USCA4 Appeal: 25-1244 Doc: 17 Filed: 12/01/2025 Pg: 1 of 4

UNPUBLISHED

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE FOURTH CIRCUIT

No. 25-1244

MARIA CANDELARIA ZUNIGA,

Petitioner,

v.

PAMELA JO BONDI, Attorney General,

Respondent.

On Petition for Review of an Order of the Board of Immigration Appeals.

Submitted: November 25, 2025 Decided: December 1, 2025

Before WYNN and RICHARDSON, Circuit Judges, and KEENAN, Senior Circuit Judge.

Petition denied by unpublished per curiam opinion.

ON BRIEF: Nash Fayad, FAYAD LAW, P.C., Richmond, Virginia, for Petitioner. Brett A. Shumate, Assistant Attorney General, Holly M. Smith, Assistant Director, Andrew Oliveira, Office of Immigration Litigation, Civil Division, UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE, Washington, D.C., for Respondent.

Unpublished opinions are not binding precedent in this circuit. USCA4 Appeal: 25-1244 Doc: 17 Filed: 12/01/2025 Pg: 2 of 4

PER CURIAM:

Maria Candelaria Zuniga, a native and citizen of El Salvador, petitions for review

of an order of the Board of Immigration Appeals (Board) dismissing her appeal from the

immigration judge’s oral decision denying Zuniga’s applications for asylum and

withholding of removal. ∗ We deny the petition for review.

Zuniga first argues that the Board erred by failing to consider a claims-processing

objection to the 2015 Notice to Appear, which was based on In re Fernandes,

(B.I.A. 2022). But the record confirms that this is materially different from the

jurisdictional argument that Zuniga raised both in immigration court and before the Board,

which the Board properly found was foreclosed by Board precedent, see In re Arambula-

Bravo,

(B.I.A. 2021), and decisions from this court, see Perez Vasquez

v. Garland,

(4th Cir. 2021); United States v. Cortez,

, 358-

66 (4th Cir. 2019). We discern no error in the Board not addressing a subsidiary argument

that counsel did not advance in the administrative appeal.

Next, we agree with the agency’s legal ruling that the “particular social group”

advanced by Zuniga—Salvadoran market vendors who oppose gang activities—lacks

cognizability. See Morales v. Garland,

(4th Cir. 2022) (providing for de

novo review of agency’s cognizability ruling); Canales-Rivera v. Barr,

, 657-

∗ Zuniga has forfeited review of the immigration judge’s denial of relief under the Convention Against Torture, which was not raised in the administrative appeal and similarly is not addressed in the brief submitted to this court. See Fed. R. App. P. 28(a)(8)(A); Ullah v. Garland,

(4th Cir. 2023) (explaining that a party forfeits appellate review of those issues and claims not raised in the party’s briefs).

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58 (4th Cir. 2020) (observing that “this [c]ourt and other circuit courts have rejected . . .

arguments related to merchants and other entrepreneurial groups” proffered as protected

“particular social groups” because they fail on the immutability prong of the inquiry).

Zuniga now posits that being “a market vendor” is immutable because it is an unchangeable

part of her past. But this too is materially different from the theory advanced in the agency,

to wit: that a believed-to-be gang member targeted Zuniga for extortion demands and

threats because she worked as a market vendor at that time. We thus agree with the

Attorney General that this argument is not properly before us. See Tepas v. Garland,

(4th Cir. 2023) (observing that, although

(d)(1) is not

jurisdictional, it “remains a mandatory claim-processing rule”).

Finally, Zuniga challenges the Board’s denial of her motion to remand her case to

the immigration court for consideration of her claim that the past harm she endured, and

the future harm she feared, were on account of Zuniga’s actual (or imputed) political

opinion. But, as the Board explained, Zuniga did not advance new, previously unavailable

evidence supporting the theory that her actual (or imputed) political opinion was a

motivating factor or point to any such relevant evidence in the record. See In re L-O-G-,

(B.I.A. 1996) (explaining that, in deciding such motions, “the

Board will look to whether there is sufficient evidence proffered to indicate a reasonable

likelihood of success on the merits”). Accordingly, we discern no abuse of discretion in

the Board’s ruling. See Obioha v. Gonzales,

(4th Cir. 2005) (providing

standard of review and explaining that motion to remand where noncitizen seeks to pursue

a new theory for relief is best understood as a motion to reopen).

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For these reasons, we deny the petition for review. See In re Zuniga (B.I.A. Feb.

14, 2025). We dispense with oral argument because the facts and legal contentions are

adequately presented in the materials before this court and argument would not aid the

decisional process.

PETITION DENIED

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