UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                             FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT
                                _________________

                                 Nos. 22-3232 & 23-1405
                                  _________________

                            UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

                                             v.

                SOULEYMANE DIARRA, Appellant in 22-3232;
            MALAN DOUMBIA, a/k/a “FRENCHIE”, Appellant in 23-1405
                           ________________

                     On Appeal from the United States District Court
                         for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania
                     (D.C. Criminal Nos. 2:19-cr-00392-001 and 002)
                      District Judge: Honorable Wendy Beetlestone
                                   ________________
                      Submitted Under Third Circuit L.A.R. 34.1(a)
                                    July 12, 2024

     Before: SHWARTZ, PHIPPS, and MONTGOMERY-REEVES, Circuit Judges.

                             (Opinion filed: January 30, 2025)
                                      ___________

                                        OPINION *
                                       ___________



MONTGOMERY-REEVES, Circuit Judge.

       In this appeal, Malan Doumbia and Souleymane Diarra challenge certain

convictions and sentences relating to their participation in a credit and debit card fraud


*
  This disposition is not an opinion of the full Court and pursuant to I.O.P. 5.7 does not
constitute binding precedent.
scheme. They challenge the sufficiency of evidence supporting their aggravated identity

theft and wire fraud conspiracy convictions and related sentencing enhancements. And

they argue that the District Court improperly instructed the jury on their money

laundering conspiracy charge. They also argue that recent precedent requires vacating

their aggravated identity theft convictions. Because sufficient evidence supports their

convictions, the District Court’s jury instructions were not plainly erroneous, and recent

precedent does not require vacatur, we will affirm.

I.       BACKGROUND

         Doumbia’s and Diarra’s convictions stem from a fraud scheme that involved

purchasing stolen credit and debit card numbers from the dark web and attempting to

withdraw funds from those accounts. In 2015, following an investigation, the Secret

Service executed search warrants of Doumbia’s and Diarra’s homes. During the search

of Doumbia’s home, investigators recovered various items allegedly used in the fraud

scheme, including Western Union receipts, VISA gift cards, phones, laptops, altered gift

cards, and an embossing machine. In the search of Diarra’s home, investigators

recovered evidence of stolen and fraudulent credit cards.

         A grand jury returned a 9-count indictment charging Doumbia, Diarra, and

Souleymane Jallow 1 with the following offenses: conspiracy to commit wire fraud

(“Count 1”); counterfeit access device fraud and aiding and abetting (“Count 2” and




1
     Jallow has yet to be arrested and was not tried with Doumbia and Diarra.


                                              2
“Count 3”); aggravated identity theft and aiding and abetting (“Counts 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8”);

and conspiracy to commit money laundering (“Count 9”).

       At trial, another alleged co-conspirator, Fousseiny Camara, described how the

scheme worked. He explained that Diarra purchased stolen credit cards from contacts in

Ukraine, Russia, and Vietnam using bitcoin or Western Union.

       These overseas contacts provided Diarra with victims’ identifying information,

including “name, address, social security, everything.” App. 225. Diarra had another

person use an embosser machine to affix those names and numbers onto empty credit

cards, then Camara and others could make withdrawals from the accounts associated with

the stolen numbers. Camara also testified that Diarra provided Doumbia with debit cards

and associated pin numbers so that Doumbia could withdraw money directly from ATMs.

       Following trial, a jury found Doumbia and Diarra guilty on all charges. At

sentencing, the District Court found that the Government proved there were 22 victims,

17 people whose card numbers were found on Diarra’s seized laptop and five banks.

Under the United States Sentencing Guidelines, the District Court applied various

enhancements to their sentences, including a 10-or-more victim enhancement, an

overseas enhancement, a loss amount enhancement, and a money laundering

enhancement. See U.S. Sent’g Guidelines Manual §§ 2B1.1(b)(2)(A)(i), (b)(10)(B),

(b)(1)(D); 2S1.1(b)(2)(B) (U.S. Sent’g Comm’n 2022).

