PUBLISHED

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE FOURTH CIRCUIT

No. 20-2302

MICHAEL COADY; CHARLES JENKINS; LAWRENCE HOLMES; WILLIAM FREBURGER; RUSSELL J. MACEY, JR.,

Plaintiffs – Appellees,

v.

NATIONWIDE MOTOR SALES CORP., d/b/a Nationwide Infiniti of Timonium, d/b/a Nationwide Kia, d/b/a Nationwide Nissan, d/b/a Nationwide Motor Sales, a/k/a Nationwide Pre-Owned; WILLIAM H. SCHAEFER, JR.; BRANDON E. SCHAEFER,

Defendants – Appellants.

Appeal from the United States District Court for the District of Maryland, at Baltimore. Stephanie A. Gallagher, District Judge. (1:20-cv-01142-SAG)

Argued: September 23, 2021 Decided: April 25, 2022

Before WYNN, THACKER, and RUSHING, Circuit Judges.

Affirmed by published opinion. Judge Rushing wrote the opinion, in which Judge Wynn and Judge Thacker joined.

ARGUED: William James Murphy, ZUCKERMAN SPAEDER, LLP, Baltimore, Maryland, for Appellants. Brian Joseph Markovitz, JOSEPH, GREENWALD & LAAKE, P.A., Greenbelt, Maryland, for Appellees. ON BRIEF: Robert M. Gittins, ECCLESTON & WOLF, PC, Hanover, Maryland; John J. Connolly, Alicia Shelton, ZUCKERMAN SPAEDER LLP, Baltimore, Maryland, for Appellants. Nicholas N. Bernard, JOSEPH, GREENWALD & LAAKE, P.A., Greenbelt, Maryland; Jonathan Rudnick, THE LAW OFFICE OF JONATHAN RUDNICK LLC, Tinton Falls, New Jersey, for Appellees.

2 RUSHING, Circuit Judge:

In this case, we are asked to determine whether a valid arbitration agreement exists

between an employer and certain employees. Applying Maryland law, we conclude that

the promise to arbitrate was illusory because, on the agreement’s signature page, the

employer retained the right to amend or abolish the agreement without notice to the

employees. We therefore affirm the district court’s denial of the motion to compel

arbitration.

I.

Former employees of Nationwide Motor Sales Corporation sued the company and

its owners (collectively, Nationwide) in district court, alleging fraudulent payment

practices that reduced employees’ sales commissions and final paychecks. Nationwide

moved to compel arbitration and to dismiss or stay the proceedings. In support, Nationwide

produced its Employee Handbook, which contains a section entitled “Agreement to Submit

All Employment Disputes to Arbitration.” J.A. 136. The first four paragraphs of the

Arbitration Agreement state an intention to arbitrate employment related claims and

specify the rules and procedures that shall apply. The fifth and final paragraph of the

Arbitration Agreement says: “By my signature on the ‘Employee Handbook and

Operating Procedures’ Acknowledgement Receipt, I confirm that I have read and

understand each of the four sections set forth above in this Agreement.” J.A. 136. The

referenced Acknowledgement Receipt provides in full:

I, the undersigned (Employee), acknowledge[] receipt of the (Employer) “Employee Handbook and Dealer Operating Procedures” written publication and have read and understood all sections therein and specially:

3 • “No Harassment” Policy/Procedure; • Agreement to Submit All Employee Disputes to Arbitration; • Demonstrator Agreement; • Acknowledgement of Training and Agreement to Abide by the Company Telemarketing Policy[;] • Acknowledgement of Agreement to Comply with Information Security Program[;] • Large Cash Transactions[.]

I further acknowledge my obligation to read and comprehend its contents. I understand that this handbook is intended as an employee reference source regarding personnel policies, procedures and company benefits of the employer, but may not represent all such policies currently in effect. I further understand that the employer has the right, from time to time, to make and enforce new policies or procedures and to enforce, change, abolish or modify existing policies, procedures or benefits applicable to employees as it may deem necessary with or without notice. I also understand that my employment is terminable-at-will, that I am not being employed for any specified time, and this handbook is not intended to and does not create a contract of employment. As a condition of my employment, I agree to conform to any such policy, rule, or regulations, whether currently in effect or established in the future.

