18‐1124(L) Kilgour v. United States Securities and Exchange Commission 18‐1124(L) Kilgour v. United States Securities and Exchange Commission 1 UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS 2 FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT 3 August Term, 2018 4 (Argued: January 22, 2019 Decided: November 8, 2019) 5 Docket Nos. 18‐1124, 18‐1127 8 COLIN KILGOUR, DANIEL WILLIAMS, JOHN DOE 9 Petitioners, 10 v. 11 UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION, 12 Respondent.

15 Before: KEARSE, SACK, LIVINGSTON, Circuit Judges.

16 These two petitions—one by John Doe, the other by Colin Kilgour and Daniel Williams—are from the denial by the United States Securities and Exchange Commission of ʺwhistleblowerʺ awards. The petitioners sought the awards following a $50 million settlement the SEC reached with Deutsche Bank AG that resolved an enforcement action against the bank. The petitioners assert that the SEC erred in basing the denials of their claims on its determination that the petitioners did not provide ʺoriginal information that led to a successful Nos. 18‐1124, 18‐1127 Kilgour v. United States Securities and Exchange SEC enforcement action,ʺ a prerequisite for obtaining a whistleblower award under the Securities Exchange Act and the SEC’s regulations implementing the Act; and that the SEC erred procedurally during its decision‐making process. We disagree. The petitions are therefore DENIED.

5 COLIN KILGOUR, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, 6 Pro se Petitioner.

7 Daniel Williams, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, 8 Pro se Petitioner.

9 DAVID E. KOVEL, Kirby McInerney LLP, 10 New York, NY, for John Doe, Petitioner.

11 WILLIAM K SHIREY (Robert B. Stebbins, 12 Stephen Yoder, Michael A. Conley, on the 13 brief), for the United States Securities and 14 Exchange Commission, Washington, D.C., 15 Respondent.

17 SACK, Circuit Judge: 19 In 2015, the United States Securities and Exchange Commission (the ʺSECʺ) reached a settlement agreement with Deutsche Bank AG (ʺDBʺ) after the SEC discovered misstatements in DBʹs financial statements. Previously, between 2010 and 2014, while the SEC was investigating DB, petitioners ʺJohn Doe,ʺ1 Colin Kilgour, and Daniel Williams disclosed information to the SEC that they thought

1 We have adopted the partiesʹ practice of keeping John Doe and two other claimantsʹ identities confidential.

Nos. 18‐1124, 18‐1127 Kilgour v. United States Securities and Exchange SEC would be helpful to that investigation. After the settlement, the petitioners filed applications with the SEC for ʺwhistleblowerʺ awards. Their applications were denied.

4 The petitioners ask that we set aside the SEC's denial of their award applications and instruct the SEC to issue whistleblower awards to them based on the value of the information provided to the SEC. For the reasons that follow, we deny the petitions.

8 BACKGROUND 9 I. The Deutsche Bank Case and Settlement 10 During 2005 and 2006, DB purchased $98 billion of leveraged super senior tranches in more than thirty collateralized debt obligations (the ʺLSSʺ) as credit protection. The LSS were leveraged eleven times, i.e., the sellers of the protection posted only 9% of the total value of the LSS as collateral. In late 2008 and early 2009, DB began overvaluing the LSS by misstating in their financial records the associated ʺgap riskʺ—the risk that the market value of its credit protection could exceed the available collateral posted by the sellers. This overvaluation was reflected in misstatements in DBʹs financial statements. On May 26, 2015, the SEC both instituted agency cease‐and‐desist proceedings against DB with respect

Nos. 18‐1124, 18‐1127 Kilgour v. United States Securities and Exchange SEC to these statements and accepted a settlement offer from DB in which DB agreed to pay a penalty of $55 million.

3 II. The Investigation 4 Between 2010 and 2014, i.e., before the SEC cease‐and‐desist proceedings were instituted, the SEC obtained information from several persons (the ʺClaimantsʺ) regarding the potential wrongdoing by DB. Three of the Claimants—John Doe, Colin Kilgour, and Daniel Williams – are the petitioners in this case.2 9 a. John Doe 10 On or about June 7, 2010, the Enforcement Division of the SEC received information from DB’s counsel, after Claimant 1, a DB employee, filed an internal complaint, to the effect that DB was overstating the value of certain assets ʺto improve the appearance of [DBʹs] financial performanceʺ to its shareholders, the market and the investing public. Declaration of Amy Friedman, Assistant Director of the SEC Enforcement Division, July 27, 2016 (ʺFriedman Declarationʺ), at 3‐4; Joint Appendix (ʺJAʺ) 3086‐87. Following this disclosure, the SEC opened an investigation of DB, and arranged for an in‐person interview

2In this opinion, we refer to Claimants 1, 2, and 3. In doing so, we refer to persons other than John Doe, Colin Kilgour, and Daniel Williams.

