Tormenia v. First Investors Realty Co.
Opinion of the Court
OPINION OF THE COURT
On July 20, 1998, in this diversity suit in the District Court for New Jersey, a jury awarded Theresa Tormenia $60,000 to compensate her for injuries suffered after the panels of a revolving door collapsed
Appellants Woodbridge and Troast advance three arguments in the present case. First, they allege that the District Court erred in denying them judgment as a matter of law. In particular, appellants assert that Ms. Tormenia failed to present requisite expert evidence to prove that the revolving door accident caused her injuries; they further contend that Mr. Alvin Yorra, Ms. Tormenia’s engineering expert, did not show that appellants’ negligence caused the door to malfunction. Second, in the alternative, appellants seek a new trial because the District Court erroneously admitted Mr. Yorra’s testimony into evidence and because the District Court erroneously presented the jury with a conditional res ipsa loquitur charge regarding Troast’s liability. Third, appellants request a re-mittitur or a retrial on damages because the jury’s $60,000 award was not rationally based on the evidence presented. Because we disagree with each of appellants’ arguments, we affirm the judgment of the District Court.
Facts
On June 21, 1994, Ms. Tormenia was struck by a revolving door on property that Woodbridge owned and Troast managed. The accident was apparently caused by a successive failure of two of the door’s components. First, as Ms. Tormenia tried to pass through the door, its “speed control device”
After the accident, Ms. Tormenia did not seek medical treatment immediately. She visited a chiropractor in reference to back and neck pain five weeks after the accident; she was referred to an orthopedic surgeon for an examination of her left knee nine months after the accident; and she received arthroscopic surgery on her knee eleven months after the accident.
At trial, Ms. Tormenia sought to explain the revolving door’s mechanical problems using testimony from Mr. Alvin Yorra, a civil engineer with a master’s degree who taught engineering for thirty-two years as an associate professor at Northeastern University. His description of the jammed speed control device and the break-away mechanism essentially matched the account provided supra. Mr. Yorra also explained why he believed that a temporary
In attempting to explain the medical cause of her injuries, Ms. Tormenia did not present expert testimony. Instead, Ms. Tormenia’s own testimony was used to argue that injuries to her left shoulder and right knee were caused by the revolving door panel behind her, which “slammed” her body against the door panel in front of her. Ms. Tormenia asserted that she had been pinned between the two door panels until a building employee pulled the panels apart and allowed her to exit, and she also testified that she had suffered no injury to her knee or shoulder prior to the accident. On cross-examination, appellants’ counsel demonstrated that, in her deposition, Ms. Tormenia had described several injuries for which she did not seek compensation at trial, including injuries to her back and neck. Defense counsel also brought the jury’s attention to the period of months that elapsed before Ms. Tormenia sought medical care for her knee.
In charging the jury, the District Court offered the following conditional res ipsa loquitur instruction:
If you find by the preponderance that (1) at the time of the incident the defendant [Troast] had exclusive control of the instrumentality causing the occurrence; (2) that the circumstances were such that in the ordinary course of events the incident would not have occurred if [Troast] had exercised reasonable care; and (3) Plaintiffs voluntary act or negligence did not contribute to the occurrence, then you may, but are not required to, confer [sic] that [Troast] was negligent.
Appellants objections to this charge were heard and rejected by the District Court during a charge conference held on July 20, 1998, and in an unpublished post-verdict opinion filed on October 21, 1998.
I. Appellants’ Motion for Judgment as a Matter of Law
A. Causation Evidence Regarding Ms. Tormenias Injuries
Appellants’ first basis for contending that they were entitled to judgment as a matter of law is their claim that Ms. Tormenia was required to, but did not, present expert medical testimony to prove that her knee and shoulder injuries were caused by the revolving door. Both parties agree that New Jersey law controls this dispute, and both parties similarly agree that New Jersey law does not require expert testimony if the claimed disability is a natural result of the alleged injury. See, e.g., Bushman v. Halm, 798 F.2d 651, 658 (3d Cir. 1986); Kelly v. Borwegen, 95 N.J.Super. 240, 230 A.2d 532, 534 (1967) (quoting 25A C.J.S. Damages S 162(5)). New Jersey law does require expert testimony, however, in cases where lay jurors confront causation issues that are too complex to be understood without the assistance of specialized expert testimony. See Kelly, 230 A.2d at 534 (holding that expert testimony was necessary to explain how an automobile accident could cause plaintiffs alleged difficulty in sleeping, walking, climbing steps, and breathing, since such pain and suffering were “subjective” and were “not obviously related to an identifiable injury”).
