NOT PRECEDENTIAL

                      UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                           FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT
                                ____________

                                   No. 24-1807
                                  ____________

                              CHARLES BENNETT,
                                   Ex Rel,
                                  Appellant

                                        v.

             BAYER CORPORATION, An Indiana Corporation;
            JOHNSON & JOHNSON, a New Jersey Corporation;
             MERCK & CO., INC., a New Jersey Corporation*;
 JOHNSON & JOHNSON PHARMACEUTICAL RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT,
        L.L.C.; ORTHO-MCNEIL-JANSSEN PHARMACEUTICALS

              (*Dismissed pursuant to Clerk’s Order dated 06/21/2024)
                                 ____________

                  On Appeal from the United States District Court
                            for the District of New Jersey
                         (District Court No. 2:17-cv-04188)
                   District Judge: Honorable James B. Clark, III

                             Argued January 17, 2025
                                 ____________

             Before: PHIPPS, FREEMAN, and CHUNG, Circuit Judges

                              (Filed: April 10, 2025)

Andrew Grosso      [ARGUED]
Andrew Grosso & Associates
1250 Connecticut Avenue NW
Suite 700
Washington, DC 20036

Robert A. Magnanini
Stone & Magnanini
400 Connell Drive
Suite 6200
Berkeley Heights, NJ 07922

       Counsel for Appellant

Paul J. Fishman
Arnold & Porter Kaye Scholer
One Gateway Center
Suite 1025
Newark, NJ 07102

Allon Kedem [ARGUED]
Christian D. Sheehan
Arnold & Porter Kaye Scholer
601 Massachusetts Avenue NW
Suite 1121
Washington, DC 20001

Michael A. Rogoff
Debra E. Schreck
Arnold & Porter Kaye Scholer
250 W 55th Street
New York, NY 10019

       Counsel for Bayer Corp.

Kendall T. Burchard
Mark W. Mosier      [ARGUED]
Eli Nachmany
Krysten Rosen Moller
Covington & Burling
850 10th Street NW
One City Center
Washington, DC 20001

       Counsel for Johnson & Johnson

Douglas Hallward-Driemeier
Ropes & Gray
2099 Pennsylvania Avenue NW
Washington, DC 20006


                                       2
       Counsel for Amicus Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America

Charles W. Scarborough
Caroline W. Tan [ARGUED]
United States Department of Justice
Appellate Section
950 Pennsylvania Avenue NW
Washington, DC 20530

       Counsel for Amicus United States of America
                                   ____________

                                        OPINION1
                                      ____________

CHUNG, Circuit Judge.

       Relator Dr. Charles Bennett filed this qui tam action under the False Claims Act

(“FCA”) against pharmaceutical companies Bayer, Johnson & Johnson, and others.

Bennett asserts that the defendants fraudulently induced the Food and Drug

Administration (“FDA”) to approve certain antibiotic drugs, and thus are liable under the

FCA for the ensuing prescription costs paid by federal healthcare programs. Defendants

moved to dismiss for failure to state a claim and the District Court granted their motion.

       We will affirm.

I.     BACKGROUND2

       This qui tam action concerns two fluoroquinolone-class antibiotic drugs used to

treat a wide variety of conditions. Ciprofloxacin was developed by Bayer and approved


1
       This disposition is not an opinion of the full Court and pursuant to I.O.P. 5.7 does
not constitute binding precedent.
2
       Because we write for the parties, we recite only facts pertinent to our decision.

                                             3
by the FDA in 1987. Levofloxacin was developed by Johnson & Johnson and approved

by the FDA in 1996.

       In his complaint, Bennett alleged that the defendants knew that both drugs caused

serious side effects, including neurological and psychiatric damage, but omitted or

misrepresented information about these side effects to the FDA during and after the New

Drug Application (“NDA”) process. According to Bennett, the defendants “fraudulently

induced [the FDA] to grant its approval to these drugs without appropriate warning labels

that would otherwise have been required,” and were therefore “marketed to, prescribed

for, and used by patients who should not have used the[] drugs.” Br. at 6. Prescriptions

for these drugs, in turn, caused “the submission of millions of claims a year to federal”

healthcare programs that would “have never been reimbursed by the government” had the

defendants been truthful. App. at 294.

       The District Court dismissed Bennett’s complaint on two independent grounds.

First, it held that Bennett’s fraudulent inducement theory of FCA liability was not viable

because the government was not induced to enter into a contract with the defendants.

The District Court next concluded that, even if Bennett’s theory of liability were viable,

Bennett failed to plead falsity, a necessary element of an FCA claim. Specifically, the

District Court concluded that Bennett failed to allege that the defendants “misrepresented

or omitted any required disclosures” or knowingly made any false or fraudulent

statements to the FDA. App. at 20.

       Bennett timely appealed.




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II.    DISCUSSION3

       A.      Standard of Review

       We review de novo the dismissal of a complaint under Rule 12(b)(6). U.S. ex rel.

Petratos v. Genentech Inc., 

 (3d Cir. 2017). Because this Court’s

“review is plenary, we may affirm on any ground supported by the record.” Hassen v.

Gov’t of Virgin Islands, 

 (3d Cir. 2017) (internal quotations omitted).

       To survive a motion to dismiss, Bennett’s complaint must “contain sufficient

factual matter, accepted as true, to state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.”

Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 

 (2009) (internal quotations omitted). Moreover,

because Bennett’s FCA claim alleges that the defendants committed fraud, his complaint

is subject to the heightened pleading standards of Fed. R. Civ. P. 9(b). See U.S. ex rel.

