UNPUBLISHED

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE FOURTH CIRCUIT

No. 20-4289

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

Plaintiff - Appellee,

v.

JAYSON MCNEIL,

Defendant - Appellant.

Appeal from the United States District Court for the Eastern District of North Carolina, at Raleigh. James C. Dever III, District Judge. (5:19-cr-00120-D-1)

Submitted: December 29, 2021 Decided: January 13, 2022

Before WYNN and RUSHING, Circuit Judges, and KEENAN, Senior Circuit Judge.

Affirmed by unpublished per curiam opinion.

Robert L. McClellan, IVEY, MCCLELLAN, GATTON & SIEGMUND, LLP, Greensboro, North Carolina, for Appellant. Robert J. Higdon, Jr., United States Attorney, Jennifer P. May-Parker, Assistant United States Attorney, David A. Bragdon, Assistant United States Attorney, OFFICE OF THE UNITED STATES ATTORNEY, Raleigh, North Carolina, for Appellee.

Unpublished opinions are not binding precedent in this circuit. PER CURIAM:

Jayson McNeil appeals from his convictions and resulting life sentence for

distributing heroin resulting in death, in violation of

(a)(1); conspiring to

distribute one kilogram or more of heroin, in violation of

(a)(1)(A), 846;

possessing with intent to distribute heroin, in violation of

(a)(1); and

possessing a firearm as a felon, in violation of

(g)(1), 924. On appeal,

McNeil challenges his convictions, arguing that the district court erred in denying his

motion to suppress evidence derived from a traffic stop. McNeil also challenges his life

sentence, arguing that the district court erred in applying sentencing enhancements for

using or making a credible threat to use violence and McNeil’s managerial or supervisory

role in the criminal activity. We affirm.

Before trial, McNeil moved to suppress all evidence derived from a June 27, 2018,

traffic stop of a Nissan Altima (“the Altima”) driven by Antoine Elghossian and in which

McNeil was a passenger. Deputy Justin Hastings of the Wake County Sheriff’s Office

interdiction team conducted the stop and Deputy Steven O’Byrne assisted. McNeil argued

that the traffic stop and the extension of the stop for a dog sniff were not supported by

reasonable suspicion. The district court denied McNeil’s motion after a hearing.

“In reviewing the denial of a motion to suppress, we review legal conclusions de

novo and factual findings for clear error [and] . . . consider the evidence in the light most

favorable to the Government.” United States v. Pulley,

(4th Cir. 2021)

(cleaned up). “When reviewing factual findings for clear error, we particularly defer to a

district court’s credibility determinations, for it is the role of the district court to observe

2 witnesses and weigh their credibility during a pre-trial motion to suppress.”

(internal

quotation marks omitted).

“A traffic stop constitutes a seizure under the Fourth Amendment and is subject to

review for reasonableness.” United States v. Hill,

(4th Cir. 2017)

(internal quotation marks omitted). Because a traffic stop bears a closer resemblance to an

investigative detention than a custodial arrest, we evaluate the legality of a traffic stop

under the two-pronged inquiry announced in Terry v. Ohio,

(1968). See United

States v. Williams,

(4th Cir. 2015). Pursuant to this inquiry, we ask

(1) whether the stop was justified at its inception, and (2) “whether the officer’s actions

during the seizure were reasonably related in scope to the basis for the traffic stop.”

(internal quotation marks omitted).

“As a general matter, the decision to stop an automobile is reasonable where the

police have probable cause to believe that a traffic violation has occurred.” United States

v. Sowards,

(4th Cir. 2012) (internal quotation marks omitted).

“Probable cause exists if, given the totality of the circumstances, the officer had reasonably

trustworthy information sufficient to warrant a prudent person in believing that the

petitioner had committed or was committing an offense.”

(cleaned up). Hastings

conducted the traffic stop after observing the Altima traveling at an excessive rate of speed

and heavily braking when its headlights illuminated the police vehicle, and after noting that

the vehicle had an expired registration sticker.

