NOT PRECEDENTIAL

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT _______________

No. 24-1567 _______________

KARIMU HAMILTON, Appellant

v.

CHRISTOPHER B. FLANAGAN; ANDREW PANCOAST; KEVIN KOCHANSKI; RACHEL RIDGEWAY; JUSTIN RIDGEWAY; RADNOR POLICE OFFICERS Nos. 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5; SHAWN PATTERSON; STEPHANIE RACHT; PATRICK LACEY; SGT. CHRISTOPHER GLUCK; BRETT GEAVES; BRYN MAWR FIRE COMPANY

_______________

On Appeal from the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania (D.C. No. 2:19-cv-02599) Chief District Judge: Honorable Mitchell S. Goldberg _______________

Submitted Under Third Circuit L.A.R. 34.1(a) on December 13, 2024

Before: BIBAS, CHUNG, and ROTH, Circuit Judges

(Filed: December 17, 2024) _______________

OPINION* _______________

* This disposition is not an opinion of the full Court and, under I.O.P. 5.7, is not binding precedent. BIBAS, Circuit Judge.

Like good fences, good sewage systems make good neighbors. Karimu Hamilton owns

one half of a duplex in Bryn Mawr, Pennsylvania; Rachel and Justin Ridgeway own the

other half. On December 3, 2018, the Ridgeways smelled gas or sewage coming from

Hamilton’s house, so they called 911 to report the smell. Two firefighters knocked on her

door and said they wanted to check for gas leaks. Hamilton let them in, and police officer

Patterson slipped in as well. The firefighters tested for gas, found cyanide gas, and told

Hamilton to open her windows. She told them that her water had been off for two weeks

and the gas probably came in through the pipes. They were there for all of six minutes.

The next evening, a county social worker came to Hamilton’s house with roughly six

police officers to check if her house was safe for her six-year-old daughter. Hamilton let

the social worker and police officer Racht come inside. They did a ten-minute walk-

through and confirmed that the house was suitable for her daughter.

Town officials soon sent Hamilton a notice ordering her to have a plumber inspect her

pipes. When she did not comply, they sent a follow-up notice a month later ordering her to

fix two plumbing issues within ten days. In April, they sued her to make her comply. But

she refused to open the door to the process server and did not have that work done.

In June, the Ridgeways again called 911, this time to report the smells of gas and smoke

coming out of Hamilton’s house. Firefighters smelled sewer gas, but Hamilton would not

let them or police in. She let in a representative of the gas company, who found no gas leak

but did identify a strong sewage odor coming from Hamilton’s basement, which he

reported to the police.

2 Three days later, Justin Ridgeway called 911 yet again to report that Hamilton was

outside, holding a saw blade and cursing him loudly but not threatening him. The

dispatcher alerted police officers that someone with a knife was threatening neighbors.

Hamilton says she was walking with hedge trimmers. Officer Lacey arrived, pointed a gun

at her, and ordered her to freeze and sit down, but she kept standing. Within minutes, he

holstered his gun. Another officer told her to wait for the police chief, who arrived and

asked to search her home. She refused consent, and police left. That whole encounter lasted

about twenty-six minutes.

Three days after that, twenty police officers arrived with an administrative search

warrant. Hamilton let them in. The house was filthy, with raw sewage in the basement, an

overflowing toilet, rat and mouse feces, collapsed ceilings, and a sump pump pumping

sewage out a basement window. A town official declared the house unfit to live in, so

Hamilton moved out. After a court ordered her to fix the house, she did and moved back in

the next year.

Hamilton then filed this civil-rights suit under

. She claimed that the

warrantless searches violated the Fourth Amendment; that police had falsely arrested her

and used excessive force; that they had evicted her without due process; and that they did

all this because she is black, violating equal protection.

The District Court granted summary judgment for defendants and sanctioned

Hamilton’s lawyer. We commend it for patiently parsing the briefing and factual record.

We review de novo, drawing all inferences in favor of Hamilton. Tundo v. County of

Passaic,

, 286–87 (3d Cir. 2019). Even so, all her claims fail.

3 The Ridgeways cannot be sued under § 1983 because they never acted under color of

state law. See West v. Atkins,

(1988). They are simply neighbors, private

parties rather than state actors. Calling 911 to report misbehavior, even falsely, is not

enough. Hamilton alleges that they conspired with police but has no evidence of that. See

Cruz v. Donnelly,

(3d Cir. 1984). The District Court properly concluded

that she has no claim against them.

She also has no Fourth Amendment claim against the firefighters or police officers. The

firefighters entered Hamilton’s home only once, when she consented to their search. See

Schneckloth v. Bustamonte,

(1973). When they asked to enter again

another time, she refused entry, so they never searched her house. Officer Patterson entered

Hamilton’s house in response to the reported smell of gas. The District Court correctly held

that qualified immunity shields Patterson because existing precedent does not “squarely

govern[ ].” Kisela v. Hughes,

(2018). On appeal, Hamilton does not

identify governing precedent, but instead challenges that holding in a single sentence. That

silence forfeits the issue. See Santomenno ex rel. John Hancock Tr. v. John Hancock Life

Ins. Co. (U.S.A.),

, 292 n.3 (3d Cir. 2014). Finally, Officer Racht entered with

the social worker, but only with Hamilton’s consent.

Nor was there any arrest or unreasonably long detention that could count as a false

arrest. During the twenty-six-minute interaction, the officers were working diligently to

accomplish the purpose of the stop. Baker v. Monroe Twp.,

, 1192 (3d Cir.

1995). The only excessive force alleged was that Office Lacey pointed his gun at her for at

most six minutes, but he did that after hearing that someone with a knife was threatening

4 neighbors. The District Court held that Lacey was entitled to qualified immunity. Hamilton,

again, did not challenge the District Court’s application of qualified immunity on appeal,

so she again forfeits the issue.

There is no evidence of racial discrimination and so no equal-protection violation. As

Hamilton admits, white residents have likewise been evicted from houses unfit to live in.

Hamilton also got due process. The town warned her of the plumbing problems three

times starting in December 2018, almost seven months before she was evicted. She

challenges the June administrative search warrant, arguing that there was no cyanide gas

or sewage and that her house was habitable. But she offers no evidence that the affidavit

supporting the warrant was untruthful or that officers had reason to doubt it. And she cites

no authority requiring police to have personal knowledge of or verify the underlying facts.

Finally, Hamilton challenges how the District Court handled her case. It denied in

camera review of some documents and sanctioned her attorney. Hamilton waited until her

reply brief to challenge the District Court’s finding of privilege and thus forfeited the issue.

See Hoxworth v. Blinder, Robinson & Co., Inc.,

, 204 n.29 (3d Cir. 1990).

And the sanctions were proper. Hamilton’s lawyer made frivolous objections and

postponed a deposition by himself, defying the District Court’s instructions.

Because all her claims are meritless, we will affirm the District Court’s grant of

summary judgment.

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