NOT PRECEDENTIAL

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT _______________

No. 24-1392 _______________

RICARDO FERNANDES-GOMES; JESSICA CARDOSO PEREIRA-FERNANDES; and H.A. C.-F., Petitioners

v.

ATTORNEY GENERAL OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA _______________

On Petition for Review of a Decision of the Board of Immigration Appeals (Agency Nos. A216-904-300, -301, and -302) Immigration Judge: Jason L. Pope _______________

Submitted Under Third Circuit L.A.R. 34.1(a) on December 12, 2024

Before: BIBAS, CHUNG, and ROTH, Circuit Judges

(Filed: December 18, 2024) _______________

OPINION * _______________ BIBAS, Circuit Judge.

Ricardo Fernandes-Gomes, his wife Jessica Cardoso Pereira-Fernandes, and their

daughter H.A. C.-F. are Brazilians. In 2018, Ricardo lost his job as a driver. Though he

* This disposition is not an opinion of the full Court and, under I.O.P. 5.7, is not binding precedent. kept working informally as an “app driver,” he did not earn enough to pay the bills. AR

130. Ricardo borrowed money from a loan shark but could not pay him back. In mid-2018,

the loan shark threatened him, demanding repayment. Ricardo was scared but dared not

report the threats to the police. He thought police would not help but, when asked, could

not explain why.

The family lived in a dangerous neighborhood, with lots of thefts, drug users, and home

robberies. In the spring of 2021, five bandits invaded their home, locked them in the bed-

room, and robbed them. Though the bandits threatened to kill them if they called the police,

the family did report the robbery. Police arrived three hours later and promised to investi-

gate but noted that it would be hard to catch the bandits.

Fearing retaliation, the family came to the United States illegally in mid-2021. The

government caught them and put them into removal proceedings. Though they applied for

asylum, withholding of removal, and Convention Against Torture protection, the immigra-

tion judge denied their applications. The Board of Immigration Appeals affirmed, dismiss-

ing their appeal.

The Board adopted the immigration judge’s decision, so we review both decisions.

Green v. Att’y Gen. of U.S.,

(3d Cir. 2012). We review the findings of

fact for substantial evidence, treating them as “conclusive unless any reasonable adjudica-

tor would be compelled to conclude to the contrary.”

(b)(4)(B); Herrera-

Reyes v. Att’y Gen. of U.S.,

, 106 (3d Cir. 2020). We review legal questions

de novo. Herrera-Reyes, 952 F.3d at 106.

2 The family claims asylum based on three particular social groups: Brazilian crime vic-

tims, debtors not protected by the Brazilian government, and unemployed people victim-

ized by Brazilian government corruption. All three fail.

As the immigration judge and Board found, all three lack particularity—their bounda-

ries are fuzzy. Nor was there any proof that any of these groups is socially distinct in Brazil.

Plus, the crime-victims group is circular; “a ‘particular social group’ must exist inde-

pendently of the persecution.” Lukwago v. Ashcroft,

(3d Cir. 2003). The

family members belong to that group because they were victimized, rather than the other

way around, so membership in that group did not cause their suffering. And they do not

even belong to the group of unemployed victims of government corruption. Fernandes-

Gomes kept working (albeit informally) and does not allege that he suffered from corruption.

Also, the family members’ fears of future persecution are not reasonable. After the loan

shark’s threats, they lived in Brazil for three years without incident. They offer no evidence,

only speculation, that the loan shark or robbers are searching for them or would target them

again. Nor do they offer any evidence that any future violence would be on account of a

protected ground. Fernandes-Gomes says he wants to denounce the Brazilian government

for corruption (though he has not yet done so), but the agency reasonably found that fear

too speculative. As for the Convention Against Torture claim, the robbery was not bad

enough to amount to past torture. And in any event, the immigration judge reasonably

found the fear of future torture speculative. Because the agency applied the right law to

facts supported by substantial evidence, we will deny the petition for review.

3