Nos. 18‐1124, 18‐1127 Kilgour v. United States Securities and Exchange SEC with Claimant 1. According to the SEC, it was Claimant 1ʹs ʺearly identification of the Gap Risk issue that led the enforcement staff to focus on [that] issue in its investigation, and it was [that] issue that formed the cornerstone of the charges ultimately brought by the [SEC] against [DB] in the enforcement action.ʺ Id. at 3; JA 3087.

6 On September 30, 2010, petitioner John Doe met with enforcement staff from the SECʹs Complex Financial Instruments Unit (ʺCFIUʺ), a group that was part of the SECʹs Enforcement Division but whose membership did not overlap with the team working on the DB matter (ʺDB teamʺ). The SEC and Doe offer different characterizations of this meeting. According to a declaration provided by the Deputy Chief of the CFIU, Reed Muoio: ʺ[Doe] appeared to be very disjointed and had difficulty articulating credible and coherent information concerning any potential violation of the federal securities laws . . . . [He] brought with [him] to the meeting a wet brown bag containing what [he] claimed to be evidence.ʺ Declaration of Reid Muoio, Deputy Chief of CFIU, July 11, 2017 (ʺMuoio Declarationʺ), at 1; JA 4059.

17 Doe, for his part, contends that he provided credible, helpful information.

18 For example, he asserts that during his meeting with the CFIU he gave a

Nos. 18‐1124, 18‐1127 Kilgour v. United States Securities and Exchange SEC presentation that explained how certain restructuring efforts by DB would reshape the gap risk of the LSS. Doe sent several follow‐up emails to the CFIU staff in October 2010, but Deputy Chief Muoio and his staff had concluded that Doe was ʺnot a credible source of information.ʺ Id. Having so concluded, Muoio and his staff declined to forward emails they received from Doe to other staff in the Division of Enforcement. Id. Meanwhile, the SEC assigned two TCR3 numbers (numbers used to track whistleblower tips in its database) to Doe.

8 In March 2011, Claimant 2 began providing the DB team with information concerning DBʹs gap risk calculations and made multiple submissions to the team in June and July 2011. The DB team found Claimant 2 to be a highly credible source of information, and the information that Claimant 2 provided proved, according to SEC enforcement officials, to be invaluable to their investigation of DB.

14 On July 29, 2011, Doe sent another email to the CFIU staff, which they forwarded to the DB team on August 3, 2011. This was the first time the DB team had seen any information provided by Doe. However, Doeʹs email contained ʺno

3ʺTCRʺ stands for ʺTip, Complaint or Referral.ʺ See United States Securities and Exchange Commission, Form TCR (Aug. 2011), https://www.sec.gov/files/formtcr.pdf.

Nos. 18‐1124, 18‐1127 Kilgour v. United States Securities and Exchange SEC new information and did not help advance the [DB] [i]nvestigation.ʺ Friedman Declaration, at 8; JA 3092.

3 In November 2011 and December 2012, Claimant 2 made two additional submissions which were both considered by SEC enforcement personnel to be helpful to the DB team. The submissions provided information about how the gap risk calculation affected DBʹs results on their late 2008 and early 2009 financial statements, and how something called the ʺMontreal Accordʺ affected the gap risk calculation. At that point, the DB team had received no such information from Doe.

10 On March 11, 2013, Doe made additional submissions to the DB team, including the email message that he had sent to the CFIU staff back in October 2010. But the DB team considered those submissions, like Doeʹs prior submissions, to be unhelpful. At that point, ʺthe investigation had already been ongoing for over two and a half years,ʺ and the information contained in Doeʹs submission was ʺlargely duplicative of other information that [the DB team] had already received or had learned.ʺ Friedman Declaration at 8; JA 3092. Doeʹs re‐ sent October 2010 email, while referencing the Montreal Accord, ʺprovided very little detailʺ and attached only ʺpublicly‐available documents.ʺ Additional

Nos. 18‐1124, 18‐1127 Kilgour v. United States Securities and Exchange SEC Declaration of Amy Friedman, July 11, 2017 (ʺAddʹl Friedman Declarationʺ), at 7; JA 3827.

3 On April 26, 2013, Doeʹs counsel contacted the DB team to inform them that Doe ʺhad [additional] information that might aidʺ the investigation. Addʹl Friedman Declaration, at 13; JA 3833. The DB team met with Doe but found the information to be redundant. The DB team, like the CFIU in September 2010, thought Doeʹs presentation was ʺvery difficult to follow, as [he] jumped from topic to topic.ʺ Id. at 7.

