NOT PRECEDENTIAL

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT _____________

No. 22-1045 _____________

GURPREET SINGH, Petitioner

v.

ATTORNEY GENERAL UNITED STATES OF AMERICA ______________

On Petition for Review of a Final Order of the Board of Immigration Appeals No. A060-605-541 Immigration Judge: Steven A. Morley ______________

Submitted Pursuant to Third Circuit L.A.R. 34.1(a) on December 16, 2022

Before: RESTREPO, McKEE, and SMITH Circuit Judges

(Opinion filed: August 17, 2023)

_______________________

OPINION ∗ _______________________

∗ This disposition is not an opinion of the full Court and pursuant to I.O.P. 5.7 does not constitute binding precedent. McKEE, Circuit Judge.

Gurpreet Singh petitions for review of the Board of Immigration Appeals’

decision concluding he is removable under

(a)(2)(A)(i), for having been

convicted of a crime involving moral turpitude. For the following reasons, we will grant

the petition and vacate the BIA’s decision holding that Singh was convicted of a CIMT.

I. Gurpreet Singh, a citizen of India, was admitted to the United States as a lawful

permanent resident in May 2009. A married father of two, Singh operated two

convenience stores in central Pennsylvania. In November 2011, two Pennsylvania State

Police Troopers searched one of Singh’s stores and found “incense” for sale that

contained JWH-122, a form of synthetic marijuana that was controlled under

Pennsylvania law but not under federal law. Singh pled guilty to conspiracy (

(a)(1)) and possession with intent to distribute a counterfeit controlled

substance (

(a)(30)) in June 2013.

The Department of Homeland Security charged Singh with removability under

(a)(2)(A)(i), for having been convicted of a crime involving moral

turpitude. 1 Applying the modified categorical approach, the Board of Immigration

1 This petition marks Singh’s second appearance before our Court. When he was charged with removability on the basis of being convicted of a CIMT, he was also charged with removability on two other grounds: (1) having committed an aggravated felony as defined in

(a)(43)(B) (illicit trafficking in a controlled substance), see

(a)(2)(A)(iii) and (2) violating (or conspiring to violate) any state law or regulation relating to a federally controlled substance, see

(a)(2)(B)(i). An Immigration Judge found that Singh was removable as charged on all three grounds.

2 Appeals determined that Section 780-113(a)(30) defined a CIMT. The Board “remain[ed]

convinced . . . that the unlawful delivery of illegal drugs, ‘[a]n act which creates human

misery, corruption, and moral ruin in the lives of individuals is necessarily so base and

shameful as to leave the offender not wanting in the depravity which the words “moral

turpitude” imply.’” 2 The Board then remanded the matter to the Immigration Judge to

consider whether Singh was eligible for relief from removal.

On remand, the IJ found Singh ineligible for relief and ordered him removed on

the basis of having committed a CIMT. Singh again appealed to the Board, asserting that

his conviction was not a CIMT and that the phrase CIMT is unconstitutionally vague as

applied in his case. The Board disagreed. Incorporating the reasoning of its May 2017

decision, the Board held that Singh’s conviction qualified as a CIMT and declined to rule

on Singh’s constitutional vagueness arguments. This appeal followed.

The Board of Immigration Appeals dismissed Singh’s appeal, concluding that his “conviction under § 780-113(a)(30) [was] a ‘drug trafficking crime’ aggravated felony by virtue of its categorical correspondence to the Federal felony offense of possession with the intent to distribute or dispense a counterfeit substance defined by

(a)(2).” AR 452. Singh filed a petition for review, which this Court granted, holding that “Singh’s crime of conviction does not sufficiently match the elements of the generic federal offense, and his conviction under section 780-113(a)(30) was not for an aggravated felony.” Singh v. Att'y Gen.,

(3d Cir. 2016). This Court remanded the matter to the Board. In May 2017, the Board held that Singh was not removable for violating (or conspiring to violate) a state law relating to a federally controlled substance because the synthetic marijuana at issue was not included in the federal controlled substance schedules. But the Board nevertheless found Singh was removable because he had been convicted of a CIMT, a question which it had declined to address in its first decision. This is the determination that we now address. 2 AR 382, quoting Matter of Y-,

, 602 (BIA 1946).

3 II. 3

We defer to the BIA’s definition of moral turpitude and its determination that a

certain crime involves moral turpitude when that determination is reasonable. 4 We owe

no deference, however, to the administrative interpretation of a state criminal statute. 5 In

particular, we accord no deference to the BIA’s determination of “the elements . . . of a

particular criminal statute deemed to implicate moral turpitude.” 6

The BIA defines a CIMT as an offense involving “reprehensible conduct

committed with a culpable mental state.” 7 Conduct is reprehensible if it is “inherently

base, vile, or depraved, and contrary to the accepted rules of morality and the duties owed

between persons or to society in general.” 8 An act is turpitudinous if it “is accompanied

by a vicious motive or a corrupt mind.” 9 Thus, an “evil intent” is a requisite element of a

morally turpitudinous offense. 10

3 The Board’s jurisdiction arose under

(b)(3) and 1240.15, granting it appellate jurisdiction over decisions of Immigration Judges in removal proceedings. This Court’s jurisdiction over Singh’s petition for review arises under

(a)(1), which confers exclusive jurisdiction on the courts of appeals to review final removal orders issued by the Board. 4 Mehboob v. Att’y Gen. U.S.,

(3d Cir. 2008). 5 Castillo v. Att’y Gen. U.S.,

(3d Cir. 2013). 6 Partyka v. Att’y Gen. U.S.,

(3d Cir. 2005) (citing Knapik v. Ashcroft,

(3d Cir. 2004)). 7 See Matter of Silva-Trevino,

, 834 (BIA 2016). 8

; see Knapik v. Ashcroft,

(3d Cir. 2004) (citing Matter of Franklin,

(BIA 1994)). 9 See Partyka v. Att’y Gen. U.S.,

(3d Cir. 2005). 10 See

(citing Matter of Khourn,

(BIA 1997) stating, “‘evil intent’ is a requisite element for a crime involving moral turpitude”); see also Matter of Flores,

(BIA 1980) (“An evil or malicious intent is said to be the essence of moral turpitude.”); Matter of Abreu-Semino,

(BIA 1968) (providing “moral turpitude normally inheres in the intent”).