       Ultimately, the District Court sentenced Doumbia to “a term of 62 months on each

of Counts 1, 2, 3 and 9 to be served concurrently [and a] term of 24 months on each of

counts 4, 5, 6, 7, [and] 8 to be concurrently to each other but consecutively to the terms


                                             3
imposed on Counts 1, 2, 3 and 9 to produce a total term of 86 months.” App. 904. The

District Court sentenced Diarra to “a term of 37 months on each of Counts 1, 2, 3 and 9

to be served concurrently and the term of 24 months on each of counts 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8 to

be served concurrently to each other but consecutive to the terms imposed on counts 1, 2,

3 and 9 to produce a total term of 61 months of imprisonment.” 

.

       Diarra moved for acquittal on all counts, and Doumbia moved for acquittal on the

conspiracy to commit wire fraud and the aggravated identity theft counts. The District

Court denied these motions.

       Doumbia and Diarra now appeal.

II.    DISCUSSION 3

       Doumbia and Diarra make four arguments on appeal: (1) Dubin v. United States,

 (2023), requires this Court to vacate their aggravated identity theft

convictions; (2) insufficient evidence supports the aggravated identity theft and wire

fraud conspiracy convictions; (3) the jury instructions for money laundering conspiracy

were erroneous; and (4) the District Court erred by applying the 10-or-more victim,

overseas, and loss amount sentencing enhancements. We address each issue in turn.




2
  Doumbia and Diarra also were sentenced to identical terms of supervised release of
three years on Counts 1, 2, 3, and 9 and a term of one year on each of Counts 4, 5, 6, 7,
and 8, “such terms to run concurrently.” App. 855. And they were ordered to pay
restitution and a special assessment.
3
  The District Court had jurisdiction under 

. We have jurisdiction under

 and 

.


                                             4
          A.    Dubin v. United States

          Doumbia and Diarra argue that the recent Supreme Court decision in Dubin

requires vacating their aggravated identity theft convictions. Not so.

          Dubin was convicted of healthcare fraud and aggravated identity theft for

overbilling Medicaid through a company he helped manage. Dubin, 599 U.S. at 114–15.

The scheme involved inflating the services the company provided to real patients. Id. at

114. The Government argued that Dubin should be convicted of aggravated identity theft

on top of his substantive healthcare fraud conviction because Dubin’s “fraudulent billing

included the patient’s Medicaid reimbursement number (a ‘means of identification’).” Id.

at 115.

          But the Supreme Court held that a defendant should be convicted of aggravated

identity theft only where “a defendant ‘uses’ another person’s means of identification ‘in

relation to’ a predicate offense when this use is at the crux of what makes the conduct

criminal.” Id. at 131. Under this framework, the Court vacated Dubin’s aggravated

identity theft conviction because the use of patient names was ancillary to the healthcare

fraud scheme that was based on “misrepresenting how and when services were provided

to a patient, not who received the services.” Id. at 132. Although Dubin’s scheme

included the use of real identifying information, the “crux” of the underlying fraud was

exaggerating the healthcare service, not using specific identities. Id.

          Contrary to Doumbia’s and Diarra’s assertions, Dubin supports their aggravated

identity theft convictions. Unlike in Dubin, the conduct at issue here, using “another

person’s identification information to get access to that person’s bank account,” is


                                               5
“classic identity theft.” Id. at 126 (quoting Flores-Figueroa v. United States, 

 (2009)). Misrepresenting others’ identities to creditors and banks is at the “crux

of the underlying criminality,” which is the bank and access fraud. Id. at 129.

