USCA4 Appeal: 24-6257 Doc: 40 Filed: 06/10/2025 Pg: 1 of 15

PUBLISHED

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE FOURTH CIRCUIT

No. 24-6257

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

Plaintiff - Appellee,

v.

RODNEY D. CRAWLEY,

Defendant - Appellant.

Appeal from the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia, at Richmond. John A. Gibney, Jr., Senior District Judge. (3:16-cr-00037-JAG-RCY-1)

Argued: January 29, 2025 Decided: June 10, 2025

Before NIEMEYER, GREGORY, and QUATTLEBAUM, Circuit Judges.

Affirmed by published opinion. Judge Niemeyer wrote the opinion, in which Judge Gregory and Judge Quattlebaum joined.

ARGUED: Danny Zemel, THE KRUDYS LAW FIRM, PLC, Richmond, Virginia, for Appellant. Daniel J. Honold, OFFICE OF THE UNITED STATES ATTORNEY, for Appellee. ON BRIEF: Jessica D. Aber, United States Attorney, Heather Hart Mansfield, Assistant United States Attorney, OFFICE OF THE UNITED STATES ATTORNEY, Richmond, Virginia, for Appellee. USCA4 Appeal: 24-6257 Doc: 40 Filed: 06/10/2025 Pg: 2 of 15

NIEMEYER, Circuit Judge:

Rodney Crawley was sentenced in December 2016 to a 188-month term of

imprisonment for a federal drug-trafficking conviction. His sentence included an

enhancement under U.S.S.G. § 4B1.1(a) for being a career offender because he had, at the

time of sentencing, “two prior felony convictions of either a crime of violence or a

controlled substance offense.” His two prior convictions were (1) a 2007 Virginia

conviction for drug distribution and (2) a 2009 Virginia conviction for robbery. Without

the career-offender enhancement, Crawley’s sentencing range would have been 84 to 105

months’ imprisonment.

In 2022, we held that Virginia robbery did not qualify as a “violent felony” for

purposes of the Armed Career Criminal Act (ACCA),

(e)(2)(B)(i), because

the crime could be committed without the use, attempted use, or threatened use of physical

force. United States v. White,

(4th Cir. 2022). Prompted by that change

in the law, Crawley filed a motion for compassionate release under

(c)(1)(A), claiming that, because of White, he no longer qualifies as a career offender

under the Sentencing Guidelines, and that this change, along with other circumstances,

constituted extraordinary and compelling reasons warranting a reduction of his sentence.

He relied not only on the disparity between his original sentence and the sentence he likely

would have received at the time of his motion based on White, but also on a medical

condition that put him at greater risk for COVID-19 complications and his rehabilitation

while in prison.

2 USCA4 Appeal: 24-6257 Doc: 40 Filed: 06/10/2025 Pg: 3 of 15

In a written opinion, the district court denied Crawley’s motion, rejecting each

ground individually and in the aggregate, concluding that they did not amount to an

extraordinary and compelling reason to grant a sentence reduction.

On appeal, Crawley contends that the change in the law, which would have resulted

in a much shorter sentence, together with his rehabilitation, justified granting his motion

for a sentence reduction and that the district court abused its discretion in denying it.

As explained herein, we conclude first that the Sentencing Commission’s amended

policy statement in U.S.S.G. § 1B1.13, which became effective on November 1, 2023,

applies to Crawley’s motion for compassionate release, even though he filed his motion

before its effective date. Under that amended policy statement, a change in the law may

constitute an extraordinary and compelling reason for a sentence reduction. Applying that

provision, we conclude that our holding in White did indeed effect a change in the law that

created a gross disparity between Crawley’s 2016 sentence and the sentence he likely

would have received had he been sentenced at the time of his motion. But we also conclude

that Crawley failed to satisfy § 1B1.13(b)(6)’s additional requirement that he have served

at least 10 years in prison before he could benefit from a change in the law. Because he

has failed to show that his requested sentence reduction is consistent with the applicable

policy statement, see

(c)(1)(A), we affirm.

I

Following a controlled delivery of drugs conducted by the U.S. Postal Service,

Rodney Crawley was investigated and later charged with drug trafficking. After pleading

3 USCA4 Appeal: 24-6257 Doc: 40 Filed: 06/10/2025 Pg: 4 of 15

guilty to one count, the district court sentenced him on December 13, 2016, to 188 months’

imprisonment, the bottom of the then-applicable Sentencing Guidelines range of 188 to

235 months’ imprisonment. That range was enhanced under the Guidelines’ career-

offender provision, U.S.S.G. § 4B1.1(a), because Crawley had, at the time, two prior

qualifying convictions — a 2007 Virginia conviction for distribution of cocaine and a 2009

Virginia conviction for robbery. Had Crawley not qualified as a career offender, his

Guidelines range would have been 84 to 105 months’ imprisonment.