9 On June 7, 2013, Doe made his final submission, attaching various internal DB documents. Again, these documents were considered by the DB team to be largely duplicative of documents the DB team had received from Claimant 2 or from DB itself when it responded to SEC document requests, and therefore unhelpful.

14 b. Colin Kilgour and Daniel Williams 15 On June 21, 2013, Claimant 2 submitted an expert report to the DB team, which had been prepared by the Kilgour Williams Group (ʺKWGʺ), a consulting firm owned by petitioners Colin Kilgour and Daniel Williams. According to the DB team, this expert report was ʺdetailed and comprehensive,ʺ ʺabsolutely

Nos. 18‐1124, 18‐1127 Kilgour v. United States Securities and Exchange SEC critical to [the] investigation,ʺ and used ʺin connection with [the] proffer session with [DB] and ensuing settlement negotiations with the company.ʺ Id. at 9‐10.

3 After submitting the report, and until July 2014, KWG continued to provide information to the SEC and to respond to questions from the DB team that ʺallowed the [team] to strengthen the SECʹs position vis‐à‐vis [DB].ʺ Id. 6 In May 2014, Claimant 2 and his wife divorced. The state court overseeing the divorce proceedings awarded half the proceeds of any whistleblower payout Claimant 2 might receive to his wife. The court also ordered that Claimant 2 pay ʺall costs and expenses he had incurred or will incur with . . . [KWG].ʺ State Court Divorce Judgment August 10, 2015, at 10; JA 411.

11 On August 11, 2014, Claimant 2 authorized Kilgour and Williams to make an independent whistleblower submission so that they too could claim an award from the SEC. The next day, they jointly submitted an SEC Form TCR in an attempt to attain whistleblower status. This Form TCR did not provide any new information; it reiterated the information that KWG had been commissioned to provide on behalf of Claimant 2 between June 2013 and July 2014 and which had previously been supplied to the SEC.

Nos. 18‐1124, 18‐1127 Kilgour v. United States Securities and Exchange SEC 1 III. SEC Whistleblower Proceedings and the Award Order 2 After DB agreed to pay the $55 million civil fine to the SEC, nine whistleblower claimants (including the three petitioners in the case at bar) came forward to claim awards. On July 27, 2016, the SECʹs Claims Review Staff (ʺCRSʺ) issued a Preliminary Determination (ʺPDʺ), as is required by Rule 21F‐ 10(d), recommending awards for Claimants 1 and 2 and rejecting all other claimantsʹ applications.

8 Pursuant to SEC regulations, any claimant may submit ʺa written response to the Office of the Whistleblower setting forth the grounds for [an] objection to either the denial of an award or the proposed amount of an award.ʺ Rule 21F‐ 10(e). To facilitate such objections, the SEC also permits claimants to request to review the materials ʺthat formed the basis of the . . . [PD].ʺ Rule 21F‐10(e)(1)(i).

13 After the issuance of the PD, Doe requested that the CRS produce all materials upon which it based its PD. The CRS produced a record consisting of Doeʹs own submissions to the SEC and the Friedman Declaration, dated July 27, 2016. The declaration set forth the timing of the CFIU intake and subsequent forwarding of Doeʹs information to the DB team, asserting that by the time the DB investigators received Doeʹs information, it was duplicative of information

Nos. 18‐1124, 18‐1127 Kilgour v. United States Securities and Exchange SEC that was publicly available or that they had already received from other sources (primarily Claimant 2).

3 Doe objected to the PD on several grounds, arguing that the CFIU staff should have forwarded his information to the DB investigators and that it was unfair for the SEC to penalize him for their failure to do so; that the CRS should have provided Doe with the other Claimantsʹ materials on which Friedman had relied in preparing her declaration; and that Doe had, in any event, submitted important, original information, and therefore deserved credit as a source of that information. The SEC responded with the Muoio Declaration and a second declaration from Friedman.

11 On November 30, 2017, the SEC issued an ʺOrder Determining Whistleblower Award Claimsʺ for the DB matter. SPA 1. Under the order, Claimant 1 and Claimant 2 were each to receive an award of about $8 million.

