USCA4 Appeal: 24-4144 Doc: 58 Filed: 12/22/2025 Pg: 1 of 9

UNPUBLISHED

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE FOURTH CIRCUIT

No. 24-4144

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

Plaintiff - Appellee,

v.

MADANI ILARA TEJAN, a/k/a Malik, a/k/a Mylik, a/k/a Dani,

Defendant - Appellant.

Appeal from the United States District Court for the District of Maryland, at Greenbelt. Deborah K. Chasanow, Senior District Judge. (8:21-cr-00101-DKC-1)

Submitted: November 12, 2025 Decided: December 22, 2025

Before NIEMEYER, KING, and RICHARDSON, Circuit Judges.

Affirmed by unpublished per curiam opinion.

ON BRIEF: Mary E. Davis, DAVIS & DAVIS, Washington, D.C., for Appellant. Brent S. Wible, Principal Deputy Assistant Attorney General, Lisa H. Miller, Deputy Assistant Attorney General, Katherine Twomey Allen, Criminal Division, UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE, Washington, D.C.; Erek L. Barron, United States Attorney, David Bornstein, Assistant United States Attorney, Gerald Collins, Assistant United States Attorney, Kelly Hates, Assistant United States Attorney, OFFICE OF THE UNITED STATES ATTORNEY, Baltimore, Maryland, for Appellee.

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PER CURIAM:

Mandani Ilara Tejan appeals his convictions following a jury trial. A federal jury

convicted Tejan of conspiracy to distribute fentanyl and marijuana, in violation of

; possession with intent to distribute fentanyl, in violation of

(a)(1), (b)(1)(C); interference with interstate commerce by robbery, in violation of

(a) (Hobbs Act robbery); and use of a firearm in the furtherance of Hobbs

Act robbery resulting in murder, in violation of

(c), (j). On appeal, Tejan

argues that, (1) the district court erred in denying Tejan’s request for a Franks 1 hearing;

(2) the district court erred in denying Tejan’s motion to suppress statements he made while

in custody; (3) the district court erred in admitting a deceased witness’s hearsay statements

into evidence under Fed. R. Evid. 804(b)(6); (4) the district court erred in instructing the

jury that aiding and abetting applies to first degree murder in response to a jury question;

(5) the district court erred in failing to provide the jury Tejan’s requested jury instruction

about buyer-seller relationships; and (6) the district court erred in denying Tejan’s motion

for a new trial;. We affirm.

Tejan argues that the court erred in denying his motion for a Franks hearing. We

“review legal determinations underlying the denial of [a] Franks hearing de novo, while

the court’s related factual findings are reviewed for clear error.” United States v. Sanders,

, 252 (4th Cir. 2024), cert. denied,

(2025). “To obtain a

Franks hearing, the defendant must make a substantial preliminary showing that the affiant

1 Franks v. Delaware,

(1978).

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made (1) a false statement (2) knowingly and intentionally, or with reckless disregard for

the truth that was (3) necessary to the finding of probable cause.”

(citation modified).

The defendant bears a heavy burden to obtain a Franks hearing. United States v. Moody,

(4th Cir. 2019) (citation modified). The affidavit supporting a search

warrant is afforded a “presumption of validity.” United States v. Haas,

(4th Cir. 2021). And we have held “that reckless disregard in the Franks context requires

a showing that the affiant personally recognized the risk of making the affidavit

misleading.” United States v. Pulley,

(4th Cir. 2021). We conclude that

the district court correctly found that Tejan did not make the necessary showing to obtain

a Franks hearing.

Tejan next challenges the denial of his suppression motion. “The Fifth Amendment

provides that ‘[n]o person . . . shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness

against himself.’” United States v. Azua-Rinconada,

(4th Cir. 2019)

(quoting U.S. Const., amend. V). “And the Supreme Court has mandated the use of

procedural measures to ensure that defendants, when subjected to custodial interrogations,

are advised of their Fifth Amendment rights.”

“[U]nless a defendant is advised of his

Fifth Amendment rights pursuant to Miranda 2 and voluntarily waives those rights,

statements he makes during a custodial interrogation must be suppressed.”

