17‐1605 Langan v. Johnson & Johnson Consumer Cos.

1

2 In the 3 United States Court of Appeals 4 For the Second Circuit 5 ________ 6 7 AUGUST TERM, 2017 8 9 ARGUED: FEBRUARY 6, 2018 10 DECIDED: JULY 24, 2018 11 12 No. 17‐1605 13 14 HEIDI LANGAN, on behalf of herself and all others similarly situated, 15 Plaintiff‐Appellee, 16 17 v. 18 19 JOHNSON & JOHNSON CONSUMER COMPANIES, INC., 20 Defendant‐Appellant. 21 ________ 22 23 Appeal from the United States District Court 24 for the District of Connecticut. 25 No. 13 Civ. 1471 – Jeffrey A. Meyer, Judge. 26 ________ 27 28 Before: WALKER, LYNCH, and CHIN, Circuit Judges. 29 ________ 30 31 Connecticut resident Heidi Langan sued Johnson & Johnson

32 Consumer Companies, Inc. (“Johnson & Johnson”) on behalf of

33 herself and “all others similarly situated” for deceptive labeling. 2 No. 17‐1605

1 Plaintiff alleged that several of the company’s baby products were

2 labeled “natural” when they were not. Langan claimed that this

3 labeling violated the Connecticut Unfair Trade Practices Act

4 (CUTPA), as well as the state consumer protection laws of twenty

5 other states, and sought to certify a plaintiff class. After both parties

6 moved for summary judgment, the district court denied both

7 motions, and certified a class of consumers who purchased two baby

8 bath products in eighteen states. We granted Johnson & Johnson leave

9 to appeal the class certification. On appeal, Johnson & Johnson

10 principally challenges the district court’s conclusions that (1) Langan

11 has Article III standing to bring a class‐action claim on behalf of

12 consumers in states other than Connecticut and (2) the state laws in

13 the other states are sufficiently similar to support certifying the class.

14 Although we hold that Langan has Article III standing, on the record

15 before us, it is not clear that the district court undertook the requisite

16 considered analysis of the material differences in the state laws at

17 issue before concluding that their similarities predominated over

18 their differences. We therefore VACATE the district court’s grant of

19 certification, and REMAND for further proceedings consistent with

20 this opinion.

21 ________ 22 3 No. 17‐1605

1 MARK P. KINDALL, Izard, Kindall & Raabe, LLP, 2 West Hartford, CT (Nicole A. Veno, Simsbury, CT, 3 on the brief), for Plaintiff‐Appellee.

4 HAROLD P. WEINBERGER (Eileen M. Patt, Benjamin 5 M. Arrow, on the brief), Kramer Levin Naftalis & 6 Frankel LLP, New York, NY, for Defendant‐ 7 Appellant.

8 ________ 9 10 JOHN M. WALKER, JR., Circuit Judge:

11 Connecticut resident Heidi Langan sued Johnson & Johnson

12 Consumer Companies, Inc. (“Johnson & Johnson”) on behalf of

13 herself and “all others similarly situated” for deceptive labeling.

14 Plaintiff alleged that several of the company’s baby products were

15 labeled “natural” when they were not. Langan claimed that this

16 labeling violated the Connecticut Unfair Trade Practices Act

17 (CUTPA), as well as the state consumer protection laws of twenty

18 other states, and sought to certify a plaintiff class. After both parties

19 moved for summary judgment, the district court denied both

20 motions, and certified a class of consumers who purchased two baby

21 bath products in eighteen states.1 We granted Johnson & Johnson

22 leave to appeal the class certification. On appeal, Johnson & Johnson

23 principally challenges the district court’s conclusions that (1) Langan

Although the district court inadvertently omitted Alaska from the list 1

of relevant states on page 26 and in n.3 of its opinion, the district court did include Alaska in the list of states for which it certified a class. Accordingly, we refer to a plaintiff class in eighteen states. 4 No. 17‐1605

1 has Article III standing to bring a class‐action claim on behalf of

2 consumers in states other than Connecticut and (2) the state laws in

3 the other states are sufficiently similar to support certifying the class.

4 Although we hold that Langan has Article III standing, on the record

5 before us, it is not clear that the district court undertook the requisite

6 considered analysis of the material differences in the state laws at

7 issue before concluding that their similarities predominated over

8 their differences. We therefore VACATE the district court’s grant of

9 certification, and REMAND for further proceedings consistent with

10 this opinion.