4 In our previous analysis of Section 780–113(a)(30), we determined that the

“particular controlled substance at issue” is an element of the statute. 11 Because Section

780–113(a)(30) “is divisible with regard . . . to the controlled substances to which it

applies,” we apply the modified categorical approach. 12 We look to both the statute of

conviction and a “limited class of documents” including “the charging document, plea

agreement, and trial court judgment” to determine whether the noncitizen was convicted

under the part of the statute defining a CIMT. 13 Thus, we must determine whether the

controlled substances at issue—the synthetic marijuana—implicates moral turpitude.

Applying the BIA’s definition, we examine whether Singh’s sale of synthetic

marijuana was “inherently base, vile, or depraved, and contrary to the accepted rules of

morality” 14 and “accompanied by a vicious motive or a corrupt mind.” 15 We hold that it

was not.

As the BIA itself has explained, “the nature of a crime is measured against

contemporary moral standards and may be susceptible to change based on the prevailing

views in society.” 16 The shifting moral standards surrounding marijuana—coupled with

the legal ambiguity of its synthetic counterparts at the time of Singh’s arrest—convince

11 Singh v. Att'y Gen. U.S.,

(3d Cir. 2016). 12 Avila v. Att’y Gen. U.S.,

(3d Cir. 2016). Section 780–113(a)(30) is also divisible with regard to conduct because it describes distinct offenses of manufacture, delivery, and possession with intent to deliver or manufacture.

13

14 Matter of Silva-Trevino,

, 833 (BIA 2016); see Knapik v. Ashcroft,

(3d Cir. 2004) (citing Matter of Franklin,

(BIA 1994)). 15 See Partyka v. Att’y Gen. U.S.,

(3d Cir. 2005). 16 In Re Lopez-Meza,

(BIA 1999).

5 us that Singh’s possession with intent to distribute synthetic marijuana was not

“inherently base, vile, or depraved, and contrary to the accepted rules of morality.” 17

The Ninth Circuit recently held that possession for sale of less than two pounds of

marijuana was not a CIMT. 18 In Walcott v. Garland, the Court considered the

increasingly positive societal attitudes toward marijuana and the growing number of

states legalizing its use. 19 Citing these “[c]ontemporary societal attitudes,” the Walcott

Court ultimately held that possession for sale of less than two pounds of marijuana was

not so “inherently base, vile, or depraved that [it] offend[ed] society’s most fundamental

values or shock[ed] society’s conscience.” 20

Like the Walcott Court, we may consider “contemporary moral standards” when

determining whether the sale of synthetic marijuana was a CIMT. As Singh points out,

the cases establishing drug-trafficking as a CIMT involved cocaine and heroin. 21

Synthetic marijuana appeared in the United States for the first time in 2008 and, at the

time of Singh’s arrest in 2011, it was still considered a “recent phenomenon.” 22 Often

perceived as legal, synthetic marijuana was “typically advertised as herbal incense…by

17 Silva-Trevino, 26 I&N Dec. at 833; see Knapik,

. 18

(9th Cir. 2021). 19

. 20

. In emphasizing the “need to consider current moral standards in determining whether an offense is morally turpitudinous,” the Ninth Circuit looked to our own precedential decision in Chavez-Alvarez v. Attorney General,

(3d Cir. 2017). There, we held that a 2000 conviction for sodomy was not a CIMT in light of the Supreme Court’s decision in Lawrence v. Texas,

, (2003). 21 See, e.g., Matter of Khourn,

(BIA 1997); In the Matter of Y----- ,

, 600 (BIA 1946). 22 AR 901-902.

6 Internet retailers, tobacco shops, head shops and other domestic brick and mortar retail

venues.” 23 Its level of social acceptance was such that it was commonly sold at gas

stations and convenience stores. 24 Indeed, Singh did not sell the synthetic marijuana that

led to his arrest covertly or on a street corner. Like many other proprietors, he sold it

openly from the counters of his store along with cigarettes and other items openly

displayed.

Considering the increasing societal acceptance of marijuana and the legal

confusion surrounding its synthetic counterparts, it would strain credulity to conclude that

Singh’s possession with intent to deliver was “inherently base, vile, or depraved, and

contrary to the accepted rules of morality” 25 under contemporary moral standards and the

then “prevailing views in society.” 26 Given the unique circumstances here, we hold that

the crime of which Singh was convicted was not a CIMT. 27

III.

For the reasons described above, we will grant the petition for review and vacate

the BIA’s decision finding that Gurpreet Singh was convicted of a CIMT.

23 AR 901. 24 Pet’r’s Reply Br., citing AGs Seek To Get Synthetic Drugs Out Of Convenience Stores, WRAL News (Feb. 10, 2015) https://www.wral.com/ags-seek-to-get-synthetic-drugs-out- of-convenience-stores/14437755/. 25 Matter of Silva-Trevino,

, 833 (BIA 2016). 26 In Re Lopez-Meza,

(BIA 1999). 27 Because we hold that Singh was not convicted of a CIMT, we need not address his argument that the phrase “crime involving moral turpitude” is unconstitutionally vague.

7