“Coercive

police activity is a necessary finding for a confession or a Miranda waiver to be considered

involuntary.” United States v. Giddins,

(4th Cir. 2017).

2 Miranda v. Arizona,

(1996).

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“However, before the Miranda rights attach, there must be custodial interrogation.”

United States v. D’Anjou,

(4th Cir. 1994). We define interrogation as

“express questioning or its functional equivalent, which includes any words or actions on

the part of the police (other than those normally attendant to arrest and custody) that the

police should know are reasonably likely to elicit an incriminating response from the

suspect.”

(citation modified). Thus, there is an exception “for routine booking

questions securing biographical data necessary to complete booking or pretrial services.”

(citation modified).

“In assessing a district court’s decision on a motion to suppress, we review factual

findings for clear error and legal determinations de novo.” United States v. Lewis,

(4th Cir. 2010). We thus defer to the district court on “findings about the

circumstances surrounding the interrogation,” but review de novo “whether those

circumstances create a custodial situation requiring Miranda warnings.” United States v.

Sullivan,

(4th Cir. 1998); see Thompson v. Keohane,

(1995). “When a district court has denied a suppression motion, we view the evidence in

the light most favorable to the government.” United States v. Palmer,

(4th Cir. 2016). We give “substantial deference on the question of what constitutes

interrogation,” since trial courts “can best evaluate the circumstances in which such

statements are made and detect their coercive aspects.” United States v. Payne,

(4th Cir. 1992).

When a district court errs in denying a motion to suppress, that error still may be

harmless. “In assessing whether a constitutional error was harmless, we determine whether

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the admission of the statement[s] at issue was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt, such

that it is clear that a rational fact finder would have found the defendant guilty absent the

error.” United States v. Watson,

(4th Cir. 2013) (citation modified).

“The test . . . is not whether laying aside the erroneously admitted evidence there was other

evidence sufficient to convict beyond a reasonable doubt . . . , but, more stringently,

whether there is a reasonable possibility that the evidence complained of might have

contributed to the conviction.” Thompson v. Leeke,

(4th Cir. 1985)

(citation modified). In making that determination we consider: “(1) the importance of the

statement to the government’s case; (2) the impact on credibility of other evidence; and

(3) the admission of prejudicial evidence based solely on the admission of the statement.”

Giddins,

. The government bears the burden of showing “that the

admission of the [defendant’s statements] did not contribute to [his] conviction.” Elsheikh,

103 F.4th at 1014 (4th Cir. 2024).

Tejan argues that the statements made to law enforcement before he was read his

Miranda rights should have been suppressed. However, even if the district court should

have suppressed those statements, their admission was harmless. The information Tejan

shared was merely cumulative of other evidence admitted at trial. Tejan also argues that

his post-Miranda statements should have been suppressed because he never waived his

rights. We conclude Tejan waived his Miranda rights and the district court did not err in

denying his motion to suppress.

As to Tejan’s hearsay argument, we review a district court’s evidentiary rulings for

abuse of discretion. United States v. Faulls,

(4th Cir. 2016). Reversal

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is warranted only if, in consideration of the law and facts of the case, the district court’s

determination “was arbitrary or irrational.”

(internal quotation marks omitted).

Hearsay is an out of court statement, offered in evidence to prove the truth of the

matter asserted. Fed. R. Evid. 801(c). Hearsay is generally inadmissible. Fed. R. Evid.

802. But under the forfeiture-by-wrongdoing exception, hearsay statements are admissible

where the declarant is unavailable to testify because the party against whom the statements

are offered wrongfully caused the declarant’s unavailability and did so intending that result.

Fed. R. Evid. 804(b)(6). Under Rule 804(b)(6), otherwise inadmissible hearsay may be

admitted upon a showing that: “(1) the defendant engaged or acquiesced in wrongdoing

(2) that was intended to render the declarant unavailable as a witness and (3) that did, in

fact, render the declarant unavailable as a witness.” United States v. Gray,

(4th Cir. 2005). The government bears the burden of establishing, by a preponderance

of the evidence, that the exception applies. United States v. Elsheikh,

(4th Cir. 2024). Here, the district court did not clearly err in finding, by a preponderance

of the evidence, that Tejan acquiesced in wrong doing intending to render the deceased

unavailable as a witness. Therefore, the court properly admitted the statements pursuant

to Rule 804(b)(6).