J.A. 168 (italics added). Directly below this paragraph are lines for the employee and the

manager to sign the Acknowledgement Receipt.

In opposition to Nationwide’s motion to compel arbitration, the employees argued

that the Arbitration Agreement is invalid. As relevant here, they asserted that the

Agreement is an illusory promise because—as shown in the italicized Modification Clause

above—Nationwide retains the right to change, abolish, or modify the Handbook’s

policies, procedures, and benefits. Nationwide replied that the Modification Clause does

not apply to the Arbitration Agreement because it is located outside the “four corners” of

the Agreement and, in any event, the Clause references only policies, procedures, and

benefits but not “agreements.”

4 The district court denied Nationwide’s motion, finding the Arbitration Agreement

illusory due to the Modification Clause. See Coady v. Nationwide Motor Sales Corp., No.

SAG-20-1142,

, at *6 (D. Md. Nov. 18, 2020). We now possess

jurisdiction over Nationwide’s timely interlocutory appeal. See

; Rota-

McLarty v. Santander Consumer USA, Inc.,

(4th Cir. 2012). Because

this appeal raises a matter of contract interpretation, we review the district court’s denial

of Nationwide’s motion to compel arbitration de novo. See Rota-McLarty,

; Noohi v. Toll Bros., Inc.,

(4th Cir. 2013).

II.

“Arbitration is a matter of contract.” Mey v. DIRECTV, LLC,

(4th Cir. 2020). Before we may enforce the Arbitration Agreement, we must be satisfied

that a valid agreement exists. The presumption favoring arbitration does not apply to this

preliminary question of the Arbitration Agreement’s validity. Granite Rock Co. v. Int’l

Bhd. of Teamsters,

, 302–303 (2010); Noohi,

n.6. We resolve

this question according to state-law principles of contract formation and interpretation.

Rota-McLarty,

. The parties agree that Maryland law applies.

“In construing contracts, Maryland follows the objective interpretation principle. If

the language of the contract is unambiguous, [courts] give effect to its plain meaning and

do not delve into what the parties may have subjectively intended.” Rourke v. Amchem

Prods., Inc.,

(Md. 2004); see Credible Behav. Health, Inc. v. Johnson,

, 310 (Md. 2019). “Therefore, only the intention of the parties as expressed

in the language of the contract controls the analysis.” Cain v. Midland Funding, LLC, 156

(Md. 2017) (internal quotation marks omitted). “To determine the plain

meaning of [a contract],” Maryland courts “construe the contract as a whole” and decline

to “read each clause or provision separately.” Schneider Elec. Bldgs. Critical Sys., Inc. v.

W. Sur. Co.,

(Md. 2017) (internal quotation marks omitted). Where a

“contract comprises two or more documents, the documents are to be construed together,

harmoniously, so that, to the extent possible, all of the provisions can be given effect.”

(internal quotation marks omitted).

A.

We first must determine whether the Acknowledgment Receipt is part of the

Arbitration Agreement and should be considered with it when interpreting the Agreement.

Because an arbitration provision is “an independently enforceable contract” that is “a

severable part” of the larger agreement in which it appears, Maryland courts do not look

beyond an arbitration provision “into the underlying employment agreement to determine

whether consideration exists to support an agreement to arbitrate.” Cheek v. United

Healthcare of Mid-Atl., Inc.,

, 664–665 (Md. 2003) (internal quotation marks

omitted); see Noohi,

(acknowledging that Cheek’s rule requiring mutuality

within the arbitration clause itself “gives us pause,” but ultimately rejecting the argument

that it imposes a requirement on arbitration clauses that does not apply to other contracts).

We may examine “only the language of the arbitration agreement itself.” Hill v. Peoplesoft

USA, Inc.,

(4th Cir. 2005).