In the case at bar, the causation argument regarding Ms. Tormenia’s injuries seems straightforward: Ms. Tormenia alleged that she was struck from behind by a revolving door panel, her body collided with the door panel ahead of her, and she suffered pain in her knee and shoulder.
Appellants counter that expert testimony was necessary in this case because Ms. Tormenia modified the injuries for which she sought recovery — she omitted to mention back or neck injuries at trial that had been described in her pretrial deposition — and because substantial time had passed before Ms. Tormenia sought medical attention for her knee. But both of these arguments seem to relate exclusively to Ms. Tormenia’s credibility as a witness, and such issues may not be evaluated in deciding a motion for judgment as a matter of law. See Wittekamp v. Gulf & Western, Inc., 991 F.2d 1137, 1141 (3d Cir. 1993) (holding that judgment as a matter of law may be granted “only if, viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to [the plaintiff] and giving him the advantage of eveiy fair and reasonable inference, there is insufficient evidence from which a jury could reasonably find liability”). Appellants have not explained how Ms. Tormenia’s allegations regarding causality, i.e., that her leg and shoulder were hurt by being struck by and trapped in a revolving door, created an issue of such technical complexity that expert testimony was required under New Jersey law.
B. Causation Evidence Regarding the Door’s Malfunction
Appellants also assert that Mr. Yorra’s testimony did not prove that appellants’ negligence caused the door to malfunction. As explained supra, Mr. Yorra testified that a contaminant temporarily caught in the gears of the revolving door’s speed control device caused the door’s sudden arrest. Mr. Yorra further testified that the door was not stopped by a broken gear or a slipped pivot because the door functioned properly soon after the accident, which would have been unlikely or impossible if part of the door had broken or slipped out of place. Finally, Mr. Yorra testified that contaminants often enter the oil bath of revolving doors because of inadequate maintenance; the inferences supporting this opinion were corroborated by particular evidence that no maintenance schedule existed for the door that allegedly injured Ms. Tormenia.
Appellants argue that, despite the above evidence, “[tjhere is no way a jury could determine whether the contaminant entered the gears after remaining in the oil bath for a prolonged period of time due to a lack of maintenance or simply entered the system from outside at some point before the seizure of the door.” We disagree. Using preponderance of the evidence as the appropriate burden of proof, the jury was properly allowed to infer, based on Mr. Yorra’s testimony, that appellants’ negligent maintenance — rather than some coincidental contamination— caused the revolving door’s malfunction.
Appellants rely on Fedorczyk v. Caribbean Cruise Lines, Ltd., 82 F.3d 69 (3d Cir. 1996), for the uncontroversial proposition that mere proof of negligence, combined with conjecture that such negligence might have caused the plaintiffs injury, is not legally sufficient evidence of causation. Upon closer review, however, the case at bar differs substantially from Fedorczyk.
Ms. Fedorczyk’s suit alleged that, during a cruise line vacation, she returned to her cabin and slipped as she entered her
The principle properly derived from Fedorczyk is that plaintiffs must present some evidence linking their injuries to appellants’ negligence. In Fedorczyk, defendant’s alleged failure to cover the bathtub with a reasonable quantity of abrasive material could not be factually linked to the plaintiffs injuries because there was no evidence that Ms. Fedorczyk actually slipped on part of the tub that was not covered. In this case, however, it is undisputed that Ms. Tormenia was struck by the same door that appellants failed to maintain, and Mr. Yorra testified that the particular part of the door which malfunctioned — the speed control device-was the same part that appellants failed to maintain. Moreover, Mr. Yorra explained that the accident was mechanically caused by a contaminant, which he believed was due to appellants’ negligent maintenance practices, and he explicitly discredited several alternate theories of how the accident might have occurred.
II. Admission of Mr. Yorra’s Testimony
Appellants claim that the District Court en*oneously allowed Mr. Yorra to testify as an expert.
First, appellants argue that Mr. Yorra’s testimony was unreliable because it was not based on a direct inspection of the door
Second, appellants assert, without further analysis, that “[Mr. Yorra’s] opinions were purely personal in nature and consequently devoid of any underlying methodology.” The District Court disagreed with this characterization of Mr. Yorra’s testimony, and we concur. Upon reviewing the record, Mr. Yorra’s testimony appears to have combined general principles of physical science with his own experience pertaining to mechanisms like the revolving door at issue here. On these facially credible bases, Mr. Yorra explained: the function of a speed control device, the function of break-away mechanism, the reasons he believed a contaminant caused the speed control device to jam in this case, and the reasons he believed appellants’ negligence caused a contaminant to enter the door’s speed control device. None of these explanations seems to represent a conjectural, personal opinion devoid of scientific methodology, and appellants have not adequately explained why they have chosen to characterize them as such.