In December 2020 and again in May 2021, Crawley filed motions for compassionate

release under

(c)(1)(A), relying mainly on his risk of serious illness from

COVID-19, and the district court denied both motions.

Then, on October 10, 2022, prompted by our decision in White, Crawley filed a third

motion for compassionate release. He argued that our decision in White, in which we held

that Virginia robbery did not constitute a “violent felony” for purposes of ACCA, would

also disqualify Virginia robbery as a predicate offense for his career-offender enhancement

under the Guidelines. He thus contended that he was “serving a significantly longer

sentence than he would receive were he sentenced today” because the career-offender

enhancement was no longer applicable. And that sentencing disparity, he argued,

“combined with his excellent record while in custody and particular susceptibility to

becoming severely ill if he contract[ed] COVID-19,” constituted extraordinary and

compelling reasons to support his reduction in sentence and release. While Crawley asked

the district court to order his immediate release, he requested, in the alternative, that he be

allowed to serve the remainder of his sentence on home confinement.

4 USCA4 Appeal: 24-6257 Doc: 40 Filed: 06/10/2025 Pg: 5 of 15

The government opposed Crawley’s motion, arguing that he had not established an

extraordinary and compelling reason for release and that, in any event, the sentencing

factors in

(a), which also had to be considered, did not support his early

release.

While Crawley’s motion for compassionate release was pending, the U.S.

Sentencing Commission amended its policy statement in U.S.S.G. § 1B1.13, which

governs such motions. The changes, which became effective on November 1, 2023, were

extensive and included the identification of six circumstances that either on their own or in

combination with others could constitute “extraordinary and compelling reasons”

warranting a sentence reduction under § 3582(c)(1)(A). One of those circumstances

involved “a change in the law” with respect to “an unusually long sentence.” U.S.S.G.

§ 1B1.13(b)(6). But the amended policy statement also limited the relevance of an

intervening change in the law, noting that it could not be considered “[e]xcept as provided

in subsection (b)(6).” Id. § 1B1.13(c). And the amended policy statement provided further

that “rehabilitation of a defendant is not, by itself, an extraordinary and compelling reason

for purposes of this policy statement.” Id. § 1B1.13(d).

In an order dated March 5, 2024, the district court denied Crawley’s third motion

for compassionate release. While the court recognized that the Sentencing Commission

had issued an amended policy statement with respect to motions for compassionate release,

it concluded that Crawley’s motion failed to establish extraordinary and compelling

reasons under either the amended policy statement or the framework that preceded it.

5 USCA4 Appeal: 24-6257 Doc: 40 Filed: 06/10/2025 Pg: 6 of 15

Addressing Crawley’s grounds for relief, the court noted that while our decision in

White applied to ACCA, there was uncertainty as to whether it applied to the career-

offender provision in the Sentencing Guidelines, as that provision had a different

“enumerated crimes” clause. The court concluded that “it [did] not consider this

uncertainty, without more, ‘extraordinary and compelling’ under the compassionate release

standard.” As to Crawley’s claim of COVID-19 risks, the court stated that it had already

rejected that claim twice earlier and that Crawley had not only failed to strengthen his claim

that he was susceptible to contracting COVID-19 but had also failed to demonstrate that

the prison facility could not adequately respond to such risk. And as to rehabilitation, the

court recognized that “Crawley ha[d] shown noteworthy rehabilitation” but that

rehabilitation alone could not, under

(t), constitute an extraordinary and

compelling reason for compassionate release. Finally, the court found that “even when

considering all the grounds [Crawley] raise[d] together, [his] arguments [did] not rise to

the level of ‘extraordinary and compelling.’” The court clarified, however, that it did not

intend to “foreclose the possibility that [Crawley’s] argument regarding the career offender

enhancement” could “amount to an ‘extraordinary and compelling’ reason to reduce [his]

sentence in the future,” “especially when coupled with his noteworthy rehabilitation.”

Accordingly, the court denied Crawley’s motion without considering the § 3553(a)

sentencing factors.

From the district court’s March 5, 2024 order denying his motion for compassionate

release, Crawley filed this appeal.