Accordingly, Dubin does not require us to vacate Doumbia’s and Diarra’s aggravated

identity theft convictions. 4

       B.      Sufficiency of Evidence Underlying the Aggravated Identity Theft and
               Wire Fraud Conspiracy Convictions

       Doumbia and Diarra argue there is insufficient evidence to support their

aggravated identity theft convictions. Doumbia also challenges his wire fraud conviction

for the same reason. They argue the District Court erred in denying their motions for

judgment of acquittal on these grounds. Fed. R. Crim. P. 29(c). We disagree.

       In reviewing a district court’s ruling on a post-verdict motion for judgment of

acquittal under Rule 29 of the Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure, “we consider

whether the evidence, when viewed in a light most favorable to the government, supports

the jury’s verdict.” United States v. Fattah, 

, 182–83 (3d Cir. 2019). We

must uphold the jury’s verdict if “any rational trier of fact could have found the essential

elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt.” United States v. Caraballo-

Rodriguez, 

, 424–25 (3d Cir. 2013) (en banc) (quoting Jackson v. Virginia,

 (1979)).




4
  Diarra’s argument that 18 U.S.C. § 1028A(a)(1) is void for vagueness also fails. See
Dubin v. United States, 

, 132 n.10 (2023).

                                              6
       “This is a ‘particularly deferential standard of review.’” United States v. Centeno,

 (3d Cir. 2015) (quoting United States v. Dent, 

 (3d

Cir. 1998)). “We do not weigh evidence or determine the credibility of witnesses . . . .”

 (quoting United States v. Gambone, 

 (3d Cir. 2003)). “Thus, ‘a

reviewing court faced with a record of historical facts that supports conflicting inferences

must presume—even if it does not affirmatively appear in the record—that the trier of

fact resolved any such conflicts in favor of the prosecution, and must defer to that

resolution.’” 

 (quoting McDaniel v. Brown, 

 (2010) (per curiam)).

              1.     Sufficient Evidence of Knowledge Supports Doumbia’s
                     Aggravated Identity Theft Convictions

       Doumbia argues that there is insufficient evidence for his aggravated identity theft

convictions because the evidence does not show that he knew the credit and debit cards

purchased from the dark web belonged to real people. Not so.

       The statute criminalizing aggravated identity theft provides: “Whoever, during and

in relation to any felony violation enumerated in subsection (c), knowingly transfers,

possesses, or uses, without lawful authority, a means of identification of another person

shall, in addition to the punishment provided for such felony, be sentenced to a term of

imprisonment of 2 years.” 18 U.S.C. § 1028A(a)(1) (emphasis added). In Flores-

Figueroa v. United States, the Supreme Court held that to satisfy the knowledge element

of § 1028A(a)(1), the Government must prove “that the defendant knew that the means of

identification at issue belonged to another person.” 

. “[W]here a

defendant has used another person’s identification information to get access to that



                                             7
person’s bank account, the Government can prove knowledge with little difficulty.” 

.

          Here, investigators found evidence on Doumbia’s phone that he had visited

websites that sold stolen credit card numbers. Investigators also found emails and texts

that contained detailed personal information, such as names, addresses, Social Security

numbers, email addresses, and dates of birth. The fact that the dark web numbers

provided other identifying information along with the card number indicates that

Doumbia knew the card numbers belonged to real people. Investigators also found

personal information of one of the named individual victims on Doumbia’s laptop.

Doumbia’s participation in a debit and credit card fraud scheme would be pointless if this

information was not associated with real peoples’ accounts.

          Applying the “particularly deferential standard of review,” Centeno, 

 (quoting Dent, 

), we hold that the Government has cleared the bar

required to show the requisite mens rea to convict Doumbia for aggravated identity theft.

Flores-Figueroa, 

. Accordingly, we find no error in the District Court’s

denial of Doumbia’s motion for judgment of acquittal on this basis.

                 2.     Sufficient Evidence Supports Diarra’s Aggravated Identity
                        Theft Convictions

          Diarra contends that there was insufficient evidence for the jury to convict him of

aggravated identity theft through aiding and abetting or Pinkerton theories of liability.