Third, appellants claim that Mr. Yorra lacks adequate credentials to qualify as an expert witness under Rule 702. Although appellants acknowledge Mr. Yorra’s extensive experience as a student and professor of mechanical engineering, they assert that his testimony was not admissible because
Although appellants are correct to note that Mr. Yorra’s masters degree in civil engineering and his experience as a professor do not “qualify him to provide expert testimony on any subject associated, however tangentially, with such engineering disciplines,” they are incorrect to characterize Mr. Yorra’s testimony in this case as “tangential” to his experience. Mr. Yorra has taught courses in many fields of mechanical engineering, and he testified that the scientific principles to prepare his opinion in this case were “based on courses that I’ve taken, the courses that I’ve taught. I have expended many years in forensic engineering dealing with these particular subjects. I have had specific cases of revolving doors, I have had generalized mechanical system design cases, I looked over all the applicable codes on the subject.” After substantial direct examination and cross-examination regarding Mr. Yorra’s credentials and testimony, Mr. Yorra’s experience with mechanical devices that employ the same principles at issue her e was found sufficient to qualify him as an expert witness. Such a determination was consistent with the requirements of Rule 702, and it certainly did not constitute reversible abuse of discretion.
III. Res Ipsa Loquitur
The standard of review for a district court’s jury charge is abuse of discretion. See United States v. Johnson, 199 F.3d 123, 125 (3d Cir. 1999). Appellants argue that the res ipsa loquitur charge was improper in this case because none of the three prerequisites for such a theory of liability was present. See Eaton v. Eaton, 119 N.J. 628, 575 A.2d 858, 863 (1990) (“[Res ipsa loquitur] depends on ... three conditions: (1) the accident ... was one which ordinarily does not happen unless someone was negligent, (2) the instrumentality ... which caused the accident was under the exclusive control of the defendant, and (3) the ... event was not caused ... by any ... neglect on the part of the injured person.”)
First, appellants argue that “[t]he res ipsa loquitur doctrine is not applicable where an injured party fails to preclude other possible causes of injury.” But this argument does not account for Mr. Yorra’s testimony, which specifically considered and rejected possible causes of the revolving door’s malfunction that would not have involved negligence. On this basis, we affirm the District Court’s determination that Ms. Tormenia had produced sufficient evidence that the accident in her case ordinarily would not have occurred in the absence of negligence.
Second, appellants cite Den Braven v. Meyer Bros., 1 N.J. 470, 64 A.2d 219 (1949), for the proposition that revolving doors are not within the “exclusive control” of their owners and managers. Den Braven, however, involved a young girl who was injured when a revolving door was set into motion; her claim was based on allegations that the defendants had inadequately controlled the speed of persons moving through the door. The New Jersey Supreme Court apparently has not considered a case, such as this one, where a plaintiffs injury was allegedly caused by unreasonable maintenance practices of a revolving door, and language from Den Braven itself supports the District Court’s
Third, appellants argue that Ms. Tormenia failed to prove that her own negligence did not cause the accident. Appellants have presented neither evidence nor argument suggesting that Ms. Tormenia was negligent in this case, much less that her negligence caused the alleged accident. More importantly, appellants’ argument overlooks the fact that the res ipsa loquitur charge in this case was conditional on the jury’s finding that certain predicate facts obtained. Under New Jersey law, as described in Allendorf v. Kaiser-man Enterprises, 266 N.J.Super. 662, 630 A.2d 402, 405 (1993):
If the evidence presents a factual issue as to how an accident occurred, and the res ipsa loquitur doctrine would be applicable under only one version of the accident, the court should give a “conditional” res ipsa loquitur instruction, un- ’ der which the jury is directed first to decide how the accident happened and to consider res ipsa loquiUir only if it finds that the accident occurred in a manner which fits the doctrine.