We conclude that the Acknowledgement Receipt is part of the Arbitration

Agreement. The fifth paragraph of the Arbitration Agreement incorporates the Receipt,

6 stating that an employee’s “signature on the ‘Employee Handbook and Operating

Procedures’ Acknowledgement Receipt . . . confirm[s] that [he] ha[s] read and

understand[s] each of the four sections set forth above in this Agreement.” J.A. 136

(boldface removed). In operation, an employee signs the Receipt to assent to the

Agreement. The Receipt itself also specifically identifies the Arbitration Agreement as

one of the Handbook sections to which the Receipt “specially” applies. J.A. 168. The

Receipt therefore must be read in conjunction with the Arbitration Agreement. See

Schneider,

.

Nationwide resists this conclusion, citing Hill for the proposition that we may not

look outside the “four corners” of the Arbitration Agreement to consider the Receipt.

. Hill involved a freestanding, “comprehensive six-page” arbitration agreement

“signed by the parties.”

. Nothing within the agreement allowed the employer to

modify it. A separate company policy, which the parties did not sign, explained the

employer’s “Internal Dispute Solution” program, of which arbitration was the third step.

The employer reserved the right to unilaterally change that program. Applying Maryland

law, this Court held that it could not consider the modification provision of the Internal

Dispute Solution program but instead must “confine[] its analysis” to “the separate

Arbitration Agreement, signed by the parties, to determine whether the agreement was

supported by consideration.”

at 543–544.

Our decision is fully consistent with Hill. Here, the “language of the arbitration

agreement itself” incorporates the Acknowledgment Receipt in its fifth paragraph.

. And, unlike Hill, where the arbitration agreement was signed by the parties, the

7 Receipt here serves as the signature page for the Arbitration Agreement. It is therefore

appropriate for us to consider the Receipt when evaluating the Arbitration Agreement.

B.

We now must consider whether the Modification Clause of the Acknowledgement

Receipt renders the Arbitration Agreement illusory and invalid. Under Maryland law, a

promise to arbitrate is illusory—and thus cannot constitute the consideration necessary to

support a binding contract—if the employer reserves the right “to alter, amend, modify, or

revoke the Arbitration Policy . . . at any time with or without notice.” Cheek,

(internal quotations marks and brackets omitted). The Modification Clause here

reserves Nationwide’s ability to “change, abolish or modify existing policies, procedures

or benefits applicable to employees as it may deem necessary with or without notice.” J.A.

168. The parties agree that, if the Modification Clause applies to the Arbitration

Agreement, the Agreement is illusory. Nationwide argues that the Clause does not apply

because it refers only to “policies, procedures or benefits,” not “agreements.”

Considering the plain meaning of the Acknowledgement Receipt “as a whole,” the

Modification Clause applies to the Arbitration Agreement. Schneider,

(internal quotation marks omitted). As an initial matter, the Arbitration Agreement and

five other sections of the Handbook are specifically listed in the Receipt immediately above

the paragraph containing the Clause. Further, the Receipt states that the Handbook is a

“reference source regarding personnel policies, procedures and company benefits,” the

very things Nationwide then retains the right to modify. J.A. 168. The Receipt refers to

the contents of the Handbook collectively, without excepting “agreements,” and we see no

8 reason to interpret the Modification Clause differently. The Handbook does not, for

example, title each of its provisions as a “policy,” “procedure,” “benefit,” or

“agreement”—most provisions are labeled only by topic, such as “Large Cash

Transactions.” J.A. 168. Nationwide’s argument therefore places more weight on

supposed distinctions among those labels than the plain language of the Receipt will

support. The better reading of the Receipt is that “personnel policies, procedures and

company benefits” encompasses all sections of the Handbook, including those “specially”

acknowledged in the Receipt like the Arbitration Agreement. J.A. 168. Because the

Modification Clause gives Nationwide the right to change or abolish those policies,

procedures, and benefits without notice, the Arbitration Agreement is illusory under

Maryland law. See Cheek,

.

III.

The district court did not err in considering the Acknowledgement Receipt when

evaluating the validity of the Arbitration Agreement, because the Agreement incorporated

the Receipt by expressly requiring an employee to sign it as part of the Agreement. Nor

did the district court err in concluding that the plain language of the Receipt’s Modification

Clause applied to the Agreement, rendering its promise to arbitrate illusory and

unenforceable under Maryland law. We therefore affirm the district court’s denial of

Nationwide’s motion to compel arbitration.

AFFIRMED

9