14 Each of the other claimants — including these petitioners — would not receive an award.

16 With respect to Doeʹs application, the SEC determined that ʺthe information provided by [Doe] was not of a higher quality than the information provided by Claimant #2 (or Claimant #1)ʺ and that ʺthe [DB team] received

Nos. 18‐1124, 18‐1127 Kilgour v. United States Securities and Exchange SEC information from Claimant 2 (as well as Claimant 1) before receiving any information from [Doe].ʺ SEC Order, November 30, 2017, SPA 16. The SEC therefore concluded that ʺthe record firmly demonstrates that [Doe] did not provide information that led to the success of the [DB action].ʺ Id. 5 Regarding Kilgourʹs and Williamsʹs claim, the SEC found, inter alia, that the information the two had included in their August 2014 Form TCR was not ʺoriginal informationʺ because the SEC already had obtained it from Claimant 2 in his submissions. The SEC further decided that neither petitioner qualified as the ʺoriginal sourceʺ of that information because they had both previously interacted with the SEC in their capacity as Claimant 2ʹs experts. The SEC also determined that Kilgourʹs and Williamsʹs Form TCR submission did not lead to the success of the enforcement action.

13 DISCUSSION 14 The petitioners Doe, Kilgour, and Williams now ask us to overturn the SECʹs denials of their ʺwhistleblowerʺ4 award applications. We must address

4 The Securities Exchange Act provides, in relevant part: The term ʺwhistleblowerʺ means any individual, or 2 or more individuals acting jointly, who provides information relating to a violation of this Act Nos. 18‐1124, 18‐1127 Kilgour v. United States Securities and Exchange SEC four issues in order to resolve the petitions: First, whether the SEC can, should, or must be equitably estopped from denying Doe his requested whistleblower award. Second, whether the SEC violated Doeʹs Due Process rights by failing to provide him with materials to which he asserts he was entitled in order to contest the CRSʹs PD. Third, whether the SEC acted arbitrarily and capriciously in granting an award to Claimant 2, but not Doe. And fourth, whether Kilgour and Williams were entitled to a whistleblower award for the information that they submitted.

9 I. Standard of Review 10 We review the Commissionʹs whistleblower award determinations ʺin accordance with section 706 of [the Administrative Procedure Act].ʺ 15 U.S.C. § 78u‐6(f). Accordingly, this Court may set aside an agency action if it is ʺarbitrary, capricious, an abuse of discretion, or otherwise not in accordance with the law,ʺ or if it is ʺunsupported by substantial evidence.ʺ 5 U.S.C. § 706(2)(A) & (E). Section 702(2)(A) provides for ʺa deferential standard of reviewʺ where ʺwe cannot substitute our judgment for that of the agency.ʺ Nat. Res. Def. Council, Inc.

to the Commission, in a manner established by rule or regulation by the Commission.

15 U.S.C. § 78u‐6(a)(6).

Nos. 18‐1124, 18‐1127 Kilgour v. United States Securities and Exchange SEC v. FAA, 564 F.3d 549, 555 (2d Cir. 2009). In reviewing the SECʹs findings of fact for ʺsubstantial evidenceʺ we require that they be supported by ʺmore than a scintilla of evidence,ʺ which may be ʺless than a preponderance.ʺ Cellular Tel. Co. v. Town of Oyster Bay, 166 F.3d 490, 494 (2d Cir. 1999).

5 II. Legal Framework 6 In 2010, as part of the Dodd‐Frank Act, Congress amended the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 to establish a whistleblower award program. See 15 U.S.C. § 78u‐6. Under this program, the SEC ʺshall pay an award or awards to 1 or more whistleblowers who voluntarily provided original information to the Commission that led to the successful enforcement of [a] covered judicial or administrative action.ʺ Id. § 78u‐6(b)(1). To be eligible for an award, a whistleblower must submit information in accordance with the SECʹs rules and regulations. Id. § 78u‐6(a)(6), (c)(2)(D); see also id. § 78u‐6(j) (authorizing the SEC to issue rules and regulations to implement the program).

15 In 2011, the SEC adopted rules establishing the procedures and criteria for whistleblower awards. See Securities Whistleblower Incentives and Protections, 76 Fed. Reg. 34,300 (June 13, 2011) (codified at 17 C.F.R. Parts 240 and 249).

18 These rules limit awards to whistleblowers who ʺvoluntarily provide the

Nos. 18‐1124, 18‐1127 Kilgour v. United States Securities and Exchange SEC Commission with original information that leads to the successful enforcement by the Commission of a Federal court or administrative action.ʺ 17 C.F.R. § 3 240.21F‐3(a).