We disagree.




                                                8
       As for aiding and abetting liability, Diarra argues that the District Court

improperly found that he knew about and possessed the credit card numbers of the five

victims named in the indictment because the evidence ties him only to the fraudulent use

of other credit card numbers.

       To show aiding and abetting liability under 

(a), “the Government

must prove: ‘(1) that another committed a substantive offense; and (2) the one charged

with aiding and abetting knew of the commission of the substantive offense and acted to

facilitate it.’” Centeno, 

 (quoting United States v. Mercado, 

 (3d Cir. 2010)). “There must, however, be more than association with

individuals involved in the criminal venture.” 

 (internal quotation marks and

alterations omitted). “A defendant is not guilty of aiding and abetting an offense unless

the defendant ‘did something to forward the crime and . . . was a participant rather than

merely a knowing spectator.’” 

 (quoting United States v. Dixon, 

 (3d

Cir. 1981)). “[O]nly some affirmative participation which at least encourages the

principal offender to commit the offense is required.” 

 (internal quotation marks

omitted) (quoting United States v. Frorup, 

 (3d Cir. 1992)); see also

Rosemond v. United States, 

 (2014) (“The division of labor between two

(or more) confederates thus has no significance: A strategy of ‘you take that element, I’ll

take this one’ would free neither party from liability.”).

       Diarra does not dispute that Doumbia committed aggravated identity theft, the

substantive offense. Centeno, 

. Thus, the only remaining issue is whether




                                              9
there was sufficient evidence from which a rational juror could find that Diarra aided and

abetted this crime. 

       Diarra was caught on tape multiple times referring to Doumbia’s operations,

including Doumbia’s strategic use of credit card numbers to avoid detection from the FBI

and observing that Doumbia’s numbers worked. This evidence shows Diarra knew of the

fraudulent scheme. Centeno, 

. Further, Diarra facilitated Doumbia’s

fraud by sending Doumbia credit card information, indicating that Diarra encouraged

Doumbia’s commission of the crime. 

 Thus, applying the “particularly deferential

standard of review,” we cannot conclude that no rational juror could accept the evidence

as sufficient to support Diarra’s guilt beyond a reasonable doubt. Centeno, 

; Fattah, 

.

       For the foregoing reasons, we will affirm the District Court’s denial of Diarra’s

motion for judgment of acquittal as to the aggravated identity theft convictions. 5

              3.     Sufficient Evidence Supports Doumbia’s Conviction for
                     Conspiracy to Commit Wire Fraud

       Doumbia alone asks us to reverse his conviction for conspiracy to commit wire

fraud, arguing that the Government presented insufficient evidence to establish that he

had a relationship with Diarra or that he entered an agreement with Diarra to engage in

criminal behavior. To support this argument, Doumbia argues that Camara—a

cooperating Government witness who Doumbia asserts did not know him—offered the


5
  Because we are affirming Diarra’s aggravated identity theft convictions under the
aiding and abetting theory of liability, we need not address Diarra’s Pinkerton argument.


                                             10
bulk of evidence at trial and that the evidence was not overwhelming. Doumbia’s

arguments fail.

       The statute criminalizing wire fraud conspiracy provides that “[a]ny person who

attempts or conspires to commit any offense under this chapter shall be subject to the

same penalties as those prescribed for the offense, the commission of which was the

object of the attempt or conspiracy.” 

. To prove the existence of a

conspiracy, “the Government must show (1) a shared unity of purpose, (2) an intent to

achieve a common illegal goal, and (3) an agreement to work toward that goal . . . .”

United States v. Boria, 

 (3d Cir. 2010). Conspiracies can be shown

from entirely circumstantial evidence. United States v. Brodie, 

 (3d

Cir. 2005) (“Indeed, the very nature of the crime of conspiracy is such that it often may

be established only by indirect and circumstantial evidence.”). But “[c]ircumstantial

inferences drawn from the evidence must bear a logical or convincing connection to

established fact.” Caraballo-Rodriguez, 

 (quotation marks omitted). And

“there must be evidence tending to prove that [Doumbia] entered into an agreement and

knew that the agreement had the specific unlawful purpose charged in the indictment.”