6 USCA4 Appeal: 24-6257 Doc: 40 Filed: 06/10/2025 Pg: 7 of 15

II

Crawley’s motion for compassionate release was filed under

(c),

which authorizes a court, in its discretion, to reduce a term of imprisonment after it has

(1) considered the § 3553(a) factors for imposing a sentence, (2) found that “extraordinary

and compelling reasons warrant such a reduction,” and (3) found that “such a reduction is

consistent with applicable policy statements issued by the Sentencing Commission.”

(c)(1)(A); see also United States v. High,

, 185–86 (4th Cir.

2021). As he now focuses his reasons on appeal, Crawley contends that since his original

sentencing, the law has changed such that were he sentenced today, his sentence would

likely be substantially shorter. And he argues that when this factor is combined with his

rehabilitation while in prison, he has provided extraordinary and compelling reasons for

his release.

These arguments implicate two provisions of the Sentencing Commission’s

amended policy statement — § 1B1.13(b)(6) and § 1B1.13(d). Section 1B1.13(b)(6)

provides:

If a defendant received an unusually long sentence and has served at least 10 years of the term of imprisonment, a change in the law . . . may be considered in determining whether the defendant presents an extraordinary and compelling reason, but only where such change would produce a gross disparity between the sentence being served and the sentence likely to be imposed at the time the motion is filed, and after full consideration of the defendant’s individualized circumstances.

And § 1B1.13(d) provides that “rehabilitation of the defendant is not, by itself,” a sufficient

reason to grant a motion for compassionate release but that it “may be considered in

combination with other circumstances.”

7 USCA4 Appeal: 24-6257 Doc: 40 Filed: 06/10/2025 Pg: 8 of 15

On appeal, Crawley argues mainly that our decision in White changed the law such

that a Virginia robbery conviction could no longer serve as a predicate conviction for a

career-offender enhancement. He maintains that the change produced a gross disparity

between the 188-month sentence that he is serving and the 84-month sentence that he

would likely have received had he been sentenced at the time he filed his motion. He also

argues that he has satisfied the requirement of § 1B1.13(b)(6) that he have “served at least

10 years of [his] term of imprisonment.” While he acknowledges that he has not actually

spent 10 years in prison, he notes that he has spent over 9 years in prison and has earned

more than 1 additional year in good-time credits, arguing that this fulfills the 10-year

requirement.

We address each of these arguments in turn.

A

First, however, we consider whether the amended policy statement, which became

effective on November 1, 2023, governs Crawley’s motion for compassionate release.

Crawley filed his motion on October 10, 2022, before the effective date of the amended

policy statement, but the district court ruled on the motion on March 5, 2024, after the

effective date. We conclude that in these circumstances, the amended policy statement

does indeed apply to Crawley’s motion.

Our conclusion follows from a natural reading of two provisions. First, § 3582(c)

provides that district courts may grant a defendant’s motion for compassionate release if

such reduction in sentence “is consistent with applicable policy statements.” 18 U.S.C.

8 USCA4 Appeal: 24-6257 Doc: 40 Filed: 06/10/2025 Pg: 9 of 15

§ 3582(c)(1)(A) (emphasis added). By directing district courts to decide compassionate

release motions in light of policy statements that are then applicable, the provision suggests

that the court should consider policy statements that are applicable at the time the court

renders its decision — irrespective of when the motion itself was filed. Similarly, in

U.S.S.G. § 1B1.13, the Sentencing Commission instructs that a district court may reduce a

term of imprisonment if it “determines” that the “reduction is consistent with this policy

statement.” U.S.S.G. § 1B1.13(a)(3) (emphasis added). The policy statement thus

presumes, without qualification, that it will serve as a guide to district courts at the time

the courts render their decisions. A natural reading of these provisions thus indicates that

district courts deciding motions for compassionate release after November 1, 2023, should

apply § 1B1.13 when rendering their decisions.

And we have directly implied as much previously. Specifically, in United States v.

Davis, we applied the amended policy statement in § 1B1.13 to “confirm and amplify” our

conclusion that the district court had abused its discretion under existing case law, even

though § 1B1.13 had not been in effect at the time of the district court’s decision.

(4th Cir. 2024). We said, “It now falls on the district court to revisit Davis’s

arguments in light of the Sentencing Commission’s new policy statement outlining when

and how to consider changes in law as an extraordinary and compelling reason for a

reduction.”

(emphasis added). And we remanded the case to allow the district court to

consider the effect of the Sentencing Commission’s “new guidance” in § 1B1.13, even

though it was not in effect when the defendant filed his motion. Id. at 661.

9 USCA4 Appeal: 24-6257 Doc: 40 Filed: 06/10/2025 Pg: 10 of 15

Accordingly, we conclude that the amended policy statement governs Crawley’s

motion, even though Crawley filed his motion before the amended policy statement took

effect.

