NOT PRECEDENTIAL

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT ___________

No. 21-1128 __________

JAMEEL IBRAHIM a/k/a James Holloway, Appellant v.

STATE OF NEW JERSEY ATTORNEY GENERAL; ESSEX COUNTY PROBATION SERVICES DIVISION; N.J. ADMINISTRATIVE OFFICE OF THE COURTS; NJ DEPARTMENT OF HUMAN SERVICES ____________________________________

On Appeal from the United States District Court for the District of New Jersey (D.C. Civil Action No. 2:18-cv-03461) District Judge: Honorable Kevin McNulty ____________________________________

Submitted Pursuant to Third Circuit L.A.R. 34.1(a) June 22, 2021 Before: JORDAN, MATEY and NYGAARD, Circuit Judges

(Opinion filed July 16, 2021) ___________

OPINION* ___________

PER CURIAM

* This disposition is not an opinion of the full Court and pursuant to I.O.P. 5.7 does not constitute binding precedent. Pro se appellant Jameel Ibrahim filed suit against the defendants objecting to

proceedings in a child support case. He alleges the hearing officer at an April 2000

hearing acted without jurisdiction and improperly coerced him to agree to paternity

testing. On the defendants’ motions, the District Court ruled that Ibrahim failed to state a

claim. The District Court dismissed the complaint without prejudice to the submission,

within 30 days, of a motion to amend.1 Ibrahim took an appeal, which we dismissed for

lack of appellate jurisdiction. Order, C.A. No. 19-1270 (June 5, 2019).

In the District Court, Ibrahim filed a document titled as a motion for leave to

amend under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 15, but which consisted of a proposed

amended memorandum opinion. ECF No. 66. 2 He then filed three largely duplicative

documents with the District Court, listing several “causes of action.” ECF Nos. 73-75.3

The District Court construed Ibrahim’s motion for leave to amend and these three further

1 The District Court construed Ibrahim’s numerous filings as supplementation of his position and further opposition to the motions to dismiss, but denied them to the extent that they stood as independent motions. In one such filing, Ibrahim moved for leave to amend and add additional parties, attaching an entirely new complaint addressed solely to these new parties and apparently focused on the suspension of his driver’s license. ECF No. 30. After the District Court denied the motion, Ibrahim did not include these parties in his further efforts to amend his complaint or otherwise mention them. 2 It appears that Ibrahim copied the text of an order issued by the United States District Court for the Northern District of Texas, added a few passages from other sources, and changed the names and related details. See Calhoun v. Wash. DHS Child Support Div., No. 3-18-cv-1477,

(N.D. Tex. June 11, 2018). This explains the otherwise puzzling references to transfer and severance. 3 Ibrahim also filed a nearly identical document as the complaint in a new case against one of the appellees. Complaint, Ibrahim v. N.J. Off. of the Att’y Gen., No. 2:19-cv- 15405 (D.N.J. July 15, 2019), ECF No. 1.

2 filings collectively as a motion to amend the complaint and denied it. ECF Nos. 93 & 94.

The District Court also ruled that further amendment would be futile and dismissed the

action without prejudice. ECF Nos. 93 & 95. Ibrahim sought reconsideration, which the

District Court denied. Ibrahim promptly appealed.4

I.

We have jurisdiction under

. Ibrahim’s timely appeal from the

order denying reconsideration “brings up the underlying judgment for review.”

McAllister v. Sentry Ins. Co.,

(3d Cir. 1992). We exercise de novo

review over the dismissal of Ibrahim’s action. Newark Cab Ass’n. v. City of Newark,

(3d Cir. 2018). We review a district court’s denial of leave to amend

for abuse of discretion and review de novo a determination that amendment would be

futile. U.S. ex rel. Schumann v. AstraZeneca Pharms. L.P.,

(3d Cir.

2014). And we review “a denial of a motion for reconsideration for abuse of discretion,

but we review the District Court's underlying legal determinations de novo and factual

determinations for clear error.”

at 848 (quoting Howard Hess Dental Labs. Inc. v.

Dentsply Int’l Inc.,

(3d Cir. 2010)). “We may affirm a district court

4 Ibrahim specified, in his notice of appeal, a non-existent order entered on January 10, 2021, and used a form that identified a different appellate court. However, we conclude that his notice of appeal is adequate to raise a challenge to the final judgment entered on January 8, 2021. See Gov’t of the V.I. v. Mills,

(3d Cir. 2011) (“The duty to construe appeal notices liberally is heightened in cases involving pro se appellants.”).

3 for any reason supported by the record.” Brightwell v. Lehman,

(3d

Cir. 2011).

II.

On appeal, Ibrahim’s arguments are varied and wide-ranging,5 but his focus is on

an April 26, 2000 hearing conducted by a Child Support Hearing Officer. He claims that

the officer acted without jurisdiction over him and improperly used the threat of default

or incarceration to coerce him into agreeing to genetic testing. His arguments also

include (1) objections to any system of compelled child support; (2) contentions that the

Title IV-D system, see

-669b, which requires states to maintain child

support enforcement programs in order to qualify for certain federal funds, see Blessing

v. Freestone,

(1997), is constitutionally infirm or must be fully

voluntary; (3) claims that New Jersey’s statutory and administrative implementation of

Title IV-D’s requirements is unconstitutional; and (4) arguments that the particular

treatment of his case failed to adhere to New Jersey’s regulations or violated his due

process rights. Upon review, we conclude, as the District Court did, that Ibrahim failed

to allege sufficient facts to state a plausible federal claim against any of the defendants.