4 ʺOriginal informationʺ is defined as information ʺ[n]ot already known to the Commission from any other source, unless [the applicant is] the original source of the information.ʺ 17 C.F.R. § 240.21F‐4(b)(1)(ii). The SEC considers an applicant to be an ʺoriginal sourceʺ of information that the SEC has obtained from another source if ʺthe other source obtained the information from [the applicant or her] representative.ʺ Id. § 240.21F‐4(b)(5). The rules further define information ʺlead[ing] to successful enforcementʺ as information that (1) ʺwas sufficiently specific, credible, and timely to causeʺ the SEC to open, reopen, or expand an examination or investigation, leading to a ʺsuccessful judicial or administrative action based in whole or in part on conduct that was the subject of [the applicantʹs] original information,ʺ or (2) concerned ʺconduct that was already under examination or investigationʺ and its ʺsubmission significantly contributed to the success of the action.ʺ Id. § 240.21F‐4(c)(1)‐(2). ʺA whistleblower must be an individual. A company or another entity is not eligible to be a whistleblower.ʺ Id. § 240.21F‐2(a)(1).

Nos. 18‐1124, 18‐1127 Kilgour v. United States Securities and Exchange SEC 1 Rule 21F‐9 governs the procedures for submitting information as the basis of a claim for a whistleblower award. 17 C.F.R. § 240.21F‐9; see also id. § 240.21F‐ 2(a)(2) (eligibility for awards conditioned on compliance with these procedures, among others). It provides that to be considered a whistleblower for these purposes, an individual must submit her or his information to the SEC through the SECʹs website or in a ʺForm TCR (Tip, Complaint or Referral)ʺ mailed or faxed to the SEC. Id. § 240.21F‐9(a). This submission must be accompanied by a declaration ʺunder penalty of perjury . . . that [the] information [provided] is true and correct to the best of [the claimantʹs] knowledge and belief.ʺ Id. § 240.21F‐ 9(b). ʺ[T]he Commission may, in its sole discretion, waive any of these procedures based upon a showing of extraordinary circumstances.ʺ Id. § 240.21F4‐8(a).

13 III. Can the SEC Be Equitably Estopped from Denying Doeʹs 14 Whistleblower Award?

16 Doe does not contest the SECʹs factual determination that when the DB team received his submissions, the information was duplicative of information the team had already obtained from other sources. Doe argues, though, that ʺthe Commission should be equitably estopped from claiming it did not rely on Doeʹs September/October 2010 submissions and be directed to issue an award based on Nos. 18‐1124, 18‐1127 Kilgour v. United States Securities and Exchange SEC the contribution that information made to their investigation (when provided by other sources).ʺ Petʹr Doe Br. 33. In other words: Doe argues that notwithstanding the fact that his submissions did not contribute to the success of the enforcement action against DB, he should be entitled to a whistleblower award because the information in those submissions did. We disagree.

6 In Office of Personnel Management v. Richmond, 496 U.S. 414 (1990), the Supreme Court concluded that ʺa claimant may not assert a monetary claim of estoppel against the government when the funds used to pay this claim will come from the Federal Treasury, but are not authorized by statute.ʺ Dun & Bradstreet Corp. Found. v. U.S. Postal Serv., 946 F.2d 189, 195 (2d Cir. 1991) (citing Office of Personnel Management v. Richmond, 496 U.S. at 423‐25.). ʺAccordingly, an estoppel claim that will require the payment of government funds in contravention of a statute will fail.ʺ Id. This is such a claim.

14 First, the funds for the award that Doe requests would come from the Securities and Exchange Commission Investor Protection Fund in the Federal Treasury, as do all SEC whistleblower awards. See 15 U.S.C. § 78u‐6(g)(1) (ʺThere is established in the Treasury of the United States a fund to be known as the ʹSecurities and Exchange Commission Investor Protection Fundʹʺ).

Nos. 18‐1124, 18‐1127 Kilgour v. United States Securities and Exchange SEC 1 Second, if we were to grant Doe’s petition on the grounds of equitable estoppel, we would be compelling the SEC, in effect, to issue Doe an award that is not authorized by statute. In his reply brief, Doe argues that awarding him whistleblower funds would not contravene the Securities Exchange Act because the relief sought—granting Doeʹs award application—is authorized by statute.

6 He contends that ʺ[i]n crediting the provider of the original information the statute . . . requires that the SEC ʹshall payʹ for ʹoriginal informationʹ that led to a successful conclusion.ʺ Pet’r Doe Reply 11. Doe argues that therefore, ʺso long as a claimant provided original information, and that information aided a successful enforcement action, payment is authorized and non‐discretionary.ʺ Id. Not so. 12 We do not decide whether that the SEC erred in its determination that Doe was not credible. As the SEC notes, the ʺCFIU staff and the DB team reached generally similar conclusions that Doe did not have helpful information regarding Deutsche Bank.ʺ SEC Br. at 30. But even if we assume that some of the information Doe provided was also provided by Claimant 2 and ultimately led to the success of an enforcement action, the statute does not authorize the SEC to give Doe an award under the circumstances.