11 BACKGROUND

12 Connecticut resident Heidi Langan purchased several Johnson

13 & Johnson sunscreens and bath products for her baby in 2012. Langan

14 alleges that she purchased those products in part because their labels

15 said they contained “natural” ingredients. In reality, the products

16 were made up of a high percentage of non‐natural, non‐water

17 ingredients.

18 In October 2013, Langan sued Johnson & Johnson on behalf of

19 herself and “all others similarly situated” alleging that the company’s

20 labeling was deceptive and violated CUTPA as well as the “mini‐FTC

21 acts” of twenty other states. Langan sought to certify a plaintiff class

22 and requested compensatory and punitive damages as well as

23 attorney’s fees. Both parties moved for summary judgment. 5 No. 17‐1605

1 The district court denied both parties’ motions for summary

2 judgment and certified a class as to two bath products, but not the

3 sunscreens. The two products, sold under the Aveeno Baby Brand,

4 were the “Calming Comfort Bath” (“bath”) and the “Wash and

5 Shampoo” (“wash”). App’x 197. Johnson & Johnson petitioned for

6 permission to appeal pursuant to Federal Rules of Civil Procedure

7 23(f), and we granted leave. On appeal, Johnson & Johnson

8 principally challenges the district court’s conclusions that (1) Langan

9 has Article III standing to bring a class‐action claim on behalf of

10 consumers in states other than Connecticut, and (2) the state laws in

11 the other states are sufficiently similar to support certifying the class.2

Johnson & Johnson also argues that that the district court erred by not 2

requiring Langan to demonstrate that the proposed class was “administratively feasible.” This argument is foreclosed by In re Petrobras Sec.,

, 267–70 (2d Cir. 2017) (rejecting the argument that proposed classes must be “administratively feasible” and holding that the class was “clearly objective” and “sufficiently definite” where it included people who acquired specific securities during a specific period in “domestic transactions” because class was “identified by subject matter, timing, and location,” which made it “objectively possible” to ascertain members (emphasis omitted)). Since the class at issue here is identified by subject matter (purchasers of the two products), timing (before November 2012 and 2013 respectively), and location (the eighteen identified states), it is likewise “clearly objective” and “sufficiently definite” such that determining who purchased the products is undoubtedly “objectively possible.”

at 269–70. Moreover, we think Johnson & Johnson’s identification concerns are overstated. In Petrobas, we cited approvingly the district court’s grant of certification where the district court allowed putative class members to provide a sworn affidavit indicating when and where they purchased the olive oil at issue (

(citing Ebin v. 6 No. 17‐1605

1 DISCUSSION

2 “We review a district court’s decision to certify a class under

3 Rule 23 for abuse of discretion, the legal conclusions that informed

4 its decision de novo, and any findings of fact for clear error.” Sykes v.

5 Mel S. Harris & Assocs. LLC,

(2d Cir. 2015) (internal

6 quotation marks omitted).

7 I. Article III Standing

8 Johnson & Johnson argues that Langan lacks constitutional

9 standing to represent putative class members whose claims are

10 governed by the laws of states other than Connecticut. Because a

11 plaintiff’s standing to sue implicates our power to hear the case, we

12 must consider the issue even though it was barely raised in and not

13 addressed by the district court. See Keepers, Inc. v. City of Milford, 807

(2d Cir. 2015) (noting that standing may be raised “for the

15 first time on appeal”).

16 “Article III, Section 2 of the Constitution limits the jurisdiction

17 of the federal courts to the resolution of ‘cases’ and ‘controversies.’”

18 Mahon v. Ticor Title Ins. Co.,

(2d Cir. 2012) (internal

Kangadis Food Inc.,

(S.D.N.Y. 2014)). Since we think it is more likely that a consumer would remember the time frame in which he purchased a bath or wash for his baby—that is, when his child was still a baby—than when he purchased a bottle of olive oil, we see no ascertainability problem with having the class members submit sworn affidavits describing the circumstances under which the purchases were made. 7 No. 17‐1605

1 quotation marks omitted). “To ensure that this bedrock case‐or‐

2 controversy requirement is met, courts require that plaintiffs establish

3 their standing as the proper parties to bring suit.”