First, even assuming that Hastings’ visual speed estimate of the Altima was only in

slight excess of the legal speed limit, Hastings reasonably stopped the Altima because his

3 estimate was supported by the “additional indicia of reliability” of the Altima’s heavy

braking, and his subsequent observation of the Altima’s decreased speed.

(holding that “the reasonableness of an officer’s visual speed estimate depends . . . on

whether a vehicle’s speed is estimated to be in significant excess or slight excess of the

legal speed limit. If slight, then additional indicia of reliability are necessary to support

the reasonableness of the officer’s visual estimate.”). Moreover, Hastings reasonably

stopped the Altima for a registration violation when he observed the registration sticker—

which had expired more than 15 days earlier. See

(g) (stating

that it is lawful to drive a vehicle for the first 15 days of the month following the expiration

of the vehicle’s registration sticker under North Carolina law).

Under the second prong of Terry, an officer’s actions must be “reasonably related

in scope to the basis for the traffic stop.” Williams,

(internal quotation

marks omitted). “A seizure for a traffic violation justifies a police investigation of that

violation.” Rodriguez v. United States,

(2015). Such an investigation

includes inspecting the driver’s license, verifying the registration of the vehicle, and

determining whether the driver has any outstanding arrest warrants.

. “[A]

legitimate traffic stop may become unlawful if it is prolonged beyond the time reasonably

required to complete its initial objectives.” United States v. Palmer,

(4th Cir. 2016) (internal quotation marks omitted). However, an officer may permissibly

ask questions of the vehicle’s occupants that are unrelated to the alleged traffic violations,

provided the conversation does not prolong the detention. See Rodriguez,

-

55.

4 Here, as the district court determined, Hastings reasonably and diligently

investigated the traffic violations. Hastings completed his investigation in approximately

11 minutes, and the investigation was reasonably related to the speeding and registration

violations. See Williams,

. During this time, Hastings and O’Byrne

questioned Elghossian and McNeil about their personal backgrounds and travel plans

without prolonging the stop. See Rodriguez,

(“The seizure remains lawful

only so long as unrelated inquiries do not measurably extend the duration of the stop.”

(cleaned up)).

An officer may extend the detention of a motorist beyond the time necessary to

accomplish a traffic stop’s purpose if the officer either possesses reasonable suspicion of

criminal activity or receives the driver’s consent. See Williams,

; see

also Rodriguez,

(holding that an officer may not conduct unrelated checks

prolonging traffic stop absent reasonable suspicion). “Reasonable suspicion is a

commonsense, nontechnical standard that relies on the judgment of experienced law

enforcement officers,” Palmer,

(internal quotation marks omitted), and is

a less demanding standard than the probable cause or preponderance of evidence standard,

see Illinois v. Wardlow,

(2000). To determine whether reasonable

suspicion existed, “we must look at the totality of the circumstances of each case to see

whether the detaining officer has a particularized and objective basis for suspecting legal

wrongdoing.” Williams,

(internal quotation marks omitted).

In United States v. Bowman, we concluded that the totality of the circumstances

surrounding an officer’s traffic stop, including the driver’s initial nervousness; the

5 passenger avoiding eye contact with the officer; the presence of a suitcase, clothes, food,

wrappers, and an energy drink in the car; the driver’s inability to provide the address from

which he picked up his passenger; and the driver’s statements regarding his car purchases

and his recent unemployment, did not amount to reasonable suspicion justifying prolonging

the stop for a dog sniff.

(4th Cir. 2018). We determined that

“[a]lthough the nature of the totality-of-the-circumstances test makes it possible for

individually innocuous factors to add up to reasonable suspicion, it is impossible for a

combination of wholly innocent factors to combine into a suspicious conglomeration unless

there are concrete reasons for such an interpretation.”

(internal quotation marks

omitted).