As to Tejan’s arguments regarding the court’s response and instructions to the jury,

we “review a district court’s decision to give a particular jury instruction for abuse of

discretion, and review whether a jury instruction incorrectly stated the law de novo.”

Sanders, 107 F.4th at 259 (citation modified). “In so doing, we do not view a single

instruction in isolation; rather we consider whether taken as a whole and in the context of

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the entire charge, the instructions accurately and fairly state the controlling law.” Id.

(citation modified). And “[e]ven if a jury was erroneously instructed,” we “will not set

aside a resulting verdict unless the erroneous instruction seriously prejudiced the

challenging party’s case.” United States v. Miltier,

(4th Cir. 2018) (citation

modified). Moreover, we “review the form and content of a district court’s response to a

jury question for abuse of discretion.” United States v. Burgess,

(4th

Cir. 2012). “In answering a jury’s question, a district court is charged with the

responsibility of responding to the apparent source of confusion accurately, without

creating prejudice.”

Tejan argues that the district court erred in responding to the jury’s question

regarding whether aiding and abetting applied to first-degree murder, and instructing the

jury on a the buyer-seller relationship for the drug conspiracy count. As the district court

provided correct statements of the law as to each, we conclude that the district court did

not abuse its discretion in responding to or instructing the jury.

Finally, Tejan challenges the court’s denial of his motion for a new trial. “When

the district court denies a request for a new trial, this [c]ourt employs “a deferential

abuse-of-discretion standard, reversing the [district] court’s judgment only in exceptional

circumstances.” Hicks v. Ferreyra,

(4th Cir. 2023) (citation modified).

A district court abuses its discretion “when it acts arbitrarily or irrationally, fails to consider

judicially recognized factors constraining its exercise of discretion, relies on erroneous

factual or legal premises, or commits an error of law.”

(citation modified).

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“A district court may grant a new trial only if the verdict: (1) is against the clear

weight of the evidence; (2) is based upon false evidence; or (3) will result in a miscarriage

of justice.”

(citation modified). “In deciding a motion for a new trial, the district court

is not constrained by the requirement that it view the evidence in the light most favorable

to the government” and “it may evaluate the credibility of the witnesses.” United States v.

Arrington,

(4th Cir. 1985). But the court “should grant new trials

based on the weight of the evidence only in ‘rare’ instances” where “the evidence weighs

so heavily against the verdict that it would be unjust to enter judgment.” United States v.

Rafiekian,

(4th Cir. 2023) (citation modified). Since “determining

witness credibility and weighing conflicting evidence are the responsibility of the

factfinder, the ‘standard for jettisoning a jury verdict in favor of a new trial is demanding.’”

(citation modified).

First, Tejan argues that the district court should have granted a new trial because the

judge who presided over his trial resigned after his trial ended and a new judge took over

for sentencing and other post-conviction duties. The Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure

state that “[a]fter a verdict or finding of guilty, any judge regularly sitting in or assigned to

a court may complete the court’s duties if the judge who presided at trial cannot perform

those duties because of absence, death, sickness, or other disability.” Fed. R. Crim. P.

25(b)(1). When a new judge steps in after the verdict, she “may grant a new trial if [she

is] satisfied that: (A) a judge other than the one who presided at the trial cannot perform

the post-trial duties; or (B) a new trial is necessary for some other reason.” Fed. R. Crim.

P. 25 (b)(2).

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Tejan also argues that the court should have granted a new trial because the verdict

was against the weight of the evidence. Our review of the record establishes that the verdict

is not against the weight of the evidence. We therefore conclude that the district court did

not abuse its discretion in denying Tejan’s motion for a new trial.

Accordingly, we affirm the criminal judgment. We dispense with oral argument

because the facts and legal contentions are adequately presented in the materials before this

court and argument would not aid the decisional process.

AFFIRMED

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