United States v. Panhandle Eastern Corp.
Opinion of the Court
OPINION OF THE COURT
This matter is before the court on an appeal brought by Trunkline LNG Co., pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1292(a)(1), from an order entered October 19, 1987 denying a motion made by it and certain other defendants within its corporate family seeking a stay of portions of this case on the theory that the claims made by the plaintiff, the United States of America, are subject to arbitration. We determine that we do not have jurisdiction and thus we will dismiss the appeal.
While the transactions leading to this appeal are quite complicated, they need only be summarized. This action stems from a guarantee of $197,500,000 in bonds issued by the Secretary of Commerce under Title XI of the Merchant Marine Act of 1936, as amended, 46 U.S.C. §§ 1271-1279C, for the construction of two liquid natural gas tankers owned by a partnership named Lachmar whose partners when the guarantee was made were Morgas, Inc., Pantheon, Inc., and Pelmar Company, respectively subsidiaries of Moore McCor-mack Resources, Inc., General Dynamics Corp., and Panhandle Eastern Corporation.
The tankers were constructed and put into service but Trunkline LNG subsequently invoked a force majeure clause in the transportation agreement, suspended shipments and refused to make payments to Lachmar which then asserted a claim under the arbitration clause of the transportation agreement against Trunkline LNG. While there was a dispute as to arbitrability because the Maritime Administration was not a party to the arbitration, in litigation originating in the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York, the Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit held that the Maritime Administration did not assume Lachmar’s duty to arbitrate under the agreement and was thus not a necessary or indispensable party to the arbitration. Lachmar v. Trunkline LNG Co., 753 F.2d 8 (2d Cir. 1985). Therefore, the arbitration went forward. Ultimately the Lachmar-Trunkline LNG dispute was settled when General Dy
The United States, which was concerned that the bonds it had guaranteed might not be paid, on April 10, 1987 brought this action against Lachmar, Trunkline LNG and the other corporations already mentioned.
The United States alleged that the defendants were liable to it on various theories including breach of contract, commission of torts, making fraudulent conveyances, and violation of statutes.
Trunkline LNG and the other defendants associated with Panhandle Eastern moved for a stay of the portion of the complaint related to Trunkline LNG’s alleged breach of the transportation agreement. Specifically, as Trunkline LNG explains in its brief, the stay was sought as to the following:
These are the first five counts, which allege that TLC’s [Trunkline LNG’s] 1983 suspension of shipments and payments were in breach of the Transportation Agreement, and counts XXII-XXIV, which allege that affiliates of TLC tor-tiously caused the allegedly unauthorized suspension by TLC. With respect to all eight of these counts plaintiff requests an award of damages. TLC sought no stay with respect to the remaining 27 counts of the complaint, which are directed largely at the proceeds of the settlement of the Lachmar/TLC arbitration.
In a comprehensive opinion the district judge denied the motion as he reasoned that the Maritime Administration had “left no stone unturned to ensure that it would have no obligations under” the transportation agreement and it had never agreed to arbitrate. United States v. Panhandle Eastern Corp., 672 F.Supp. 149, 154 (D.Del. 1987). This appeal followed.
It is obvious, of course, that the appeal is interlocutory and thus ordinarily we would have no jurisdiction to hear it. See Cost Bros., Inc. v. Travelers Indem. Co., 760 F.2d 58, 59 n. 1 (3d Cir. 1985); Danford v. Schwabacher, 488 F.2d 454,
Here the second prong of the Enelow-Ettelson rule was met, as a defense asserts ing that a dispute must be resolved through arbitration is equitable. See Cost Bros., Inc. v. Travelers Indem. Co., 760 F.2d at 59-60 n. 1. Accordingly, we are concerned with whether this action should be characterized as being in law or in equity.
