U.S. Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit, 1974

United States v. Gaines

U.S. Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit · Decided February 15, 1974

489 F.2d 690; 1974 U.S. App. LEXIS 10043 (Federal Reporter, Second Series)

Counsel

Denis Dean, Miami, Fla. (court-appointed), for defendant-appellant., Robert W. Rust, U. S. Atty., Miami, Fla., for plaintiff-appellee.

Cases that cite this one

31 later published cases cite this decision. The 25 that cite it most often are listed here.

State v. Vail (Minn. 1979)
United States v. Thomas Gavic (8th Cir. 1975)
Williams v. State (Tex. Crim. App. 1975)
Hicks v. State (Tenn. Crim. App. 1975)
United States v. Megail Thirkield (11th Cir. 2025)
United States v. Orlando Paradise (11th Cir. 2025)
United States v. Maskeny (5th Cir. 1980)
People v. St. Amour (Cal. Ct. App. 1980)
People v. Hamilton (Cal. Ct. App. 1980)
United States v. Maskeny (5th Cir. 1980)
United States v. Johnnie William Ivey and Joseph Taglione (5th Cir. 1977)
Davis v. Zahradnick (District Court, W.D. Virginia 1977)
Pueblo v. Ortiz Pepín (Supreme Court of Puerto Rico 1977)
United States v. Michael Lemoyne Kelly (9th Cir. 1976)
State v. Miles (Idaho 1976)
Winters v. State (Okla. Crim. App. 1976)
State v. Morrow (Mo. Ct. App. 1976)
United States v. Geoffrey Honneus (1st Cir. 1975)
United States v. Steve A. Walton (D.C. Cir. 1975)
United States v. Rocco M. Dinapoli, and John R. Roscillo, United States of America v. William A. McGarraghy (6th Cir. 1975)
Nelson v. State (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 1975)
Walker v. State (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 1975)
State v. Claire (Neb. 1975)
People v. Van Alstyne (Cal. Ct. App. 1975)
People v. Rege (Ill. App. Ct. 1975)

This list shows which later cases cite this one. It does not say how they treated it, and no review of that has been done. Not a substitute for Shepard’s or KeyCite — verify before relying.

Opinion of the Court

PER CURIAM:

In a jury trial Gaines was found guilty of conspiracy to import marihuana in violation of 21 U.S.C.A. §§ 952(a) and 963. We find without merit his contentions that the district court erroneously failed to give cautionary instructions with respect to hearsay testimony and that there was insufficient evidence to take the case to the jury. Gaines further urges that it was error for the trial court to refuse to instruct *691the jury as to the statutory definition of marihuana. We disagree and affirm,

Noting that the federal statutory definition of marihuana1 refers only to Cannabis sativa L., Gaines calls our attention to the fact that while the Government’s expert chemist agreed that there are three species of marihuana, i. e., Cannabis sativa L., Cannabis indica, and Cannabis ruderalis, the chemist was unable to differentiate between the three. Building upon the premise that Cannabis sativa L. is the only species of marihuana expressly prohibited by statute, Gaines argues that the court’s refusal to give the jury an instruction containing the statutory definition of marihuana deprived the jury of considering whether the Government’s expert was sufficiently trained and whether he sufficiently tested the substance to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that in fact the substance examined was Cannabis sativa L. and not Cannabis indica.

The Third Circuit recently considered the issue raised by Gaines and concluded that Cannabis indica is included within the statutory definition of marihuana. United States v. Moore, 3 Cir. 1971, 446 F.2d 448. Similarly, the Second Circuit, while recognizing the possibility that there may be some botanical opinion that Cannabis is polytypal, found that

there is no question but that the lawmakers, the general public and overwhelming scientific opinion considered that there was only one species of marihuana . . . Whether this is scientifically exact or not, the statute provided at the time of the offense a sufficient description of what was intended to be prohibited to give notice to all of the illegality of appellant’s actions.

United States v. Rothberg, 2 Cir. 1973, 480 F.2d 534, 536.

We are in full agreement with what has been said by our sister Circuits, and. thus find no error in the district court’s refusal to instruct the jury with respect to the statutory definition of marihuana.

Affirmed.

. 21 U.S.C.A. § 802(15) provides in relevant part:

“The term ‘marihuana’ means all parts of the plant Cannabis sativa L., whether growing or not. , . . ”

Case-law data current through December 31, 2025. Source: CourtListener bulk data.