Even if appellants had argued that Ms. Tormenia’s negligence caused or contributed to her accident, the District Court followed New Jersey’s prescription that such factual issues be left for the jury to decide. Specifically, the District Court’s instruction permitted a res ipsa loquitur theory of liability only if, inter alia, “the Plaintiffs voluntary act or negligence did not contribute to the [incident’s] occurrence.” Since Ms. Tormenia’s and Mr. Yorra’s testimony support a reasonable inference that any negligence on Ms. Tormenia’s part did not cause the accident, the jury’s verdict cannot be disturbed based on the District Court’s conditional charge. See generally Motter v. Everest & Jennings, 883 F.2d 1223, 1230 (3d Cir. 1989) (“In reviewing the propriety of a jury verdict, our obligation is to uphold the jury’s award if there exists a reasonable basis to do so.”).
Since all three requirements for applying res ipsa loquitur appear to have been satisfied for purposes of a conditional charge under New Jersey law, we find that the District Court did not abuse its discretion in its res ipsa loquitur instruction.
IV. The Rational Basis for the Jury’s Verdict
In seeking a new trial on damages or remittitur, appellants acknowledge that the jury’s decision warrants deferen
Finally, appellants cite Cochran v. A/H Battery Associates, 909 F.Supp. 911 (S.D.N.Y. 1995), in which damage awards for knee injuries were described as ranging from $15,000 to $400,000, and in which the Cochran plaintiff received $30,000 in an admiralty bench trial. Presumably, appellants would use Cochran’s analysis of damage awards to show that the jury’s verdict in Ms. Tormenia’s was aberrational and extraordinary. The standard of review, however, is not whether the jury’s verdict deviates from a discernibly “normal” award in comparable cases, nor whether such deviation would seem well-justified. These matters are the proper concern for bench trials, such as Cochran, in which courts must calculate damages awards in the first instance, but they are not proper justification for courts to revise damage awards, such as this one, that have already been issued by a jury.
In the present circumstances, the dis-positive legal question is whether, given the evidence presented, the jury’s award was so irrational as to “shock the judicial conscience.” And in this case, where Ms. Tormenia alleged that she was trapped in a malfunctioning door, that she suffered pain in her knee and shoulder for many months, and that she ultimately had to undergo knee surgery, appellants have not carried their difficult burden. Thus, we affirm the District Court’s decision to deny a retrial on damages or a remittitur.
Conclusion
For the foregoing reasons, the District Court’s judgment in this case is affirmed.
. A speed control device is a series of six gears and a brake shoe that are connected to the central axle of a revolving door to prevent the door from rotating above a preset speed.
. A break-away mechanism is a spring and ball that hold a revolving door’s panel in its proper place until and unless such significant pressure is applied as may force it loose. The spring presses the ball against an indentation on top of the panel, and the mechanism is calibrated to release, or "break away,” so that the door will not trap people inside the building during an emergency.
. Although Ms. Fedorczyk's expert witness testified that the dearth of anti-slip strips had caused her accident, this court found the expert's testimony to be pure speculation, outside the realm of his expertise, and lacking the factual basis necessary for its admission into evidence. Id. at 75.
. Appellants make much of the fact that Mr. Yorra did not conclusively refute the possibility that a contaminant was "recently introduced” into the door's speed control device, such that the accident would have occurred even if appellants had maintained the door properly. Defendants' argument misconstrues the burden of proof in seeking judgment as a matter of law. Ms. Tormenia is not charged with disproving every theory that would deny recovery. She must merely pres-enl sufficient evidence so that a reasonable jury could infer that her version of the relevant events was true. As discussed in the text, we believe Ms. Tormenia accomplished this task in the case at bar.
.Appellants also assert that the District Court erroneously administered their hearing under Rule 104(a), which was intended to probe Mr. Yorra's qualifications as an expert. In particular, appellants claim that time for their cross-examination was limited to 30 minutes (after 30 minutes for plaintiff's direct examination) and that the court "directed counsel to address the issue of the opinions set forth by the expert. Only 10 minutes were afforded for this crucial exercise.”
As a factual matter, appellants are plainly wrong to suggest that the District Court
. It appears that Mr. Yorra did inspect the door, but he did so only after having written his expert reports and having given his deposition. The District Court excluded testimony based on this inspection because appellants were not afforded adequate notice that the inspection had occurred.
Reference
- Full Case Name
- Theresa TORMENIA v. FIRST INVESTORS REALTY COMPANY, INC. John G. Troast, d/b/a Troast Enterprises Troast Wood-bridge Associates Sam Halpern, d/b/a H & W Associates, All Doing Business as Woodbridge Center Office Complex, A Partnership H & W Associates, All Doing Business as Wood-bridge Center Office Complex, A Partnership JGT Management Co. L.L.C.
- Cited By
- 10 cases
- Status
- Published