B

We now turn to Crawley’s arguments. He contends first that our decision in White

satisfied § 1B1.13(b)(6)’s requirement that there be a change in the law creating a gross

disparity between the sentence he is serving and the sentence he would have received at

the time of his motion. The White decision, he argues, disqualified Virginia robbery from

serving as a predicate offense for the career-offender enhancement, and without the

enhancement, he would likely have received a sentence over 8 years shorter than the

sentence he received in 2016 — 84 months instead of 188 months.

While we accept that this 8-year disparity does constitute a “gross disparity” under

the policy statement, that still leaves the question of whether White disqualified a Virginia

robbery conviction under the career-offender provision in the Sentencing Guidelines, given

that White construed ACCA, not the Sentencing Guidelines.

In White, we held that Virginia robbery was not a “violent felony” under ACCA’s

force clause.

. In determining whether Virginia robbery satisfied that

provision, we relied on the response of the Supreme Court of Virginia to the question we

had certified to it and thus concluded that “an individual can be convicted of robbery [in

Virginia] by threatening a victim with having committed ‘sodomy,’ to the extent that the

accusation involves a crime against nature under existing state law.”

at 381 (citing

10 USCA4 Appeal: 24-6257 Doc: 40 Filed: 06/10/2025 Pg: 11 of 15

White v. United States,

, 483, 485–86 (Va. 2021)). Based on that response,

we held that Virginia robbery can be committed without the force necessary to constitute

a violent felony under ACCA’s force clause,

, under which a crime, to be a

“violent felony,” must have as an element “the use, attempted use, or threatened use of

physical force against the person of another,”

(e)(2)(B)(i).

Because of the similarity in language, we conclude that the same can be said with

respect to the force clause of the Guidelines’ career-offender provision. United States v.

Parham,

(4th Cir. 2025). To qualify as a career offender, the defendant

must have “at least two prior felony convictions of either a crime of violence or a controlled

substance offense.” U.S.S.G. § 4B1.1(a)(3) (emphasis added). And “crime of violence”

is defined to include those felonies that have as an element “the use, attempted use, or

threatened use of physical force against the person of another,” using the same language

employed by ACCA to define “violent felony.” Id. § 4B1.2(a)(1);

(e)(2)(B)(i). But unlike in ACCA, the “crime of violence” definition in the

Guidelines also contains an enumerated list of crimes of violence that includes “robbery.”

U.S.S.G. § 4B1.2(a)(2).

For many years, the Guidelines did not define “robbery,” so we gave the term its

“generic” meaning, which we determined to be “the misappropriation of property under

circumstances involving immediate danger to the person.” United States v. Gattis,

(4th Cir. 2017) (emphasis added). It therefore followed, as we recently

recognized in Parham, that Virginia robbery was broader than generic robbery because,

while Virginia robbery could be committed “by threatening to accuse the victim of

11 USCA4 Appeal: 24-6257 Doc: 40 Filed: 06/10/2025 Pg: 12 of 15

engaging in sodomy,” generic robbery could be committed only with the use or threatened

use of force against another person.

(citing White, 863 S.E.2d at 487).

But now the Guidelines have defined robbery more broadly than that generic definition.

The Guidelines’ definition now reads:

“Robbery” is the unlawful taking or obtaining of personal property from the person or in the presence of another, against his will, by means of actual or threatened force, or violence, or fear of injury, immediate or future, to his person or property, or property in his custody or possession, or the person or property of a relative or member of his family or of anyone in his company at the time of the taking or obtaining.

U.S.S.G. § 4B1.2(e)(3). This definition, which is drawn from the definition of robbery in

the Hobbs Act,

(b)(1), is broader than generic robbery in that it covers

robberies that can be committed by threatening not only the person but also property. See

United States v. Green,

(4th Cir. 2021) (recognizing that Hobbs Act

robbery is broader than generic robbery).

Nonetheless, even § 4B1.2(e)(3)’s new broader definition of robbery is still

narrower than Virginia robbery. Again, Virginia robbery can be committed simply by

threatening to accuse the victim “with having committed ‘sodomy,’” White,

, that is, without any force or threat of force against the person or property of another,

whereas the Guidelines’ definition of robbery still requires the use of “actual or threatened

force, or violence, or fear of injury,” U.S.S.G. § 4B1.2(e)(3). Thus, Virginia robbery does

not qualify as a “crime of violence” for purposes of the Guidelines’ career-offender

enhancement under § 4B1.1(a).