United States v. Schramm, 

 (3d Cir. 1996) (quoting United States v.

Scanzello, 

 (3d Cir. 1987)). Further, the Government’s evidence must be

individual and personal to a defendant. Boria, 

.

       Circumstantial evidence shows Doumbia’s involvement in the conspiracy.

Numerous WhatsApp messages shared between Doumbia and Diarra exchanging

identifying information show “a shared unity of purpose.” Boria, 

; Supp.


                                            11
App. 115–20. These conversations also evidence “an agreement to work toward that

goal,” Boria, 

, where Doumbia and Diarra exchange information to aid in

the facilitation of the other person’s fraud.

       Camara’s testimony evidences Doumbia’s and Diarra’s “intent to achieve a

common illegal goal.” 

 For example, Camara explained: Diarra would “send me a

credit card on my phone, on my computer or in the mail, or sometime [sic] he come to

my house to take an empty card and put my name on it and number and give it to me, so I

can work and come back. . . . [A]nd after setting everything we share, they might take 60

percent sometimes.” App. 188. He also explained that Diarra would give certain

numbers “just to [Doumbia]” so that Doumbia could “go to ATM machine [sic] to

withdraw money.” App. 195. Further, Diarra explained to Camara in wiretapped

conversations how Doumbia would “wait for about six months before using [credit card

numbers] so they don’t trace them and know their origin.” App. 224.

       Also, police discovered 340 emails with victim credit card information on

Doumbia’s phone. Where conspiracies can be shown “entirely by circumstantial

evidence,” Brodie, 

 6, we cannot conclude that no rational juror could

accept the evidence as sufficient to support the conclusion of Doumbia’s guilt beyond a

reasonable doubt. Fattah, 

. Thus, we will affirm the District Court’s




6
  For this reason, we are unpersuaded by Doumbia’s argument that Camara’s testimony
cannot account for a certain portion of the evidence used to convict him. Further, at this
stage, we do not weigh the credibility of witnesses. Centeno, 

.


                                                12
order denying Doumbia’s motion for judgment of acquittal on his wire fraud conspiracy

conviction.

       C.     Jury Instructions for Money Laundering Conspiracy

       Doumbia and Diarra challenge before us aspects of the District Court’s jury

instructions for conspiracy to commit money laundering in violation of 

(h). App. 73–74. Because they did not raise these objections before the trial court,

we review for plain error. United States v. Bruce, 

 (3d Cir. 2020). 7

Although the District Court did misspeak at different points of its instructions, when read

“as a whole,” United States v. Repak, 

 (3d Cir. 2017) (quoting United

States v. Flores, 

 (3d Cir. 2006)), and “consider[ing] the totality of the

instructions and not a particular sentence or paragraph in isolation[,]” United States v.

Coyle, 

 (3d Cir. 1995), we cannot say that the District Court

committed reversible error.

       First, although the indictment charged a conspiracy with two illegal objects—

international promotional money laundering (in violation of 

(a)(2)(A))

and international concealment money laundering (in violation of 

 § 1956(a)(2)(B)(i))—


7
  In reviewing for plain error, “we must decide whether (1) an error occurred, (2) the
error is ‘plain,’ and (3) it ‘affect[s] substantial rights.’” United States v. Payano, 

 (3d Cir. 2019) (alterations in original) (quoting United States v. Olano, 

 (1993)). “For an error to affect a defendant’s substantial rights, it must
have ‘prejudiced [him], either specifically or presumptively,’ i.e., ‘[i]t must have affected
the outcome of the district court proceedings.’” 