(internal

4 quotation marks and alterations omitted). To have standing to sue, “a

5 plaintiff must demonstrate (1) a personal injury in fact (2) that the

6 challenged conduct of the defendant caused and (3) which a favorable

7 decision will likely redress.”

8 Unremarkably, the parties agree that Connecticut’s consumer

9 protection statute, CUTPA, does not apply to the purchase of bath and

10 wash products in other states. Likewise, the parties agree that Langan

11 herself has standing to sue Johnson & Johnson under CUTPA because

12 she alleged that she paid a premium in Connecticut for the products,

13 based on Johnson & Johnson’s representations that they were natural,

14 and that those injuries can be redressed by an order compelling

15 Johnson & Johnson to pay Langan money damages. See Mahon, 683

16 F.3d at 62.

17 The only point of contention is whether Langan has standing to

18 bring a class action on behalf of unnamed, yet‐to‐be‐identified class

19 members from other states under those states’ consumer protection

20 laws. Because there has been considerable disagreement over this

21 question in the district courts, we write to make explicit what we

22 previously assumed in In re Foodservice Inc. Pricing Litigation,

(2d Cir. 2013): as long as the named plaintiffs have standing to sue 8 No. 17‐1605

1 the named defendants, any concern about whether it is proper for a

2 class to include out‐of‐state, nonparty class members with claims

3 subject to different state laws is a question of predominance under

4 Rule 23(b)(3),

At 126–27, not a question of “adjudicatory

5 competence” under Article III, Morrison v. YTB Intʹl, Inc.,

,

6 536 (7th Cir. 2011). Compare Richards v. Direct Energy Servs., LLC, 120

, 154–56 (D. Conn. 2015) (denying certification as to

8 out‐of‐state class members for lack of standing), with In re Bayer Corp.

9 Combination Aspirin Prods. Mktg. & Sales Practices Litig.,

2d 356, 376–77 (E.D.N.Y. 2010) (distinguishing standing from the Rule

11 23 inquiry and certifying class action brought under laws of multiple

12 states after finding no standing problem).

13 “[A]s the Supreme Court has acknowledged, there is some

14 ‘tension’ in its case law as to whether ‘variation’ between (1) a named

15 plaintiff’s claims and (2) the claims of putative class members ‘is a

16 matter of Article III standing . . . or whether it goes to the propriety of

17 class certification . . . .’” NECA‐IBEW Health & Welfare Fund v. Goldman

18 Sachs & Co.,

(2d Cir. 2012) (quoting Gratz v. Bollinger,

19

, 263 & n.15 (2003)). To understand why variations in state

20 law present a class certification problem and not a constitutional

21 standing problem, it is helpful to consider the complicated 9 No. 17‐1605

1 relationship between the standing requirement and class actions

2 generally.

3 The doctrine of standing tests whether a prospective litigant

4 may properly invoke the power of the federal courts. See Spokeo, Inc.

5 v. Robins,

(2016). The standing requirement

6 acknowledges that not all injuries can be remedied by courts, and that

7 even some injuries that could are the responsibility of the political

8 branches instead. See

(“The law of Article III standing serves to

9 prevent the judicial process from being used to usurp the powers of

10 the political branches.” (internal quotation marks and alterations

11 omitted)); Steel Co. v. Citizens for a Better Envʹt,

(1998).

12 To avoid giving advisory opinions, we require that parties that come

13 before us have a sufficient stake in the outcome of the case to render

14 it a case or controversy. See Steel Co.,

; see also U.S.

15 Const. art. III, § 2.

16 Class actions under Rule 23 of the Federal Rules of Civil

17 Procedure are an exception to the general rule that one person cannot

18 litigate injuries on behalf of another. See Wal‐Mart Stores, Inc. v. Dukes,

19

(2011). Through Rule 23, Congress has authorized

20 plaintiffs to bring, under limited circumstances, a suit in federal court

21 on behalf of, not just themselves, but others who were similarly

22 injured. See

at 348–49. Such suits result in efficiencies of cost, time,

23 and judicial resources and permit a collective recovery where 10 No. 17‐1605

1 obtaining individual judgments might not be economically feasible.

2 See Amchem Prods., Inc. v. Windsor,

(1997) (“The

3 policy at the very core of the class action mechanism is to overcome

4 the problem that small recoveries do not provide the incentive for any

5 individual to bring a solo action prosecuting his or her rights.”