Nos. 18‐1124, 18‐1127 Kilgour v. United States Securities and Exchange SEC 1 ʺWhen Congress has entrusted rulemaking authority under a statute to an administrative agency, we evaluate the agencyʹs implementing regulations under Chevron, U.S.A., Inc. v. Natural Resources Defense Council, Inc., 467 U.S. 837 (1984).ʺ Encarnacion ex rel. George v. Astrue, 568 F.3d 72, 78 (2d Cir. 2009); see also Stryker v. SEC, 780 F.3d 163, 165 (2d. Cir. 2015) (applying the ʺfamiliar two‐step framework set forth in Chevronʺ to review the SECʹs denial of a whistleblower award where the ruling was based on rules promulgated by the SEC to implement the Dodd‐ Frank Act). ʺChevron requires us to apply a two‐step inquiry to an agencyʹs interpretation of a statute. At the first step of the analysis, a reviewing court must ask whether Congress has directly spoken to the precise question at issue.ʺ Cappetta v. Commʹr of Soc. Sec. Admin., 904 F.3d 158, 166 (2d Cir. 2018) (internal quotation marks omitted). ʺIf the statute is ambiguous, then at the second step the question for the court is whether the agencyʹs answer is based on a permissible construction of the statute . . . in other words, whether the agencyʹs interpretation is reasonable.ʺ Id. (internal quotation marks omitted).

16 The Act provides that the Commission ʺshall pay an awardʺ to a whistleblower ʺwho voluntarily provided original information to the Commission that led to the successful enforcement of the covered judicial or

Nos. 18‐1124, 18‐1127 Kilgour v. United States Securities and Exchange SEC administrative action.ʺ 15 U.S.C. § 78u‐6(b)(1). The statute thus seems to require that the information as provided by the whistleblower must have ʺled to the successful enforcement action.ʺ And, assuming arguendo that Dodd‐Frank is ambiguous on this question, ʺwe defer to the SECʹs interpretation of Dodd‐Frank at Step 2.ʺ Stryker, 780 F.3d at 166. The SEC has enacted Rule 240.21F‐4(c), which clarifies what is meant by ʺinformation that leads to a successful enforcement.ʺ 17 C.F.R. § 240.21F‐4(c). According to the Rule, a whistleblower satisfies this statutory command if he provides original information in a ʺsubmissionʺ which itself ʺsignificantly contributed to the success of the action.ʺ Id. § 240.2F‐4(c)(2).

10 The SECʹs answer, that it is a whistleblowerʹs submission that must contribute to the successful action, is thus ʺbased on a permissible construction of the statute.ʺ Chevron, 467 U.S. at 843.

13 Applying Chevron, we conclude that the interpretation of ʺinformation . . .

14 that led toʺ in 15 U.S.C § 78u‐6(b)(1) by the SEC is reasonable. First, Congress has not ʺdirectly spoken to the precise question at issue.ʺ Chevron, 467 U.S. at 842.

16 Section 78u‐6 says nothing about whether a whistleblower can be given an award if their submission was not used by the SEC to bring a successful enforcement action. Second, the SECʹs answer—that it is a whistleblowerʹs submission that

Nos. 18‐1124, 18‐1127 Kilgour v. United States Securities and Exchange SEC must contribute to the successful action—is ʺbased on a permissible construction of the statute.ʺ Id. at 843.

3 Doe asks us to disregard the SECʹs interpretation of ʺinformation . . . that led to,ʺ and instead declare that a whistleblower need not worry about curating a useful submission. All a whistleblower must do to be entitled to an award, Doe contends, is give some useful information to the SEC first, in any form, no matter how impenetrable. Consider an example: Whistleblower A submits to the SEC one‐thousand pages of scrambled documents, informing the SEC only that some incriminating information lies within that might prove useful to an ongoing investigation. Several weeks later, Whistleblower B submits to the SEC a single incriminating document, 10 pages in length, and explains in an attached memorandum why the document is incriminating and useful to an ongoing investigation. The SEC uses Whistleblower Bʹs submission, and the ongoing investigation ultimately concludes in a successful enforcement action. According to Doeʹs interpretation, it would seem, as long as Whistleblower Aʹs submission contained the information passed along by Whistleblower B, Whistleblower A is entitled to an award. We disagree.

