NOT PRECEDENTIAL

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT ___________

No. 24-2277 __________

NAN SHI, Appellant

v.

FORBES HEALTH FOUNDATION, Allegheny Health Network Forbes Regional Hospital; ALLEGHENY HEALTH NETWORK (AHN) PSYCHIATRY AND BEHAVIORAL HEALTH INSTITUTE; HIGHMARK INC; ALLEGHENY HEALTH NETWORK; CHURCHILL BOROUGH POLICE STATION; RONALD M. AKERLY, in his official capacity as the Police Chief ____________________________________

On Appeal from the United States District Court for the Western District of Pennsylvania (D.C. Civil Action No. 2:23-cv-01709) District Judge: Honorable Robert J. Colville ____________________________________

Submitted Pursuant to Third Circuit LAR 34.1(a) July 24, 2025

Before: KRAUSE, PHIPPS, and ROTH, Circuit Judges

(Opinion filed December 11, 2025)

___________

OPINION* ___________

* This disposition is not an opinion of the full Court and pursuant to I.O.P. 5.7 does not constitute binding precedent. PER CURIAM

Appellant Nan Shi appeals from a District Court order dismissing his complaint

for failure to effect service under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 4(m). We will vacate

the order and remand for further proceedings.

I.

In September 2023, Shi filed a complaint alleging false imprisonment, assault,

battery, intentional medical malpractice, and institutional negligence. Shi alleged that, on

October 1, 2021, he had been forcibly removed from his home by police officers and then

detained at Forbes Hospital where he received unknown injections and lost consciousness

on three occasions.1 Shi alleged that as a result of these events, he has suffered severe

back pain due to a permanent lumbar injury, memory loss, and a reduced ability to sleep.

Shi filed an affidavit stating that he had served all parties “by Commercial Third

party carriers on October 2, 2023,” and included proof-of-delivery slips from FedEx

signed by individuals left unidentified by the affidavit. In March 2024, the District Court

issued an order to show cause as to why the matter should not be dismissed for improper

service. Shi responded that he had effected service on the parties and that “[n]o parties

ever challenged the effectiveness.” By order entered June 11, 2024, the District Court

1 Shi did not provide the date of his release from Forbes Hospital.

2 dismissed Shi’s complaint without prejudice after finding that he had not properly served

the Defendants, he had failed to show good cause, and the case did not warrant a

discretionary extension. Shi timely appealed.2

II.

Within 90 days of filing a complaint, a plaintiff must serve both the complaint and

a court-issued summons on all defendants. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 4(c), (e), (h), (1), (m). If a

plaintiff fails to effect proper service, the District Court, on motion or sua sponte after

notice to the plaintiff, must determine whether the plaintiff showed good cause for his

failure. Fed. R. Civ. P. 4(m); see also Boley v. Kaymark,

(3d Cir.

1997). If good cause is found, the District Court must grant an extension to effect

service. See Boley,

. If not, the District Court may dismiss the complaint

or grant a discretionary extension. See

We review de novo whether service was

proper, see McCurdy v. Am. Bd. of Plastic Surgery,

(3d Cir. 1998),

but review for abuse of discretion both the District Court’s assessment of good cause and

its decision to not grant an extension to effect service, see Boley,

.

2 We have jurisdiction under

. The District Court’s dismissal without prejudice is final and appealable because Shi would be time-barred from refiling his complaint. See

(providing two-year statute of limitations for Shi’s claims); Brennan v. Kulick,

, 606 (3d Cir. 2005) (noting that where the statute of limitations has run, a dismissal without prejudice is considered a final and appealable order) (citation omitted).

3 Rule 4 does not allow service on individuals, corporations, and local government

entities via mail. Fed. R. Civ. P. 4(e), (h)(1), (j)(2). And although service is allowed

pursuant to the law of the state in which the district court is located or where service is

made, see id., Pennsylvania permits service by “any form of mail requiring a receipt

signed by the defendant or his authorized agent” only in circumstances not present here.3

Pa. R. Civ. P. 403. Shi contends that “[i]n Pennsylvania, delivery through third party

carrier is not the same as mail” so the service was proper. However, Shi provided no

authority that allows service by third party carriers nor support for his argument beside

“common awareness” and Rule 403 being drafted to accommodate the United States

Postal Service’s restricted delivery procedures. Thus, the District Court correctly

concluded the service was defective.4 See Boley,

.

However, we conclude that Shi showed good cause for his failure. Good cause is

equated with excusable neglect, which requires “a demonstration of good faith” on the

part of the plaintiff, and “some reasonable basis for noncompliance within the time

3 For example, Rule 404 authorizes service via mail to defendants outside Pennsylvania. Pa. R. Civ. P. 404. The District Court correctly noted this rule did not apply here, where all Defendants were served within Pennsylvania. 4 Shi also argues that the Supreme Court, in National Equipment Rental, Limited v. Szukhent, “established that even [if a] method of service seems unconventional, it can still be valid if the defendant is notified promptly and given an opportunity to respond.” See C.A. ECF No. 11 at 4 (quoting

(1964)). However, National Equipment dealt with a question of agency under Rule 4(d)(1). See

Moreover, Shi has not shown the individuals who signed for the Fed-Ex documents were agents authorized to accept service. 4 specified.” MCI Telecomms. Corp. v. Teleconcepts, Inc.,

, 1097 (3d Cir.

1995) (citation omitted). Among the factors courts consider are: (1) the reasonableness

of the efforts to effect service; (2) prejudice to the defendant; and (3) whether the plaintiff

moved for an enlargement of time. Id. In concluding Shi had failed to show good cause,

the District Court noted that “ignorance of the law” is not a reasonable basis for

noncompliance, Shi had made no efforts to determine whether proper service had been

made nor sought an extension of time, and defendants had suffered some prejudice

because of the untimeliness.

We conclude that the District Court abused its discretion. The record shows that

Shi diligently attempted to serve the defendants, particularly given his status as a pro se

litigant, his illness, and his disability. Moreover, it is clear from the docket that three of

the corporate Defendants had actual notice of the case within 90 days. Attorneys for

three of the Defendants entered their appearances in the case in October 2023, which they

could not have done without actual notice. This notice “militates against a finding of

prejudice,” which is generally limited to where the delay has impaired a defendant’s

ability to defend the case on its merits. Boley,

. An absence of prejudice

alone is insufficient to support a finding of good cause. MCI Telecomms, 71 F.3d at

1097. However, based on the fact that defective service is a waivable defense under

Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b), the absence of prejudice to defendants, and Shi’s

5 efforts to effect service in the face of his personal circumstances, we conclude that the

District Court abused its discretion in not finding good cause.

For the foregoing reasons, we will vacate the District Court’s judgment and

remand for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.

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