6 (internal quotation marks omitted)); Gen. Tel. Co. of the Sw. v. Falcon,

7

(1982). Although a named class action plaintiff has

8 not actually suffered the injuries suffered by her putative class

9 members (and therefore would not normally have standing to bring

10 those suits), Congress has said that the fact that the parties “possess

11 the same interest” and “suffer[ed] the same injury” gives the named

12 plaintiff a sufficient stake in the outcome of her putative class

13 members’ cases. Wal‐Mart, 564 U.S. at 348–49.

14 This requirement is easy enough to satisfy when the would‐be

15 class members’ cases are substantially identical. For example, a

16 plaintiff who purchased the same product, on the same day, at the

17 same place, from the same defendant, because of the same misleading

18 offer as many other purchasers would plainly have standing to sue

19 on behalf of those similarly situated purchasers.

20 In reality, it rarely happens that the circumstances surrounding

21 one plaintiff’s claim end up being identical to the claims of another

22 putative class member, let alone all of the others. Anticipating this,

23 some of Rule 23’s requirements (e.g., commonality and typicality 11 No. 17‐1605

1 under 23(a), and predominance under 23(b)) exist to prevent courts

2 from certifying classes that do not share sufficiently similar

3 characteristics. See Wal‐Mart,

. At some point, however,

4 a named plaintiff’s claims can be so different from the claims of his

5 putative class members that they present an issue not of the prudence

6 of certifying a class under Rule 23 but of constitutional standing. See

7 Mahon, 683 F.3d at 62–63. The question for our purposes is at what

8 point the claim of a named plaintiff is so different from the claims of

9 her would‐be class members that the exception that we make to the

10 general standing requirements for class actions should not apply. Our

11 caselaw supplies a few answers.

12 We have held that the claims of putative class members are too

13 dissimilar to support standing against a particular defendant when

14 that defendant did not actually injure a named plaintiff. In Mahon, we

15 considered a putative consumer class action against title insurance

16 companies that allegedly concealed the availability of reduced rates.

17 See id. at 60. The district court denied certification as to one of the

18 defendant companies that had not actually sold insurance to the

19 plaintiff, and we affirmed. See id. at 60–61. Even though the company

20 used forms and practices that were similar to those used by the

21 company that did sell to the plaintiff and was owned by the same

22 parent company, we held that the plaintiff lacked standing to sue the

23 company that had not actually misled her because, “with respect to 12 No. 17‐1605

1 each asserted claim” against each defendant, “a plaintiff must always

2 have suffered a distinct and palpable injury to herself.” Id. at 64

3 (alterations, quotation marks, and emphasis omitted).

4 On the other hand, non‐identical injuries of the same general

5 character can support standing. See NECA, 693 F.3d at 148–49. In

6 NECA, we held that the plaintiff, a purchaser of mortgage‐backed

7 certificates, could certify a class including certificate holders outside

8 the specific tranche from which the named plaintiff purchased

9 certificates, even though the certificates from each tranche varied in

10 their payout priority. See id. at 164. We reasoned that these different

11 payment priorities did not render a certificate holder who would be

12 paid sooner incapable of representing a certificate holder who would

13 be paid later, or vice versa, because all certificate holders had “the

14 same necessary stake in litigating whether [the] lenders . . .

15 abandoned their” responsibilities to follow underwriting guidelines.

16 Id. (internal quotation marks omitted). Compare Gratz, 539 U.S. at 262–

17 63 (finding no standing problem even though factual differences

18 existed between the challenged race‐based transfer policy applied to

19 plaintiff and the freshman admissions policy applicable to others in

20 class), with Blum v. Yaretsky,

, 1001–02 (1982) (holding that

21 plaintiffs in state‐run facilities who were threatened with transfers to

22 facilities with lower levels of care did not have standing to sue on

23 behalf of patients who were threatened with transfers to higher levels 13 No. 17‐1605

1 of care because the conditions of the transfers were “sufficiently

2 different” such that “judicial assessment of their procedural adequacy

3 would be wholly gratuitous and advisory”).