Nos. 18‐1124, 18‐1127 Kilgour v. United States Securities and Exchange SEC 1 The interpretation that Doe asks us to adopt misreads the statute and would lead to consequences not likely intended by Congress. The whistleblower program was enacted ʺto motivate people who know of securities law violations to tell the SEC.ʺ Digital Realty Tr., Inc. v. Somers, 138 S. Ct. 767, 777 (2018) (internal quotation marks and emphasis omitted). ʺBy enlisting whistleblowers to assist the Government [in] identify[ing] and prosecut[ing] persons who have violated securities laws, Congress undertook to improve SEC enforcement and facilitate the Commissionʹs recover[y] [of] money for victims of financial fraud.ʺ Id. (internal quotation marks omitted; brackets in original).

10 As the foregoing example suggests, Doeʹs interpretation might disincentivize whistleblowers from curating their submissions. The SECʹs interpretation, by contrast, strikes a sensible balance between care and timeliness, one that is more consistent with the whistleblower programʹs purpose: A whistleblower might still be rewarded for being the first to bring incriminating information to the SECʹs attention, but only if that information is contained in a credible, and ultimately useful submission.

17 In sum, it was not arbitrary or capricious for the SEC to conclude that Doeʹs submissions did not provide ʺoriginal information to the Commission that

Nos. 18‐1124, 18‐1127 Kilgour v. United States Securities and Exchange SEC led toʺ a successful enforcement action, 15 U.S.C. § 78u‐6(b)(1), because Doeʹs submissions were not used by the DB team. The award Doe asks us to compel by equitable estoppel in this case is therefore not authorized by statute, and because that award would come from the Federal Treasury, Office of Personnel Management forecloses Doeʹs claim.

6 IV. Did the SEC Violate Doeʹs Due Process Rights by Failing to Provide 7 Doe with Certain Materials?

9 Doe next argues that the SEC violated his rights under the Due Process Clause of the Fifth Amendment by failing to provide him with materials that would have enabled him to contest the CRSʹs PD more effectively. Specifically, Doe argues that the SEC violated Rule 21F‐12(a) by relying on materials submitted by Claimants 1 and 2 in determining Doeʹs whistleblower claim, and then not producing those materials to Doe. Petʹr Doe Br. 35. We disagree. We think Doeʹs argument is contrary to the plain meaning of the relevant regulations.

17 Rule 240.21F‐10(e)(1)(i) requires the SEC to produce material requested by a claimant only if the materials ʺformed the basis of the Claims Review Staffʹs Preliminary Determinationʺ on the claimantʹs application. 17 C.F.R. § 240.21F‐ 10(e)(1)(i). Those ʺmaterialsʺ may be (1) ʺpublicly available materials from the Nos. 18‐1124, 18‐1127 Kilgour v. United States Securities and Exchange SEC covered action or related action,ʺ (2) ʺthe whistleblowerʹs Form TCR . . . and other related materials provided by the whistleblower to assist the Commission with the investigation,ʺ (3) ʺthe whistleblowerʹs . . . award application [and supporting submissions],ʺ and (4) ʺ[s]worn declarations (including attachments) from the Commission staff regarding any matters relevant to the award determination.ʺ Id. § 240.21F‐12(a). Crucially, claimants are ʺnot entitle[d] . . . to obtain from the Commission any materials . . . other than those listedʺ in Rule 21F‐12(a). Id. § 21F‐12(b).

9 Claimant 1ʹs and 2ʹs submissions are not included within the materials that Doe is entitled to review under Rule 21F‐12(a). The SEC therefore did not violate that rule or by extension Doeʹs Due Process rights in refusing to produce them.

12 V. Did the SEC Act in an Arbitrary and Capricious Manner by Favoring 13 Claimant 2ʹs Submissions over Doeʹs?

15 Doeʹs final argument is that the SEC was ʺbiased against Doe in its treatment of information that he provided versus similar information provided by Claimant 2.ʺ Petʹr Doe Br. 38. He therefore challenges the SECʹs decision on the basis that its treatment of his submission was arbitrary and capricious.

19 We conclude to the contrary. It was reasonable for the SEC to credit its staffʹs informed determination that Doe had not provided a credible submission, Nos. 18‐1124, 18‐1127 Kilgour v. United States Securities and Exchange SEC and that Claimant 2 had provided consistent, critical information that led to the successful enforcement action against DB.

3 The CFIU staff explained that it had concluded, after interviewing Doe in 2010, that he ʺhad difficulty articulating credible and coherent information concerning any potential violation of the federal securities laws.ʺ Muoio Declaration at 1; JA 4059. Doe ʺbrought with him to the meeting a wet brown paper bag containing what he claimed to be evidence,ʺ and his ʺfiles were jumbled and disorganized. During the meeting he repeatedly referred to distress over [a] personal situation, and [he] appeared to be under great duress.ʺ Id. And when Doe was interviewed again in 2013, this time by the DB team, they found that he was ʺvery difficult to follow, as he jumped from topic to topic.ʺ Addʹl Friedman Declaration, at 13; JA 3833.