In support of his argument that the New Jersey courts lacked personal jurisdiction

over him, Ibrahim cites his heritage and claims to be an “American National and non U.S.

Citizen” based on his own declaration, suggesting that these allegations have

5 Our review is limited to those arguments properly made before the District Court. See Simko v. U.S. Steel Corp.,

, 205 (3d Cir. 2021) (arguments raised for the first time on appeal are forfeited and considered only under truly exceptional circumstances). 4 jurisdictional relevance.6 These arguments are frivolous. See United States v. Benabe,

(7th Cir. 2011) (explaining that a person claiming to be a “sovereign

citizen” is “not beyond the jurisdiction of the courts,” and that “[t]hese theories should be

rejected summarily, however they are presented”); cf. United States v. Anzaldi,

(7th Cir. 2015) (discussing “sovereign citizen” and “Moorish national” claims).

Next, Ibrahim contends that personal jurisdiction could not be established by

compulsion and treats Title IV-D proceedings as matter of contract. He relies on a

meritless argument that Title IV-D is somehow less binding because Title 42 of the

United States Code has not been enacted as positive law. “Congress’s failure to enact a

title into positive law has only evidentiary significance and does not render the

underlying enactment invalid or unenforceable.” Ryan v. Bilby,

(9th Cir. 1985). When a title has not been enacted as positive law, the Statutes at Large

provide the definitive legal text, rather than the United States Code. U.S. Nat. Bank of

Oregon v. Indep. Ins. Agents of Am., Inc.,

(1993). Ibrahim does not

cite any discrepancies between these sources. Leaving aside these frivolous arguments,

Ibrahim did not allege sufficient facts to support his conclusory claim that the New Jersey

courts lacked personal jurisdiction.7

6 Ibrahim filed a purported declaration of nationality with the District Court citing a law concerning residents of the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands. ECF No. 88. 7 Similarly, he did not allege any facts to support his assertion that compelled child support interferes with his religious practices.

5 Ibrahim contends that he is challenging the constitutionality of a state statute, but

this appears to be merely another variation of his jurisdictional arguments. See

Appellant’s Br., 3d Cir. ECF No. 6 at 5 (Ibrahim sought review of whether “the New

Jersey State Child Support agency enforcement statutes” conflict with “the protected

Constitutional rights of the individual that is directed to address Jurisdiction.”). In

support of his due process claim, Ibrahim cites various provisions of New Jersey statues

and regulations and claims that they were not correctly followed in his case. These

arguments, which often misstate the applicable law,8 do not support a federal due process

claim in this case.

Ibrahim argues that the hearing officer wrongly threatened to recommend

contempt and incarceration. At the time of the April 2000 hearing, Rule 5:25-3 permitted

a Child Support Hearing Officer to request that the court adjudicate a person in contempt.

See 2 N.J. Prac., Ct. R. Ann. R. 5:25-3 (West 2021). Ibrahim does not allege that

8 For instance, Ibrahim argues that he did not receive notice of the OCSS’ administrative complaint procedures, as required by

. That section was adopted by a new rule in 2004, and so was not in place at the time of the April 2000 hearing. See

(a) (Mar. 1, 2004).

Ibrahim also contends that the hearing officer at the April 2000 hearing violated New Jersey Court Rule 4:43-2(b). That provision allows a court to enter a default judgment in certain circumstances on the motion of a party. Ibrahim emphasizes that it does not apply to “Family Part matters recognized by Part V of these rules,” and suggests that default judgment is therefore unavailable in Family Part cases. See N.J. Ct. R. 4:43- 2(b). But this passage was only added to the rule in 2007. See 2 N.J. Prac., Ct. R. Ann. R. 4:43-2 (West 2021). And the present rules provide for default judgments in Family Part cases in a separate provision within Part V. N.J. Ct. R. 5:5-10.

6 contempt proceedings were initiated. And, to the extent that Ibrahim is arguing that

counsel should have been appointed for him, there is no automatic federal right to

counsel at civil contempt proceedings for an indigent person subject to a child support

order, even if that individual faces up to a year of incarceration. See Turner v. Rogers,

(2011). Ibrahim has not alleged a due process (or any federal) claim

against the defendants based on the hearing officer’s actions.9

While Ibrahim may regret submitting to genetic paternity testing twenty-one years

ago, he did not provide sufficient allegations to state plausible federal claims against the

appellees based on alleged infirmities in Title IV-D, New Jersey’s implementation of that

Title, or the specific proceedings in his case. The District Court did not err in denying

the motion to amend, determining that further amendment would be futile, and dismissing

the action. Ibrahim sought reconsideration merely because of his disagreement with the

District Court's analysis; that disagreement did not provide a basis for reconsideration.

See Max's Seafood Café ex rel. Lou-Ann, Inc. v. Quinteros,

, 677 (3d Cir.

1999). The District Court did not abuse its discretion in denying reconsideration.

III.

Accordingly, we will affirm the judgment of the District Court.10

9 Ibrahim claims that either the hearing officer’s conduct or New Jersey’s implementation of Title IV-D violates federal separation of powers principles. Even if Ibrahim alleged sufficient facts to support a separation of powers claim, it would concern the separation of powers within the government of New Jersey and would not be a federal constitutional claim. 10 Ibrahim’s motions (3d Cir. ECF No. 15 and 16) to file additional reply briefs are 7 granted.