 (quoting Olano, 

). If these conditions are met, “a court of appeals should exercise its discretion to
correct the error if it would ‘seriously affect[] the fairness, integrity or public reputation
of judicial proceedings.’” 

 (quoting Olano, 

).


                                             

-74, the District Court twice mistakenly stated that the object of the conspiracy

was “wire fraud,” not “money laundering,” App. 682. These misstatements do not

compel reversal, however, because they did not affect the Doumbia’s and Diarra’s

substantial rights. In fact, the instructions stated on 13 occasions that they concerned

“money laundering.” See App. 680–84. Moreover, the verdict sheet labeled Count Nine

“Conspiracy to Commit Money Laundering, International Promotion and Activity to

Conceal or Disguise Funds Obtained from Wire Fraud Activities,” which made clear the

object of the conspiracy. App. 767, 769. Additionally, at the beginning of the trial, the

District Court explained that the indictment charged Doumbia and Diarra with

“conspiracy to launder monetary instruments,” App. 130, and reviewed the elements of

promotional money laundering under § 1956(a)(2)(A) without referencing wire fraud as

an object of the charged conspiracy, see App. 131–32. Read in totality, these instructions

were sufficiently clear for the jury to understand the proper object of the conspiracy, and

thus did not influence the outcome of the proceedings. Doumbia’s and Diarra’s

substantial rights therefore were not affected.

       Second, the District Court did not improperly advise the jury that it could convict

based on either conspiracy to commit money laundering or the substantive offense of

international promotional money laundering, and thus did not constructively amend the

indictment. App. 682–83 (stating that to find the defendant guilty of conspiracy to

commit money laundering the Government must provide that “Defendant either

knowingly or conspired with others to transport, transmit or transfer monetary

instruments or funds”). Constructive amendment occurs when the “jury instructions at


                                             14
trial modify essential terms of the charged offense in such a way that there is a substantial

likelihood that the jury may have convicted the defendant for an offense differing from

the offense the indictment returned by the grand jury actually charged.” United States v.

Daraio, 

, 259–60 (3d Cir. 2006). To be sure, the District Court used

incorrect language in a portion of this instruction. Read in its entirety, however, the

instructions make clear that Doumbia and Diarra were charged with conspiracy, not a

substantive offense. The District Court, for example, explained at the onset: “[i]t is a

federal crime for two or more persons to agree or conspire to commit money laundering,

even if they never actually achieved that objective . . . .” App. 681. Therefore, this error

did not so severely confuse the jury as to substantially affect Doumbia’s and Diarra’s

rights.

          Third, although Doumbia and Diarra contend that the jury instructions conflated

the elements of international promotional money laundering, see 

(a)(2)(A), with international concealment money laundering, 

 § 1956(a)(2)(B)(i),

and more specifically that the District Court seemed to add as an element an intent “to

conceal or disguise” as another basis to improperly convict them for the offense of

promotional money laundering, see Diarra Br. at 31, the instructions clearly convey that

there were two different types of money laundering (promotion and concealment)

charged as objects of the conspiracy. App 73–74. For example, moments before the

complained-of verbiage, the District Court informed the jury of the indictment’s two




                                              15
objects. See App. 680–81. 8 Its choice to restate the elements of both objects in one

sentence rather than in two had no meaningful impact on the jury’s ability to understand

the charges and thus did not affect Doumbia’s and Diarra’s substantial rights. 9

       Fourth and finally, the evidence substantiates the money laundering charges and

permits us to conclude that the jury would have reached the same conclusion had the

District Court not made its semantic slip-ups. Accordingly, although the jury instruction

was less than perfect, these issues do not amount to plain error, and thus reversal on this

basis is not warranted.

       D.     Sentence Enhancements

       Doumbia and Diarra also challenge the District Court’s application of three

sentencing enhancements. Because Doumbia and Diarra challenge the District Court’s

“application of the Guidelines to a specific set of facts,” “the determination should be

reviewed for clear error.” United States v. Caraballo, 

, 243–44 (3d Cir.