Moore & Co., P.A. v. Majestic Blue Fisheries, LLC, 

 (3d Cir.

2016). Under Rule 9(b), Bennett must allege “with particularity the circumstances

constituting fraud or mistake,” including “the who, what, when, where and how of the

events at issue.” 

 (citations omitted).

       B.      Bennett Failed to Sufficiently Plead an FCA Violation

       “A False Claims Act violation includes four elements: falsity, causation,

knowledge, and materiality.” Petratos, 85 F.3d at 487 (citations omitted). Bennett failed

to plead falsity and materiality.4


3
        The District Court had jurisdiction under 

 and 1345. We have
jurisdiction under 

.
4
       We do not address whether fraudulent inducement liability under the FCA is limited

                                                5
       Bennett asserts two ways that the defendants misled the FDA into approving the

drugs. First, the defendants allegedly withheld clinical data on the prevalence and

severity of the drugs’ side effects. According to Bennett, the defendants “had to have

known” about “the adverse neurological and psychiatric effects of their…drugs” after

conducting “human and animal studies” as part of the NDA process in the 1980s and

1990s. Br. at 9-10 (emphasis omitted). The defendants were allegedly on notice about

the adverse side effects in 2014, at the latest, after Bennett filed two Citizen Petitions

with the FDA concerning the drugs’ side effects.

       Second, the defendants allegedly disaggregated data concerning the drugs’ side

effects, “camouflaging the safety issues.” Br. at 11. Specifically, this “disaggregation”

allegedly allowed the defendants to report relatively low rates of multiple side effects

instead of grouping them together as manifestations of a broader condition that Bennett

refers to as “fl[uo]roquinolone-associated disability” or “FQAD.”5 App. at 256. Had

defendants appropriately aggregated the symptoms, Bennett asserts, the FDA would have

had “a true picture of FQAD” incidence. App. at 274.

       Neither of these allegations satisfy the heightened pleading standard under Rule




to situations where the government is induced to enter a contract, as Bennett’s claim fails
under any theory.
5
        Dr. Deborah Boxwell, an FDA official studying the side effects of
fluoroquinolone-class drugs, defined FQAD as a “disability” resulting from “adverse
events reported from two or more…body systems” that lasts “30 days or longer after
stopping the fluoroquinolone.” App. at 484 n.2. According to the FDA, however, FQAD
“is not accepted medical terminology” and the term “is not used in clinical practice.”


                                              6
9(b).

              1.     Omission of Prevalence Data

        Bennett fails to allege what, if anything, the defendants knew or withheld from the

FDA during the NDA process. At most, Bennett asserts that the defendants “had to have

known” about the adverse side effects based upon studies defendants were required to

conduct. Br. at 10. This is a textbook Rule 9(b) pleading deficiency in the form of

speculation. See City of Warren Police and Fire Ret. Sys. v. Prudential Fin., Inc., 

 (3d Cir. 2023); Foglia v. Renal Ventures Mgmt., LLC, 

(3d Cir. 2014).

        Nor are we persuaded by Bennett’s assertion that the defendants failed to disclose

relevant side-effect data in reports to the FDA after the NDA was approved. As Bennett

notes, the defendants acknowledged the new data but “denied that their drugs had any

linkage to” the side effects or any need to change their labeling at hearings before the

Joint Meeting of the Antimicrobial Drugs Advisory Committee and the Drug Safety Risk

Management Advisory Committee, both of which are run by the FDA. Br. at 10

(emphasis omitted). Simply stated, although Bennett asserts that the defendants falsely

claimed the drugs did not cause the side effects,6 the defendants’ conduct cannot be said




6
       Bennett’s allegation that the defendants “denied the connection between [the
drugs] and their side effects,” App. 287, is similarly undeveloped. Bennett fails to
specify what denials were false and the only possible identifiable such statement was
made at the 2015 Joint Meeting. Bennett does not allege, though, that the defendants
knew the data established causation at that time. See Dist. Ct. ECF 71-7 at 10
(identifying “emerging safety issues” with fluoroquinolone-class antibiotics (emphasis

                                             7
to be an “omission” of any kind, as they neither hid, nor denied, the existence of the data.

              2. Disaggregating Side-Effect Data

       Bennett’s second allegation of fraud relies on the defendants’ use of disaggregated

side-effect data in their NDA. He argues that the defendants “intentionally disaggregated

individual symptomatic components” that would have revealed a higher incidence of

FQAD. Br. at 31-32. In Bennett’s view, the use of disaggregated data was therefore

misleading.

       We disagree. Bennett does not allege that the data itself was false, only that its

organization or presentation was misleading. Even assuming that slicing and dicing

otherwise accurate data can amount to a false or fraudulent statement, the central problem

with Bennett’s contention is that he fails to allege such aggregated data would be

material. Bennett fails to plausibly allege with specificity that the FDA would have

recognized FQAD as a diagnosis and that aggregated data would have led the FDA to

deny the NDA or take other action. This is especially true given that it appears that the

FDA did in fact have aggregated data, as shown in the drug approval letters. Stated

simply, Bennett’s disaggregated-data theory fails to plausibly allege the necessary

element of materiality.

       We therefore conclude that Bennett failed to plausibly allege an FCA violation.

III.   CONCLUSION




added)); United States v. Care Alternatives, 

 (3d Cir. 2020) (noting that
“the plain language of the FCA denotes scienter as an element independent of falsity”).


                                             8
For the reasons set forth above, we will affirm.




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