NOT PRECEDENTIAL

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT ____________

No. 22-1019 ____________

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

v.

JOHN ALLEN KANE, Appellant ____________

On Appeal from the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania (D.C. No. 2-20-cr-00274-001) District Judge: Honorable R. Barclay Surrick ____________

Submitted Pursuant to Third Circuit L.A.R. 34.1(a) December 13, 2022 ____________

BEFORE: RESTREPO, McKEE, and SMITH, Circuit Judges

(Filed: May 5, 2023)

____________

OPINION * ____________

* This disposition is not an opinion of the full Court and pursuant to I.O.P. 5.7 does not constitute binding precedent. PER CURIAM

Appellant John Allen Kane appeals his conviction and sentence for possessing a

firearm as a felon under

(g)(1). Prior to Kane pleading guilty, the District

Court denied his motion to suppress the firearm and ammunition found in his car. Kane

now challenges that denial, claiming the officers violated his Fourth Amendment rights

when they frisked him and his car without reasonable suspicion that he was armed and

dangerous. 1 We will affirm the denial of Kane’s motion to suppress, as well as his

conviction and sentence.

I. Procedural History

At the District Court’s suppression hearing, Philadelphia Police Officers Steven

Farley and Ronald Burgess testified that they stopped Kane’s car in a high-crime area,

after witnessing him drive through a stop sign and make an “evasive” left turn. J.A. at 81.

The officers further testified that they frisked Kane and his car after they smelled raw

marijuana coming from the car and Kane told Officer Farley that he had a knife and

started reaching for it. The frisk revealed that Kane had .251 grams of unburnt marijuana

in a closed container in the pocket of his pants. Kane’s expert testified it was “extremely

unlikely” that the officers could have detected the odor of marijuana from the closed

container inside Kane’s pocket when they were standing outside the car. J.A. at 200.

1 While conducting the frisks, the officers found contraband and arrested Kane. In a search incident to arrest, the officers found the gun and ammunition in the trunk of Kane’s car. In his motion to suppress, Kane also argued that the officers lacked probable cause to conduct a full search of his car after his arrest, but he does not challenge that search’s legality on appeal. 2 The District Court found the officers testified credibly that they smelled

marijuana, that Kane told them he had a knife, and that his driving was suspicious. This

testimony, compounded by the fact that the stop occurred in a high-crime area, led the

Court to conclude that the totality of the circumstances gave rise to the reasonable

suspicion that Kane was armed and dangerous. Accordingly, the Court denied Kane’s

motion to suppress.

II. Jurisdiction and Standard of Review

The District Court had original jurisdiction over the prosecution pursuant to

, and we have jurisdiction under

. A district court’s denial

of a motion to suppress is reviewed for clear error as to the underlying factual findings

and de novo review as to its legal conclusions. United States v. Perez,

(3d Cir. 2002).

III. Discussion

Kane contends that the District Court factually and legally erred by holding that

the officers had reasonable suspicion to frisk him and his car. To conduct a frisk of a

person, an officer must have an articulable and objectively reasonable belief that the

person is “armed and presently dangerous.” Terry v. Ohio,

(1968); see

also Arizona v. Johnson,

(2009) (“To justify a patdown of the driver or

a passenger during a traffic stop, . . . just as in the case of a pedestrian reasonably

suspected of criminal activity, the police must harbor reasonable suspicion that the person

subjected to the frisk is armed and dangerous.”). “[T]he search of the passenger

compartment of an automobile, limited to those areas in which a weapon may be placed

3 or hidden, is permissible if the police officer possesses a reasonable belief based on

‘specific and articulable facts which, taken together with the rational inferences from

those facts, reasonably warrant’ the officers in believing that (1) the suspect is dangerous

and (2) the suspect may gain immediate control of weapons.” Michigan v. Long,

(1983) (enumeration added) (quoting Terry,

).

We need not address all of Kane’s challenges to the District Court’s factual

findings 2 because if Kane possessed a knife and was reaching for it certainly “a

reasonably prudent man in the circumstances would be warranted in the belief that his

safety or that of others was in danger.” Terry,

. Kane argues the District

Court clearly erred in crediting Officer Farley’s testimony that Kane told him he had a

knife in the car and was reaching for it. Kane asserts the fact that no knife was found and

inventoried renders the officer’s testimony objectively incredible. But Officer Farley’s

version of events was plausible given his testimony that he would not “normally”

inventory the knife because Kane was not being charged with its possession. J.A. at 95–

96. Crediting an officer’s testimony in these circumstances does not constitute clear

error. United States v. Murray,

(3d Cir. 2016) (finding the district

court did not err in crediting an officer’s testimony “[i]n the absence of any facts to

support a ‘definite and firm conviction that a mistake has been committed’” (citation

2 We are sympathetic to Kane’s challenge to the District Court’s finding that the officers smelled .251 grams of marijuana. It is simply unfathomable that any human being could smell less than one-one hundredth of an ounce of unburnt marijuana, particularly when that person is standing outside of a car and the marijuana is inside in a closed container in the driver’s pocket. Under those circumstances, we seriously doubt that anyone could detect that amount of Limburger cheese. 4 omitted)). We conclude the officers had a basis for reasonably suspecting that Kane was

armed and dangerous, thereby justifying the subsequent protective frisks.

IV. Conclusion

For the reasons outlined above, we will affirm the order denying Kane’s motion to

suppress, as well as his conviction and sentence under

(g)(1).

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