Ortiz v. McBride,

(2d Cir. 2004); Ziemba v. Wezner,

4

(2d Cir. 2004); Hemphill v. New York,

(2d Cir. 2004). In Hemphill we "read together" Giano, Abney,

6 Johnson, Ortiz and Ziemba and formulated a three-part test:

7 Depending on the inmate's explanation for the alleged 8 failure to exhaust, the court must ask whether 9 administrative remedies were in fact available to the 10 prisoner. The court should also inquire as to whether 11 the defendants may have forfeited the affirmative defense 12 of non-exhaustion by failing to raise or preserve it, or 13 whether the defendants' own actions inhibiting the 14 inmate's exhaustion of remedies may estop one or more of 15 the defendants from raising the plaintiff's failure to 16 exhaust as a defense. If the court finds that 17 administrative remedies were available to the plaintiff, 18 and that the defendants are not estopped and have not 19 forfeited their non-exhaustion defense, but that the 20 plaintiff nevertheless did not exhaust available 21 remedies, the court should consider whether special 22 circumstances have been plausibly alleged that justify 23 the prisoner's failure to comply with administrative 24 procedural requirements.

25 Hemphill,

(internal quotation marks and citations

26 omitted). Because the parties did not address Hemphill, we

27 ordered supplemental briefing in this appeal. Macias responded

28 by reiterating his argument that he did not need to use the BOP’s

29 administrative remedy system because the BOP was only authorized

30 to provide some of the relief he seeks. In addition, Macias

31 argued for the first time that under Hemphill he had exhausted

32 his claims by putting prison officials on notice of the nature of

33 his grievance, that the BOP’s administrative remedy system was

-8- 1 not available to him, and that defendants should be estopped from

2 raising his failure to exhaust as an affirmative defense.

3 After we received the parties’ supplemental briefs, the

4 Supreme Court decided Woodford v. Ngo,

(2006). In

5 Woodford, a prisoner argued that his lawsuit was improperly

6 dismissed under the PLRA because the administrative grievance he

7 filed was rejected by the prison authorities as untimely. 126

8 S.Ct. at 2384. The prisoner claimed that he had exhausted his

9 administrative remedies because after the prison rejected his

10 grievance, no other administrative remedies were available. Id.

11 The Supreme Court rejected this argument explaining that the PLRA

12 requires “proper exhaustion,” meaning that a prisoner must

13 “compl[y] with the system's critical procedural rules” because

14 “[a] prisoner who does not want to participate in the prison

15 grievance system will have little incentive to comply with the

16 system's procedural rules unless noncompliance carries a

17 sanction” and “[t]he benefits of exhaustion can be realized only

18 if the prison grievance system is given a fair opportunity to

19 consider the grievance.” Id. at 2387-88. We now turn to each of

20 Macias’ arguments and, when necessary, we examine Woodford’s

21 effect on our PLRA decisions.

22 A. Whether Macias’ Failure to Exhaust is Excused by the BOP’s 23 Inability to Provide All of the Relief He Seeks.

24 Macias seeks $4 million in damages as well as his

25 “immediate and unco[n]ditional . . . release” from prison. In

-9- 1 addition, in his motion for a temporary restraining order and in

2 other requests for relief submitted to the district court, Macias

3 asked for various forms of injunctive relief, including more

4 responsive medical care and continuous administration of pain

5 medication. Macias argues that he was not required to use the

6 BOP’s administrative remedy system to exhaust these claims

7 because the BOP is not authorized to award $4 million in response

8 to an administrative grievance. We do not agree with his

9 argument that exhaustion is not required.

10 The BOP has a three-tiered administrative remedy system

11 with the stated purpose of “allow[ing] an inmate to seek formal

12 review of an issue relating to any aspect of his/her own

13 confinement.”

(a). The first tier requires

14 the inmate to report informally the issue to the staff, the

15 second tier requires the inmate to file a written remedy request

16 with the Warden, and the third tier requires the inmate to file

17 appeals with the appropriate Regional Director and then with the

18 General Counsel. See

-.15; Johnson,

at 693 (discussing the BOP’s administrative remedy system).