Unlike the officer in Bowman, here, Hastings and O’Byrne provided objective,

articulable reasons justifying their reasonable suspicion to prolong the stop. These factors

included: Elghossian and McNeil’s conflicting stories regarding the length of their visit to

New Jersey and how long they had known each other, see United States v. Vaughan,

(4th Cir. 2012) (noting that when a driver and passenger provide conflicting

answers about their travels, this factor especially contributes to reasonable suspicion of

criminal activity); McNeil breathing heavily, his carotid artery pulsating, and continuing

to stare at his phone when approached by O’Byrne, which was abnormal and appeared

evasive, see Wardlow,

(recognizing that “nervous, evasive behavior is a

pertinent factor in determining reasonable suspicion”); cf. Bowman,

(reasoning that officer’s failure to explain why passenger avoiding eye contact was

suggestive of criminal activity renders observation “not particularly probative of a

6 suspect’s nervousness”); Elghossian’s increasing nervousness, including his hand shaking

when providing his license and beginning to sweat when Hastings asked for consent to

search the Altima, see United States v. Mason,

(4th Cir. 2010) (finding

support for reasonable suspicion based on testimony that driver “was sweating and

unusually nervous when interacting with [law enforcement], and [driver’s] nervousness did

not subside, as occurs normally, but became more pronounced as the stop continued”);

Elghossian’s pinpoint pupils and fresh track marks on both arms, indicating recent drug

use; Elghossian and McNeil’s known involvement in narcotics trafficking that was the

subject of an ongoing investigation; and McNeil’s criminal history involving drugs. Based

on the totality of the circumstances involving multiple indicators of criminal activity, we

conclude that the district court did not err in finding that the officers had reasonable

suspicion to extend the traffic stop for a dog sniff. We therefore affirm the convictions.

McNeil also challenges the district court’s application of sentencing enhancements

for using or making a credible threat to use violence under U.S. Sentencing Guidelines

Manual (USSG) § 2D1.1(b)(2) (2018), and for being a manager or supervisor of criminal

activity under USSG § 3B1.1(b). Rather than evaluating the merits of McNeil’s challenge

to the calculation of his Guidelines range, we “may proceed directly to an assumed error

harmlessness inquiry.” United States v. Gomez-Jimenez,

(4th Cir. 2014)

(internal quotation marks omitted). In other words, we may assume that the Guidelines

error occurred and “proceed to examine whether the error affected the sentence imposed.”

United States v. McDonald,

(4th Cir. 2017) (internal quotation marks

omitted). Under the assumed error harmlessness inquiry,

7 a Guidelines error is harmless and does not warrant vacating the defendant’s sentence if the record shows that (1) the district court would have reached the same result even if it had decided the Guidelines issue the other way, and (2) the sentence would be reasonable even if the Guidelines issue had been decided in the defendant’s favor.

United States v. Mills,

(4th Cir. 2019) (cleaned up). The error will be

deemed harmless if we are “certain” that these requirements are satisfied. United States v.

Gomez,

(4th Cir. 2012).

Here, “the district court made it abundantly clear that it would have imposed the

same sentence . . . regardless of the advice of the Guidelines,” Gomez-Jimenez,

, thus satisfying the first prong of the assumed error harmlessness inquiry, see

. Under the second prong, when reviewing the substantive reasonableness of a

sentence, “we must examine the totality of the circumstances . . . to see whether the

sentencing court abused its discretion in concluding that the sentence it chose satisfied the

standards set forth in [18 U.S.C.] § 3553(a).” Mills,

(cleaned up). McNeil

does not offer any specific challenge to the substantive reasonableness of his sentence.

Because the district court provided a detailed explanation for the within-Guidelines

sentence that was both rooted in the relevant

(a) factors and responsive to

McNeil’s argument for a lower sentence, we conclude that McNeil’s sentence is

substantively reasonable. Accordingly, the district court did not “abuse[] its discretion,”

Mills,

(internal quotation marks omitted), and therefore we affirm the

sentence.

Finally, McNeil, who is represented by counsel, seeks to file a pro se supplemental

brief. However, “an appellant who is represented by counsel has no right to file pro se

8 briefs or raise additional substantive issues in an appeal.” United States v. Cohen,

(4th Cir. 2018). We therefore deny McNeil’s motion to file a pro se supplemental

brief.

We dispense with oral argument because the facts and legal contentions are

adequately presented in the materials before this court and argument would not aid the

decisional process.

AFFIRMED

9