4 The question in this case is whether there is a standing problem

5 when a plaintiff attempts to sue on behalf of those who may have

6 claims under different states’ laws that generally prohibit the same

7 conduct. Although we have not expressly resolved this question, we

8 have previously assumed that this is an issue best addressed under

9 Rule 23, rather than as a standing issue. See In re Foodservice,

. For example, in In re Foodservice, we considered a consumer

11 class action against a food distributor that, the plaintiffs alleged,

12 fraudulently overbilled its customers. See

The defendants appealed

13 the district court’s certification of the class, claiming that certification

14 was improper because the class action implicated the distinct contract

15 laws of multiple states. See

. We rejected that argument and

16 affirmed the certification, reasoning that “putative class actions

17 involving the laws of multiple states are often not properly certified

18 pursuant to Rule 23(b)(3) because the variation in the legal issues to be

19 addressed overwhelms the issues common to the class.”

at 126–27

20 (emphasis added).

21 This approach of considering variations in state laws as

22 questions of predominance under Rule 23(b)(3), rather than standing

23 under Article III, makes sense. For one, it acknowledges the obvious 14 No. 17‐1605

1 truth that class actions necessarily involve plaintiffs litigating injuries

2 that they themselves would not have standing to litigate. See In re

3 Bayer Corp., 701 F. Supp. 2d at 377 (“Whether the named plaintiffs

4 have standing to bring suit under each of the state laws alleged is

5 ‘immaterial’ because they are not bringing those claims on their own

6 behalf, but are only seeking to represent other, similarly situated

7 consumers in those states.”). Since class action plaintiffs are not

8 required to have individual standing to press any of the claims

9 belonging to their unnamed class members, it makes little sense to

10 dismiss the state law claims of unnamed class members for want of

11 standing when there was no requirement that the named plaintiffs

12 have individual standing to bring those claims in the first place. See

13 id.

14 This approach also accords with the Supreme Court’s

15 preference for dealing with modest variations between class

16 members’ claims as substantive questions, not jurisdictional ones. See

17 Gratz,

(explaining that differences in use of race

18 between transfer‐ and freshman‐admissions policies “clearly ha[d] no

19 effect on petitioners’ standing to challenge the [policies]” but “might

20 be relevant to a narrow tailoring analysis”); see also Lewis v. Casey, 518

, 358 n.6 (1996) (“The standing determination is quite separate

22 from certification of the class.”). 15 No. 17‐1605

1 Finally, the only other circuit to have addressed this issue has

2 reached the same conclusion. See Morrison,

(explaining

3 that whether plaintiff could bring putative class action on behalf of

4 out‐of‐state class members “ha[d] nothing to do with standing, though

5 it may affect whether a class should be certified—for a class action

6 arising under the consumer‐fraud laws of all 50 states may not be

7 manageable, even though an action under one state’s law could be”).

8 We are not convinced by the reasoning of those district courts

9 that have addressed the issue we confront as a standing issue. For

10 example, in Richards v. Direct Energy Servs., LLC, the district court

11 concluded that a Connecticut plaintiff that alleged that the defendant

12 energy company had attracted customers with misleading promises

13 of low rates lacked standing to sue on behalf of Massachusetts

14 consumers who were injured by the same defendant.

. The court reasoned that “[w]ithout an allegation that [the

16 named plaintiff] personally was injured in Massachusetts,” the

17 plaintiff’s claim was essentially that, like the plaintiffs in

18 Massachusetts, he had “suffered in some indefinite way in common

19 with people generally.”

(internal quotation marks and

20 alteration omitted). This reasoning falters upon its premise: the harm

21 the plaintiff alleged was not a general grievance common to people

22 generally; it was a specific grievance based on the defendant’s falsely

23 advertised rates, suffered by specific people (Connecticut and 16 No. 17‐1605

1 Massachusetts customers of the defendant), under a specific set of

2 circumstances. See

We fail to see how the fact that the defendant’s

3 wrongful conduct impacted customers in two states rendered the

4 injuries of the Massachusetts consumers somehow more indefinite

5 than the identical injuries of the Connecticut consumers.3

6 Accordingly, we conclude that whether a plaintiff can bring a

7 class action under the state laws of multiple states is a question of

8 predominance under Rule 23(b)(3), not a question of standing under

9 Article III. Since Langan’s individual standing to sue is not in doubt,

10 we turn to the question of whether the district court correctly

11 determined that the predominance requirement of Rule 23(b)(3) was

12 satisfied.

