United States v. Thomas
United States v. Thomas
Opinion of the Court
OPINION
On March 15, 2001, drug-enforcement agents followed up on a phone call from Wharton, an alleged co-conspirator of appellant Chilson Thomas, which eventually led to Thomas’ arrest for possession of an unlicensed firearm in violation of V.I. CODE ANN. tit. 14, § 2253(a). He moved to suppress the firearm on the grounds of an illegal search that violated the Fourth Amendment. The suppression hearing judge denied the motion, holding that the agents had reasonable suspicion to stop
At approximately 9:00 p.m. on March 14, 2001, Wharton scaled the manager’s desk at the Bolongo Beach Resort Hotel and pled with him to call the police. He feared that his life was in danger because he believed his co-conspirators to a drug transaction had other plans for him. After the agents escorted Wharton downtown, they returned to the hotel (A24). The manager confirmed Wharton’s account of the events and added that there were five other people he believed were with Wharton, three of whom checked out of their room at the hotel immediately after the police left with Wharton, and that the two others, hanging around the bar, left shortly thereafter (A25-26). The manager overheard that the suspects were headed to the Windward Passage Hotel. Agents searched the vacated hotel room, and found telephone numbers, airline receipts and a container of baby wipes that are ordinarily used to conceal the odor of cocaine (A27). Surveillance of the Windward Passage Hotel was established at 4:30 a.m. on March 15, 2001, and hotel security verified that the suspects were registered at the hotel. Further surveillance told the agents that the suspects were leaving a nightclub at 5:30 a.m (A29-30). At approximately 5:45 a.m. the agents obtained consent to search the suspects’ rooms, and inside they found approximately $28 000.
At approximately 8:20 a.m., while seizure paperwork was being finished, Thomas and a second individual, Gonzalez, came to the top of the stairs, approached the rooms, and upon seeing the agents quickly turned back downstairs (A35). The agents followed them downstairs and saw them on the house phone and again upon seeing the agents, Thomas and Gonzalez left the hotel. The agents followed both men and asked each if he would talk to them (A37, 55). The officers identified themselves as such and separated the two for independent interviews. As Thomas walked toward Agent Poist’s car, Agent Velasquez noticed a knife protruding from Thomas’ pocket and apprised Poist of the knife, who in turn asked Thomas if he minded them patting him down, and then right after asked Thomas to “empty [his] pockets” (A67). When asked if he minded, Thomas said “yeah” (A77). Frisking but feeling nothing, Poist asked Thomas to empty his pockets (A77). Thomas pulled out a bandana which prompted Poist to say “no pull it all out” (A77). Thomas then pulled out a firearm magazine from his pocket but tried to hide it in his hand (A87). Velasquez saw the magazine and, put Thomas in a wristlock and asked where the gun was (A57). Velasquez found the gun and immediately arrested Thomas. The search incident to arrest yielded a cellular telephone (A62).
The issues we address are (1) whether the agents had reasonable suspicion to stop Thomas; (2) if not, whether Thomas voluntarily consented to the search; (3) whether Thomas’ arrest was supported by probable cause, and (4) whether the District Court was correct in denying Thomas’ motion for return of property. Questions of what meets the standard of reasonable suspicion, voluntary consent, and probable cause are questions of law over which we exercise plenary review. United States v. Coward, 296 F.3d 176, 179 (3d. Cir. 2002). Motions for return of property are reviewed under the clearly erroneous standard. United States v. Francis, 646 F.2d 251, 262 (6th Cir. 1981). We resolve all four issues in the affirmative.
First, we hold that the agents had reasonable suspicion to justify the Terry stop and frisk made on Thomas when he was leaving the hotel. In Terry v. Ohio, the Supreme Court held that an officer
Second, since we hold that the agents had reasonable suspicion to conduct the stop and frisk, we need not determine whether Thomas consented to it. However, in that alternative, we do find that Thomas did consent to the search of his pockets. The detainee’s consent must be voluntary, and voluntariness is judged from the totality of the circumstances. Schneckloth v. Bustamonte, 412 U.S. 218, 227, 93 S.Ct. 2041, 36 L.Ed.2d 854 (1973). In this case, Thomas was not in custody. He was asked if he would speak to the agents and he agreed. Agent Poist testified that he spoke in a conversational tone. Futhermore, Thomas testified that he knew he had a right to refuse to allow a search (A97). Therefore, Thomas consented to the search of his pockets.
Third, we hold that Thomas’ arrest was supported by probable cause. Probable cause exists where the facts and circumstances within the officer’s knowledge are sufficient in themselves to warrant a reasonable person to believe that an offense has been or is being committed by the person to be arrested. United States v. Cruz, 910 F.2d 1072, 1076 (3rd Cir. 1990). Thomas argues that his arrest on the basis of an unlicensed firearm is inconsistent with our holding in United States v. Ubiles. In Ubiles, we held that it was not reasonable to suspect that a person carrying a concealed firearm was committing a crime, unless the officer had reason to suspect the person was not licensed to
Fourth, we hold that the District Judge correctly denied Thomas’ Rule 41(e) motion for return of property. To keep property, the Government must prove “that it had a legitimate reason not to return the property to the person from whom it was seized.” Government of the Virgin Islands v. Edwards, 903 F.2d 267 (3rd Cir. 1990). The Government’s intent to use property as evidence is a continuing interest which can prevent return of property under Rule 41(e). United States v. 608 Taylor Avenue, 584 F.2d 1297, 1303 (3rd Cir. 1978). Thomas was suspected of drug trafficking. He testified that the cellular phone was purchased in New York and that it did not work in the Virgin Islands. The evidentiary value of the phone is the information contained in it in the form of numbers dialed, when calls were made, and to whom. Therefore, the judge correctly denied Thomas’ Rule 41(e) motion.
In sum, we hold that the agents’ stop of Thomas’ was reasonable, consented to, and the arrest that stemmed from it was supported by probable cause. Also, we hold that the Government need not return the seized cellular phone to Thomas. The judgment of the trial court is affirmed.
Reference
- Full Case Name
- United States v. Chislon THOMAS
- Cited By
- 3 cases
- Status
- Published