20 It is undisputed that Macias never proceeded beyond the

21 first tier of the BOP’s administrative remedy system.

22 Nevertheless, Macias argues that because the BOP’s administrative

23 remedy system was authorized to provide only some of the relief

24 he sought, he did not need to file a grievance. The Supreme

-10- 1 Court squarely addressed and rejected Macias’ argument in Booth

2 v. Churner,

(2001). In Booth, a state prisoner

3 brought a

lawsuit alleging that corrections

4 officers had violated his Eighth Amendment rights by using

5 excessive force and failing to provide adequate medical care.

6

. The prisoner sought injunctive relief and money

7 damages.

The state administrative grievance system did not

8 provide for recovery of money damages.

. However, the

9 Supreme Court held that under the PLRA the prisoner was still

10 required to file a grievance and complete all three stages of the

11 state’s grievance system before proceeding to federal court.

12 Macias seeks both injunctive relief and money damages.

13 There is no question that the BOP could have provided the

14 additional medical care and some of the other relief he seeks by

15 responding to a properly filed administrative grievance.

16 However, like the prisoner in Booth, Macias cannot “skip the

17 administrative process simply by limiting prayers for relief to

18 money damages” regardless of whether the BOP was authorized to

19 provide them. Id.; see also Ruggiero v. County of Orange, 467

(2d Cir. 2006) (“[Booth] make[s] plain [that under

21 the PLRA] so long as some remedy remains available, failure to

22 exhaust is not excused.”).

-11- 1 B. Whether Macias Procedurally Exhausted His Claims By Filing 2 Administrative Tort Claims and Making Informal Complaints to 3 Prison Officials.

4 Macias filed two administrative tort claims before he

5 filed his complaint in federal court. Taken together, Macias’

6 tort claims allege that he repeatedly requested medical care for

7 his injuries but the MDC did not provide any, that defendant

8 Annessa refused to provide him with pain medication, that his

9 injuries were getting worse because of the lack of medical care,

10 and that defendant Parker caused him to collapse during a cell

11 search by refusing to allow Macias access to his medication.

12 Macias also alleges that he sent more than 20 sick calls

13 complaining about his lack of medical treatment. Macias argues

14 that under Johnson, his two administrative tort claims and his

15 informal requests for medical attention excuse his failure to

16 exhaust because, although he did not use the BOP’s administrative

17 remedy system, his actions “provide[d] enough information about

18 the conduct of which [he] complain[ed] to allow prison officials

19 to take appropriate responsive measures.” Johnson,

697. Macias’ reliance on Johnson is misplaced.

21 In Johnson we considered whether a prisoner could

22 satisfy the PLRA’s exhaustion requirement by raising his

23 grievance in the BOP’s disciplinary proceedings and appeals

24 process. 380 F.3d at 694. We remanded the case so that the

25 district court could consider (1) whether under Hemphill, 380

-12- 1

, and Giano,

, the prisoner was justified in

2 believing that his complaints in the disciplinary appeal

3 procedurally exhausted his administrative remedies because the

4 prison’s remedial system was confusing, and (2) whether the

5 prisoner’s submissions in the disciplinary appeals process

6 exhausted his remedies “in a substantive sense” by “afford[ing]

7 corrections officials time and opportunity to address complaints

8 internally.” Johnson,

(emphasis added;

9 alteration omitted). Thus, in Johnson we saw the prisoner’s

10 argument as raising two distinct questions -- the former

11 addressed whether the prisoner procedurally exhausted his claims

12 while the latter addressed whether the prisoner substantively

13 exhausted his claims.

14 Macias does not argue that the BOP’s administrative

15 remedy system was so confusing that he reasonably believed he had

16 satisfied the PLRA’s exhaustion requirement by filing tort claims

17 and by complaining informally to prison staff.1 Instead, Macias

18 argues that he procedurally exhausted his claims because his

19 informal complaints and administrative tort claims put the prison

20 on notice of the nature of his grievance. Macias’ argument

21 conflates Johnson’s distinction between procedural exhaustion and

1 For this reason, we need not decide what effect Woodford has on Hemphill’s holding that where administrative procedures are confusing “a reasonable interpretation of prison grievance regulations may justify an inmate’s failure to follow procedural rules to the letter.” Hemphill,

(citing Giano).