13 II. Predominance

14 Langan attempted to certify a class under Rule 23(b)(3), the

15 provision that allows for the common “opt‐out” class action, a class

16 action designed to bind all class members except those who

Johnson & Johnson’s argument that Mahon, discussed earlier, requires 3

a different result is unpersuasive. First, Mahon’s rejection of “analyz[ing] class certification before Article III standing” only requires that a district court first determine that the party plaintiff was actually injured by each of the named defendants before proceeding to the Rule 23 inquiry. See Mahon,

. Second, because the redressability and fundamental fairness concerns that arise when a plaintiff attempts to haul a non‐injurious defendant into court are not present when a plaintiff initiates a class action under various state laws prohibiting similar conduct by the same defendant, this case is distinguishable from Mahon. See

at 65–66. 17 No. 17‐1605

1 affirmatively choose to be excluded. See Amchem, 521 U.S. at 614–15;

2 see also Scott Dodson, An Opt‐In Option for Class Actions, 115 Mich. L.

3 Rev. 177–79 (2016). To ensure that binding absent class members is

4 fair, see Comcast Corp. v. Behrend,

(2013), before a district

5 court may certify a class under Rule 23(b)(3) the party seeking

6 certification must show that “questions of law or fact common to class

7 members predominate over any questions affecting only individual

8 members.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 23(b)(3). This predominance requirement

9 “tests whether proposed classes are sufficiently cohesive to warrant

10 adjudication by representation.” Mazzei v. Money Store,

,

11 272 (2d Cir. 2016) (internal quotation marks omitted). The

12 predominance requirement is satisfied if “resolution of some of the

13 legal or factual questions that qualify each class member’s case as a

14 genuine controversy can be achieved through generalized proof,” and

15 “these particular issues are more substantial than the issues subject

16 only to individualized proof.” Roach v. T.L. Cannon Corp.,

,

17 405 (2d Cir. 2015).

18 Variations in state laws do not necessarily prevent a class from

19 satisfying the predominance requirement. See In re U.S. Foodservice,

20 729 F.3d at 127 (holding that there was no predominance problem

21 with a putative class action brought under the state contract law of

22 various states where all of the jurisdictions had adopted the Uniform

23 Commercial Code). As with all Rule 23 requirements, the party 18 No. 17‐1605

1 seeking certification has the ultimate burden to demonstrate that any

2 variations in relevant state laws do not predominate over the

3 similarities. See Wal‐Mart,

; In re U.S. Foodservice, 729

4 F.3d at 127 (finding no predominance issue where defendant had

5 alleged but not proffered evidence to support its claim that variation

6 in evidentiary standards among states overwhelmed the similarities).

7 The decision to certify a class is a discretionary determination,

8 which we will only overturn if the district court abused its discretion.

9 See In re U.S. Foodservice, 729 F.3d at 116. To be afforded this deference,

10 however, the certification must be sufficiently supported and

11 explained. See In re Hyundai & Kia Fuel Econ. Litig.,

, 690

12 (9th Cir. 2018); Walsh v. Ford Motor Co.,

(D.C. Cir.

13 1986) (“[I]t is unquestionably the role of an appellate court to ensure

14 that class certification determinations are made pursuant to

15 appropriate legal standards.”).

16 The district court found that Langan had shown predominance

17 since there was no indication that any of the minor differences

18 Johnson & Johnson identified between the various state consumer

19 protection laws “should overwhelm the questions common to the

20 class” given that “[a]ll the states have a private right of action for

21 consumer protection violations, allow class actions, and have various

22 other important similarities.” App’x 195–96. On appeal, Johnson &

23 Johnson argues that the district court erred by failing to engage in a 19 No. 17‐1605

1 rigorous analysis of the similarities and differences in the various

2 state laws at issue. We agree.

3 Under Rule 23(b)(3), the district court has a “duty,” before

4 certifying a class, to “take a close look” at whether the common legal

5 questions predominate over individual ones. Comcast,

6 (internal quotation marks omitted). Although, to date, we have not

7 explained what such a “close look” requires, out‐of‐circuit precedent

8 offers helpful guidance.