8
  Diarra also asserts that this instruction permitted the jury to convict him for either
promotion or concealment on account of his conspiring to transfer of funds (irrespective
of whether such funds were proceeds), emphasizing that the offense of concealment
requires the transfer of “proceeds,” whereas the offense of promotion covers the transfer
of any funds. Compare 

(a)(2)(B)(i) with (a)(2)(A). Even if the District
Court conflated this distinction, Diarra fails to explain how this purported error affected
his substantial rights. Given the strength of the Government’s evidence of concealment
of proceeds, use of the term “funds” instead of “proceeds” does not warrant reversal.
9
  The District Court properly instructed the jury regarding the elements of concealment
money laundering. The District Court expressly told the jury that one of the objects of
the conspiracy was “to conceal or disguise the nature, location, source, ownership or
control of the proceeds of the wire fraud activity, specifically wire fraud” “knowing that
the monetary instrument or funds represented the proceeds of some form of unlawful
activity, and with the knowledge that the transactions were designed in whole and in
part” for this purpose. See App. 681.


                                             16
2023) (citing United States v. Richards, 

 (3d Cir. 2012)). We

therefore ask whether, “when reviewing the entire record, we are left with the definite

and firm conviction that a mistake has been committed.” 

 (internal quotation

marks omitted).

       Doumbia and Diarra challenge the two-level enhancement under Sentencing

Guideline 2B1.1(b)(2)(A)(i), which applied because the offense “involved 10 or more

victims.” Doumbia and Diarra also challenge the calculation of the loss amount for the

six-level enhancement under Sentencing Guideline 2B1.1(b)(1)(D), which applied

because the loss amount fell between $40,000 and $95,000. Doumbia and Diarra agree

that five named individuals to the aggravated identity theft counts are victims under the

10-or-more victims enhancement. At the sentencing hearing, Doumbia and Diarra

initially disputed whether five banks harmed from their criminal conduct may be

considered victims. But later in the same hearing, Doumbia and Diarra appeared to agree

that the banks were victims and that the banks lost around $60,000. App. 867 (The

Court, asking “So accordingly the amount used in the fraud loss calculation would be

$60,262.70, correct?” and defense counsel responding “Yes, Your Honor.”). In fact,

while a Secret Service agent was prepared to testify in-person about the banks,

Doumbia’s counsel stated she did not “have any reason to doubt” what the agent’s

“testimony would be” and decided against “requiring the Government to call him.” App.

868–69. Doumbia instead argued that the loss to the bank victims was not “linked

directly” to him. App. 868. Diarra made a similar argument, contending that the

Government failed to prove that Diarra intended to cause the loss that the banks incurred.


                                            17
       Under these circumstances, where Doumbia and Diarra assert on appeal that the

Government failed to prove that the banks were a victim under Sentencing Guideline

2B1.1(b)(2)(A)(i) and abandon the direct-link claim, the District Court did not commit

reversible error in finding that the banks counted as five victims under the

enhancement. Nor did the District Court err by applying the loss-amount enhancement

under Sentencing Guideline 2B1.1(b)(1)(D) to a figure that neither party disputed.

       Finally, Doumbia and Diarra challenge the two-level enhancement under

Sentencing Guideline 2B1.1(b)(10)(B), which applied because “a substantial part of [the]

fraudulent scheme was committed from outside the United States.” The District Court

found that the stolen credit cards were received by purchasers from dark-web vendors

located in, among other places, Russia and Ukraine. Where the stolen credit cards

formed part and parcel to the offense, we find no clear error in the District Court’s

application of the enhancement.

III.   CONCLUSION

       For the reasons discussed above, we will affirm Doumbia’s and Diarra’s

convictions for Counts 1, 4–9, along with the 10-or-more victim, overseas, and loss

amount enhancements.




                                             18