-13- 1 substantive exhaustion. Regardless of whether his tort claims or

2 informal complaints put the prison officials on notice of his

3 grievance “in a substantive sense,” Johnson makes clear that to

4 satisfy the PLRA a prisoner must also procedurally exhaust his

5 available administrative remedies. Johnson,

-98

6 (emphasis added). Because Macias does not argue that the BOP’s

7 administrative remedy system was so confusing that he justifiably

8 believed his administrative tort claims and informal complaints

9 were his only available remedies, Macias has no ground to argue

10 that he procedurally exhausted his claims under Johnson. See

11 also Woodford,

(holding that a prisoner must

12 procedurally exhaust his claims by “compl[ying] with the system's

13 critical procedural rules”).

14 Furthermore, while our decision in Braham v. Clancy,

15

(2d Cir. 2005), might have provided some

16 support for Macias’ argument that he procedurally exhausted his

17 claims by providing enough information about his grievance to

18 allow prison officials to take responsive measures, we conclude

19 that Braham does not survive Woodford. In Braham, a pro se

20 prisoner alleged that prison officials violated his Eighth

21 Amendment rights by refusing to grant his request for a cell

22 change.

. The district court dismissed the

23 prisoner’s lawsuit under the PLRA for failure to exhaust

24 administrative remedies.

. On appeal, the prisoner

-14- 1 admitted that he had never filed a formal administrative

2 grievance, but argued that he had satisfied the PLRA’s exhaustion

3 requirement by submitting several inmate request forms and by

4 complaining informally to prison staff during a disciplinary

5 proceeding.

. We remanded the case for the district

6 court to consider whether the prisoner’s inmate request forms or

7 the complaints he made during the disciplinary proceeding

8 “provided sufficient notice to the prison officials ‘to allow

9 [them] to take appropriate responsive measures.’”

at 183

10 (quoting Johnson,

) (alteration omitted).

11 Braham expanded Johnson by allowing prisoners to

12 procedurally exhaust their claims by taking “‘enough’” informal

13 steps “‘to put prison officials on notice’” of their concerns,

14 regardless of whether they utilize the prison’s formal grievance

15 procedures. Braham,

(quoting Johnson,

at 696). However, after Woodford, notice alone is insufficient

17 because “[t]he benefits of exhaustion can be realized only if the

18 prison grievance system is given a fair opportunity to consider

19 the grievance” and “[t]he prison grievance system will not have

20 such an opportunity unless the grievant complies with the

21 system's critical procedural rules.” Woodford,

2388. Macias did not comply with the BOP’s critical procedural

23 rules, and under Woodford, he cannot satisfy the PLRA’s

24 exhaustion requirement solely by filing two administrative tort

-15- 1 claims, or by making informal complaints to the MDC’s staff.

2 “[A]lert[ing] the prison officials as to the nature of the wrong

3 for which redress is sought,” Braham,

(internal

4 quotation marks omitted), does not constitute “proper exhaustion”

5 under Woodford. See Woodford,

. Therefore, to

6 the extent that Braham allowed for less than “proper exhaustion”

7 of claims under the PLRA, Braham has been overruled.

8 C. Whether the Threats Macias Alleges He Received Rendered the 9 BOP’s Administrative Remedies Unavailable, or Whether Those 10 Threats Should Estop Defendants From Raising the Affirmative 11 Defense of Non-exhaustion.