9 To begin, district courts must do more than take the plaintiff’s

10 word that no material differences exist. See Walsh,

11 (refusing to accept “on faith” the plaintiffs’ claims on appeal that “no

12 variations in state . . . laws relevant to [the] case exist[ed]”). Rather,

13 district courts themselves must undertake a considered analysis of the

14 differences in state laws. See Sacred Heart Health Sys., Inc. v. Humana

15 Military Healthcare Servs., Inc.,

(11th Cir. 2010). In

16 Sacred Heart, the Eleventh Circuit reversed the district court’s

17 certification of a class of hospitals that claimed they were underpaid

18 for medical services by a health maintenance organization. See

The

19 district court, in discussing the potential predominance issue

20 regarding certain differences in relevant state laws, had stated only

21 that there were “some variations” but that since the laws of “only six

22 states” were involved, common issues would not be overwhelmed.

23

The Eleventh Circuit found this cursory explanation not to be a 20 No. 17‐1605

1 “serious analysis of the variations in applicable state law,” and that

2 by certifying a class based on it, the district court abused its discretion.

3

4 As part of its analysis, a district court that relies on subclasses

5 to cure predominance issues as a prerequisite to certification must

6 identify the required subclasses and explain why they are necessary.

7 See

. In Sacred Heart, the district court had also suggested in

8 passing that identifying subclasses could be a way to address

9 predominance problems. The district court, however, had not

10 identified any potential subclasses, nor discussed how those

11 subclasses would cure the predominance issues. See

The Eleventh

12 Circuit concluded that the district court’s oblique reference to

13 subclasses failed to explain how subclasses would prevent “the

14 proliferation of disparate factual and legal issues,” given that, in

15 addition to the state law variations, material provisions of the

16 individual contracts for legal services varied as well.

Because these

17 factual and legal differences suggested a need for multiple sets of

18 subclasses, the district court’s mere mention of subclasses was not an

19 “adequate response.”

20 We are not convinced that the district court here undertook the

21 requisite considered analysis of the variations in state law and the

22 potential need for subclasses that might result from those variations.

23 Although both parties submitted complicated and conflicting 21 No. 17‐1605

1 summaries of the state consumer protection laws in eighteen states,

2 the district court’s analysis consisted of one paragraph. In that

3 paragraph, it is our view that the district court did not sufficiently

4 engage with Johnson & Johnson’s arguments about reliance, instead

5 concluding that “it appears” that none of the states’ high courts have

6 insisted on reliance. See App’x at 195. The other identified

7 differences—including whether intent to deceive is required, and

8 whether causation can be presumed—were not discussed. As in

9 Sacred Heart, the district court only stated generally that the identified

10 differences were “minor” and “should [not] overwhelm the questions

11 common to the class.” App’x at 195. We believe that more precise and

12 greater depth of analysis is required to comport with the “close look”

13 required by the precedent.

14 Accordingly, we remand the case to the district court to

15 conduct a more thorough analysis. See In re Am. Intʹl Grp., Inc. Sec.

F.3d 229, 243 (2d Cir. 2012) (vacating grant of class

17 certification and remanding for further consideration as to

18 predominance where it was not clear from the record on appeal

19 “whether variations in state law might cause class members’ interests

20 to diverge”); Walsh,

(remanding to the district court

21 after clarifying the Rule 23(b)(3) predominance inquiry so the district

22 court could redo the analysis). Although this court is free to consider

23 variations in state laws in the first instance, see, e.g., Johnson v. Nextel 22 No. 17‐1605

1 Commcʹns Inc.,

, 146–48 (2d Cir. 2015), the judgment

2 whether to certify a class under Rule 23(b)(3) is a discretionary

3 determination that we think is best made by the district court upon

4 appropriate analysis of the circumstances of the case. See generally In

5 re Initial Pub. Offerings Sec. Litig.,

(2d Cir. 2006), decision

6 clarified on denial of rehʹg,

(2d Cir. 2007). Out of respect for

7 the district court’s comparative advantage at weighing whether,

8 under the circumstances of this case, state law similarities or

9 differences will predominate, we remand the case to the able district

10 judge to carefully analyze the relevant state laws, decide whether

11 subclasses are appropriate, reconsider the predominance question,

12 and explain in greater detail its conclusion on that question.

13 CONCLUSION

14 For these reasons, we VACATE the district court’s grant of

15 certification, and REMAND for further proceedings consistent with

16 this opinion.