Jose Rodriguez-Torres appeals the sentence imposed on December 16, 2004 following his gmlty-plea conviction for having been found present in the United States after removal without consent of the Attorney General or the Secretary of the Department of Homeland Security in violation of 8 U.S.C. § 1326(a) & (b).

His first contention on appeal is that his sentence should be vacated and the cause remanded for resentencing because he “was sentenced under an unconstitutional, mandatory sentencing guideline scheme” contrary to United States v. Booker, 543 U.S. 220, 125 S.Ct. 738, 160 L.Ed.2d 621 (2005).

The district court calculated the applicable guideline sentencing range as 46-57 months’ imprisonment — a calculation the correctness of which Rodriguez-Torres does not challenge on appeal — and imposed a sentence of 48 months’ imprisonment. The district court’s imposition of Rodriguez-Torres’s sentence pursuant to the mandatory Sentence Guidelines systern was error. See Booker, 125 S.Ct. at 768-69 (2005). We assume that this error was properly preserved below. The district court, however, clearly stated at sentencing that if the Guidelines were held unconstitutional, it would impose the same sentence. Therefore, the Government has established that the sentencing error was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt. See United States v. Akpan, 407 F.3d 360, 376 (5th Cir. 2005); see also United States v. Martinez-Lugo, 411 F.3d 597, 601 (5th Cir. 2005), cert. denied, — U.S. —, 126 S.Ct. 464, 163 L.Ed.2d 352 (2005); United States v. Sealed Appellant 1, 140 Fed. Appx. 571, 572 (5th Cir. 2005) (unpublished).

Rodriguez-Torres’s second and last contention on appeal is that “the ‘felony’ and ‘aggravated felony* provisions of 8 U.S.C. § 1326(b)(1) & (2) are unconstitutional.” He acknowledges that this argument is foreclosed by Almendarez-Torres v. United States, 523 U.S. 224, 239-47, 118 S.Ct. 1219, 140 L.Ed.2d 350 (1998), but seeks to preserve this argument for possible Supreme Court review. Apprendi v. New Jersey, 530 U.S. 466, 489-90, 120 S.Ct. 2348, 147 L.Ed.2d 435 (2000), did not overrule Almendarez-Torres. United States v. Sarmiento-Funes, 374 F.3d 336, 346 (5th Cir. 2004). This court must follow Almendarez-Torres “ ‘unless and until the Supreme Court itself determines to overrule it.’ ” United States v. Mancia-Perez, 331 F.3d 464, 470 (5th Cir.), cert. denied, 540 U.S. 935, 124 S.Ct. 358, 157 L.Ed.2d 245 (2003). Therefore, we reject Rodriguez-Torres’s contentions in this respect.

AFFIRMED.