12 Macias alleges in his complaint that on January 24,

13 2003 defendant Parker denied Macias access to his medication

14 during a cell search causing him to collapse. Macias also

15 alleges that Parker denied him food by ordering him not to ask

16 other inmates to help him with his lunch tray and by telling him

17 that if he could go to the law library on crutches, he could

18 carry his food tray on crutches. In response to our order to

19 provide supplemental briefing discussing the impact Hemphill and

20 Johnson had on his case, Macias argued for the first time that

21 Parker threatened him during the course of the January 24

22 incident and that these threats, under Hemphill, rendered his

23 administrative remedies unavailable, or in the alternative, that

24 those threats estop defendants from raising the affirmative

-16- 1 defense of non-exhaustion.2

2 When the district court dismissed Macias’ suit we had

3 not decided Hemphill,

, and we had only recently

4 decided Ziemba,

. These two cases considered the

5 effect that prison officials’ threats might have on the PLRA’s

6 exhaustion requirement. In Hemphill, the prisoner filed suit

7 under

alleging that prison administrators denied

8 him medical attention in violation of the Eighth Amendment. 380

9 F.3d at 681. The prisoner also claimed that he had been

10 threatened by corrections officers and beaten prior to filing his

11 complaint. Id. at 684. The district court dismissed the

12 prisoner's suit in its entirety for failure to procedurally

13 exhaust his medical indifference claim. Id. at 682. On appeal,

14 the prisoner argued that his failure to exhaust should be excused

15 because the threats he endured rendered "procedures that would

16 ordinarily be available . . . effectively unavailable." Id. at

17 687. We remanded the case because “[a]s a court of appeals

18 dealing with a limited record” we could not say “whether some

19 seemingly available remedies were rendered unavailable by the

20 threats Hemphill received.” Id. at 688.

2 We consider Macias’ argument regarding Parker’s alleged threats, which he did not raise before the district court, because we decided Hemphill after the district court issued its decision, and in the proceedings below Macias “justifiably tried to counter the arguments defendants made and did so on the basis of the law as it was then established.” Hemphill,

.

-17- 1 As in Hemphill, here we also cannot determine whether

2 the remedies offered to Macias were rendered unavailable by

3 Parker’s alleged threats, or whether some of the MDC defendants

4 should be estopped from asserting non-exhaustion as a defense.

5 Hemphill,

; see also Ziemba,

6 (holding that a defendant’s exhaustion defense is subject to

7 estoppel where a prisoner claimed that he was beaten, threatened,

8 and denied grievance forms and writing materials). However,

9 because Macias alleges that Parker did not threaten him until

10 January 24, 2003, even if Macias can establish that he was

11 threatened, those threats are only relevant to events that

12 occurred after January 4, 2003. Macias could not have been

13 deterred, and defendants should not be estopped, for earlier

14 conduct that did not impact his ability to file a timely

15 grievance. See

(a) (a formal administrative

16 remedy must be submitted to the warden within 20 days of the

17 event complained of).

18 D. Whether the District Court’s Judgment Should be Affirmed on 19 Alternative Grounds Presented to But Not Reached by the 20 District Court.

21 Defendants contend that we should affirm the district

22 court’s judgment on grounds that were presented to but not

23 reached by the district court, arguing that Macias failed to

24 state an Eighth Amendment claim for medical indifference and that

25 some defendants are entitled to qualified immunity or absolute

-18- 1 immunity. However, at this stage in the proceedings, and taking

2 all of Macias’ factual allegations as true and drawing all

3 reasonable inferences in his favor, see Faulkner,

133, we cannot say at this time that defendants were immune from

5 suit or that Macias has failed to state a Bivens claim.

6 Therefore, we must leave the resolution of these issues in the

7 first instance to the district court on remand.

8 CONCLUSION

9 For the foregoing reasons, the judgment of the district

10 court is affirmed in part, vacated in part, and the case is

11 remanded for further proceedings. On remand the district court

12 should consider whether the BOP’s administrative procedures were

13 rendered unavailable by Parker’s allegedly threatening behavior.

14 “The test for deciding whether the ordinary grievance procedures

15 were available must be an objective one: that is, would a

16 similarly situated individual of ordinary firmness have deemed

17 them available.” Hemphill,

(internal quotation

18 marks omitted). The district court should also consider whether

19 the MDC defendants’ non-exhaustion defense is barred by equitable

20 estoppel and “depending on the facts pertaining to each

21 defendant, it is possible that some individual defendants may be

22 estopped, while others may not be.”

Of course, we take no

23 position on whether Macias can establish that his remedies were

24 rendered unavailable or whether some of the MDC defendants should

-19- 1 be estopped from asserting non-exhaustion. We affirm the

2 district court’s judgment in all other respects.

-20-