13 The SEC personnel decided that Claimant 2, by contrast, provided more critical or helpful information in a far more digestible manner than Doe. The DB team itself characterized Claimant 2ʹs submission as ʺdetailed and comprehensiveʺ and concluded that it ʺfar surpassed the quality of the information provided by [Doe].ʺ Addʹl Friedman Declaration, at 9; JA 3829. Doe purports to perceive some pernicious bias, asserting that Claimant 2 also

Nos. 18‐1124, 18‐1127 Kilgour v. United States Securities and Exchange SEC provided ʺpublicly availableʺ information—an aspect of Doeʹs submission that the SEC faulted him for—but the DB team explained that ʺClaimant 2ʹs expert report was not based on publicly available information, but contained an inside view of . . . the Montreal Accord.ʺ Id. at 11. The SEC therefore acted in a manner that was reasonable, not arbitrary or capricious.

6 VI. Were Kilgour and Williams entitled to a whistleblower award for the 7 information that they submitted in their Form TCR?

9 Kilgour and Williams argue that they are entitled to a whistleblower award on the basis of information they provided to the SEC in their joint Form TCR submitted in August 2014. We disagree.

12 As discussed above, Kilgour and Williams would be entitled to an award in return for that submission only if (1) they provided original information submitted in their Form TCR, and (2) their submission significantly contributed to the success of the action. See 17 C.F.R. §§ 240.21F‐3(a), 240.21F‐4(b)(1)(ii), (b)(5), (c)(2). But by the time they submitted their Form TCR, all the information contained therein was already known to the DB team, having been provided by Kilgour and Williams earlier to support Claimant 2ʹs submissions. Accordingly, their Form TCR submission did not significantly contribute to the success of the DB action; Claimant 2ʹs submissions did.

Nos. 18‐1124, 18‐1127 Kilgour v. United States Securities and Exchange SEC 1 We recognize that Rule 21F‐4, contains an ʺoriginal source exception,ʺ which provides that 3 The Commission will consider you to be an original 4 source of the same information that we obtain from 5 another source if the information satisfies the definition 6 of original information and the other source obtained the 7 information from you or your representative.

9 17 C.F.R § 240.21F‐4(b)(5). Kilgour and Williams argue a that refusal to grant them that exception renders the original source exception ʺmoot because it would effectively disqualify all whistleblowers, including petitioners Kilgour and Williams, from making [w]histleblower applications using original information attributed to them under this rule, because, by definition, the SEC was already aware of it.ʺ Petʹrs K&W Br. 28. We disagree: The SECʹs interpretation of ʺinformation . . . that led toʺ in Rule 21F‐4(c)(2)—discussed above—would not have the effect of nullifying the original‐source definition in Rule 21F‐4(b)(5).

18 Rule 21F‐4(b)(7) advises a whistleblower that: 19 [i]f you provide information to the Congress, any other 20 authority of the Federal government, a state Attorney 21 General or securities regulatory authority, any self‐ 22 regulatory organization, or the Public Company 23 Accounting Oversight Board, or to an entityʹs internal 24 whistleblower, legal, or compliance procedures for Nos. 18‐1124, 18‐1127 Kilgour v. United States Securities and Exchange SEC 1 reporting allegations of possible violations of law, and 2 you, within 120 days, submit the same information to the 3 Commission pursuant to § 240.21F‐9 of this chapter, as 4 you must do in order for you to be eligible to be 5 considered for an award, then, for purposes of 6 evaluating your claim to an award under §§ 240.21F‐10 7 and 240.21F‐11 of this chapter, the Commission will 8 consider that you provided information as of the date of 9 your original disclosure, report or submission to one of 10 these other authorities or persons.

12 17 C.F.R. § 240.21F‐4(b)(7). In other words, in circumstances identified in the Rule—such as when a person submits his or her tip to another federal agency— the SEC will treat the information as though it had been submitted to the SEC directly from that person at the same time that it was submitted to the other agency. This rule thus preserves the original source exception, notwithstanding the submission‐focused nature of Rule 21F‐4(c)(2), for certain specified situations.

18 This case does not present such a situation.

19 Conclusion 20 We have considered the petitionersʹ remaining arguments in support of their petitions and conclude that they are without merit. For the foregoing reasons, we DENY the petitions of Doe, Kilgour, and Williams to compel the SEC to grant their applications for whistleblower awards in connection with the DB matter.