12 USCA4 Appeal: 24-6257 Doc: 40 Filed: 06/10/2025 Pg: 13 of 15

Accordingly, we conclude that White did indeed effect a change in the law, thereby

creating a disparity sufficient to satisfy U.S.S.G. § 1B1.13(b)(6). If Crawley had been

sentenced at the time he filed his motion for compassionate release, he would not have

qualified as a career offender under the Guidelines and therefore would likely have

received a substantially shorter term of imprisonment.

C

But § 1B1.13(b)(6) also requires that Crawley show that he have “served at least 10

years of [his] term of imprisonment.” U.S.S.G. § 1B1.13(b)(6). While he acknowledges

that he has spent less than 10 years of his more than 15-year sentence in prison, he argues

that when his good-time credits are added to the more than 9 years that he has spent in

prison, he has served, in effect, a term of imprisonment of over 10 years and that he

therefore has satisfied § 1B1.13(b)(6)’s 10-year requirement. In advancing that argument,

he implicitly equates “serving 10 years of a term of imprisonment” with “serving a 10-year

term of imprisonment,” as adjusted by good-time credits. Pointing to

(b)(1) for support, he argues that “the term ‘time served’ is properly understood to

encompass good time credits,” which, under the statute, count “toward the service of the

prisoner’s sentence.”

This argument raises the question of how to construe the requirement of

§ 1B1.13(b)(6) that the defendant have “served at least 10 years of the term of

imprisonment.”

13 USCA4 Appeal: 24-6257 Doc: 40 Filed: 06/10/2025 Pg: 14 of 15

In answering that question, we presume that a provision’s drafters gave its terms

their ordinary meaning, unless context dictates otherwise. See Monsalvo Velázquez v.

Bondi,

, 1241 (2025); see also United States v. Hansen,

(2023) (explaining that the choice between ordinary and specialized meaning turns on a

provision’s context). And here, we conclude that the phrase “served at least 10 years of

the term of imprisonment” carries its ordinary meaning. None of the words in that phrase

are defined, and we see no indication from their context that the Sentencing Commission

intended to give them a specialized meaning. See Hansen,

.

To demonstrate the ordinary meaning, we compare the phrase “served at least 10

years” of a prison term with the phrase “served at least a 10-year prison term.” In the first

phrase, the direct object of served is “10 years” — a time period — and in the second, the

direct object is a “prison term” — a sentence. While the distinction might seem subtle at

first blush, it is nonetheless material. When a person has served 10 years, he has spent 10

years’ time in prison. But when he has served a 10-year sentence, he may or may not have

spent 10 years’ time in prison, because, as a practical matter, the sentence might have been

adjusted for good-time credits under

(b)(1). While § 3624 provides for

credits to adjust a sentence, § 1B1.13(b)(6) requires service of a specified time, not a

specified sentence. In short, service of a specified time in prison is a concept distinct from

service of a specified sentence, and § 1B1.13(b)(6) requires that the defendant have served

the specified 10 years’ time in prison.

14 USCA4 Appeal: 24-6257 Doc: 40 Filed: 06/10/2025 Pg: 15 of 15

Because Crawley concedes that he has not spent 10 years’ time in prison,

consideration of the § 1B1.13(b)(6) factor of the amended policy statement is not available

to him.

Recognizing that the ordinary meaning of § 1B1.13(b)(6) dooms his case, Crawley

implicitly collapses the meanings of “serving a specified time in prison” and “serving a

sentence” in prison. With that implicit merger of words, he reads § 1B1.13(b)(6) to

incorporate the substance of the good-time credits statute, which provides that a defendant

“may receive credit toward the service of [his] sentence” if he satisfies several

requirements.

(b)(1) (emphasis added). But the statute’s focus is on the

reduction of a given sentence by means of credits and therefore the consequent reduction

of the time served. But, as we have noted, a sentence adjusted with credits is distinct from

the usage in U.S.S.G. § 1B1.13(b)(6), which requires the defendant to serve at least 10

years’ time, clearly referring to time, not a sentence. We thus reject this argument.

Crawley has not renewed his COVID-19 argument on appeal, and he does not

dispute that his rehabilitation alone cannot constitute an extraordinary and compelling

reason for compassionate release. See U.S.S.G. § 1B1.13(d);

(t).

Accordingly, we affirm the district court’s decision to deny his motion for compassionate

release. But we note that Crawley may soon satisfy the 10-year requirement under

§ 1B1.13(b)(6) and may then file a new motion before the district court. But even then he

must recognize that the 10-year requirement is but one factor of many for the district court

to consider in exercising its discretion under § 3582(c)(1)(A).

AFFIRMED

15