We are satisfied that the equitable aspects of this case are so substantial that they cannot possibly be regarded as merely incidental to an action predominantly at law. See H.C. Lawton, Jr., Inc. v. Truck Drivers, Chauffeurs & Helpers Local Union, 755 F.2d 324, 327 (3d Cir. 1985); Nascone v. Spudnuts, Inc., 735 F.2d 763, 770 (3d Cir. 1984). As we have indicated, the United States seeks imposition of constructive trusts, injunctive relief, piercing of corporate veils, and rescission. Thus while damages and legal relief are also sought, the equitable nature of this case is clear. See, e.g., Nascone v. Spudnuts, Inc., 735 F.2d at 770; Timberlake v. Oppenheimer & Co., Inc., 729 F.2d 515, 518 (7th Cir. 1984); Carpenters Health and Welfare Fund v. Kenneth R. Ambrose, Inc., 727 F.2d 279, 284 (3d Cir. 1983); Stateside Mach. Co. Ltd. v. Alperin, 526 F.2d 480, 484-85 (3d Cir. 1975). Accordingly, the first prong of the Enelow-Ettelson test has not been met and we do not have jurisdiction.
We have not ignored the argument of Trunkline LNG that it only sought a stay with respect to the allegations of the United States that it breached the transportation agreement when it suspended shipments and payments and that only compensatory damages are sought for that breach. The fact is that all of the circumstances of the complaint as amended are so intimately related that for purposes of the Enelow-Ettelson rule this matter must be deemed equitable in character. See Mellon Bank, N.A. v. Pritchard-Keang Nam Corp., 651 F.2d 1244, 1249-50 (8th Cir. 1981); Hussain v. Bache & Co., Inc., 562 F.2d 1287, 1290 (D.C.Cir. 1977); Stateside Mach. Co. v. Alperin, 526 F.2d at 484-85. See also Porter v. Warner Holding Co., 328 U.S. 395, 398, 66 S.Ct. 1086, 1089, 90 L.Ed. 1332 (1946). This is not a case in which a plaintiff under liberal joinder rules has in one complaint brought unrelated causes of action against a defendant. See Fed.R.Civ.P. 18(a).
In reaching our result we have not overlooked the judicial policy to preserve the right to a jury trial when legal and equitable issues are raised. See Dairy Queen, Inc. v. Wood, 369 U.S. 469, 82 S.Ct. 894, 8 L.Ed.2d 44 (1962); Hussain v. Bache & Co., Inc., 562 F.2d at 1290. We simply do not find it germane here as we are not concerned with whether any party has a
Further, we have not ignored Hilti, Inc. v. Oldach, 392 F.2d 368, 369 n. 1 (1st Cir. 1968), and Travel Consultants, Inc. v. Travel Management Corp., 367 F.2d 334 (D.C.Cir. 1966), cert. denied, 386 U.S. 912, 87 S.Ct. 861, 17 L.Ed.2d 785 (1967), cited by Trunkline LNG, which lend some support to its claim that the order is appealable on a theory that the complaint is divisible for Enelow-Ettelson purposes. We are simply not persuaded that we should attempt to fragment the action involving related matters and thus apply the Enelow-Ettel-son rule broadly as in an earlier case we pointed out that the rule lacks a rational basis. See H.C. Lawton, Jr., Inc. v. Truck Drivers, Chauffeurs & Helpers Local Union, 755 F.2d at 327 n. 2. See also In re Hops Antitrust Litigation, 832 F.2d 470, 473 (8th Cir. 1987). We also point out that the court in Travel Consultants, Inc. v. Travel Management Corp., expressed some dissatisfaction with the result it reached (see 367 F.2d at 338) and the court in Hilti, Inc. v. Oldach seems not to have addressed the question of whether the presence of significant equitable elements in a case requires that an entire action be regarded as equitable for purposes of the Enelow-Ettelson rule. See 392 F.2d 369 n. 1.
The appeal will be dismissed.
. The federal program involved here has been transferred to the Department of Transportation. See 46 U.S.C. § 1114 (1982).
. We have simplified the description of the corporate structures as these precise details need not be set forth because of the limited issue on which we resolve this appeal.
. Again we have simplified the description of the corporate interests involved.
. In its brief the United States asserts that $125,-000,000 of the bonds are outstanding.
.Of course the United States does not assert that all defendants are liable on all theories.
Reference
- Full Case Name
- United States v. PANHANDLE EASTERN CORP., Panhandle Eastern Pipe Line Co. Trunkline Gas Co. Trunkline LNG Co. General Dynamics Corp. Moore McCormack Resources., Inc. Moore McCormack LNG Transport, Inc. Morgas, Inc. Pantheon, Inc. Pelmar Co. Lachmar. Appeal of TRUNKLINE LNG CO
- Cited By
- 1 case
- Status
- Published